烟气参数对细颗粒湍流聚并的影响

细颗粒湍流聚并技术是控制燃煤烟气中细颗粒排放的有效措施之一。为了研究烟气参数对湍流聚并效果的影响,在一种细颗粒湍流聚并器中分别对烟气流速、烟气温度、颗粒物浓度以及烟气含湿量进行实验测试。结果表明:烟气流速能显著增大聚并器内湍流强度,提高飞灰颗粒的聚并效率,烟气流速为16 m·s-1时,PM2.5聚并效率为44.51%;烟气温度在酸露点以上时,其对飞灰颗粒聚并效率的促进作用有限;颗粒物浓度越大,则烟道内单位体积的颗粒物数量越多,从而增加了颗粒间的碰撞概率,飞灰颗粒聚并效率明显提高,颗粒物浓度为35 mg·L~(-1)时,PM2.5的聚并效率达到52.48%;烟气含湿量较低时对飞灰颗粒聚并过程影响不大。     

燃煤颗粒物电除尘器内相互作用模拟

由燃煤电站导致的大气颗粒物污染问题日益严峻,运用颗粒团聚技术实现除尘器内部细颗粒的高效捕集是未来除尘技术发展的重要趋势。为了实现除尘器尾部细颗粒的减排,本模拟对燃煤颗粒物在电除尘器内部不同团聚机理下细颗粒的相互作用进行了研究,基于Fluent软件,利用颗粒群平衡模型(PBM),通过自定义函数(UDF)功能导入团聚核函数分别就细颗粒在热团聚、湍流团聚、电团聚下的团聚情况进行计算。研究结果表明,细颗粒在电场团聚作用下团聚效果最佳,热团聚和湍流团聚效果次之。     

基于新标准的燃煤机组电除尘器提效改造性能试验研究

《电除尘器性能试验方法》(GB/T 13931—2017)已正式发布,替代已执行15a的《电除尘器性能试验方法》(GB/T13931—2002)。为了执行新标准、探索建立新的电除尘器试验方案、评价"低低温电除尘器、凝聚器加高频电源改造"这一技术改造路线的效果,开展了1 000 MW级燃煤机组电除尘器改造后的性能试验研究。结果表明:新标准在技术上的主要修订能有效实现烟尘低排放浓度测试,同时提升了电除尘器评估技术指标的完整性;在燃用现有煤种条件下,提效改造后电除尘器出口烟尘质量浓度能够稳定在20mg/m3(标态、干基、6%O2(体积分数))以下,除尘效率接近99.90%。这对于改进电除尘器性能试验、选择电除尘器改造技术方案、构建设备评估指标体系具有一定借鉴意义。     

管式湿式电除尘器气流分布的组织与优化

管式湿式电除尘器可看作由多个线管式电除尘器并联组成,若各电除尘器之间处理烟气流量偏差过大,将导致湿式电除尘器总的除尘效率下降。采用CFD数值模拟技术,对某热力公司116 MW锅炉配套管式湿式电除尘器的内部气流分布进行研究分析,并对气流分布进行组织与优化。在电场进口断面气流速度分布满足相对均方根指标要求的基础上,将各单管处理烟气流量偏差控制在一定范围之内,以保障湿式电除尘器达到规定的排放要求。现场测试结果表明,出口粉尘浓度满足项目技术规范规定的排放要求,数值模拟结果可指导管式湿式电除尘器设计。     

燃煤发电机组电除尘器节能减排改造实践

介绍了高频电源相较于传统工频电源的优越性,并以某燃煤电厂4#机组(600MW)电除尘器高频电源改造项目为例,分析并讨论了高频电源在燃煤机组上的应用特点及节能减排效果,为中国燃煤机组电除尘器节能提效改造提供了借鉴。     

某1000 MW机组电除尘器气固两相流数值模拟

流场分布对电除尘性能至关重要。采用商业CFD软件,对某1 000 MW机组电除尘器进行了数值模拟。模拟过程中采用离散相模型(DPM)结合k-ε湍流模型,模拟颗粒运动轨迹。研究了在合理布置烟道走向,并在烟道内布置导流板、阻流板,在进口喇叭内布置气流分布板及导流叶片等措施条件下,电除尘器的气固两相流参数。结果表明:烟道内布置导流板及阻流板后,电除尘器各分室进口流量偏差均在±2%以内,出口流量偏差均不超过±0.5%,远优于标准要求;颗粒相质量流量分配偏差也均未超过5%,且各级粒径分布所对应偏差也明显减小;电除尘器各室入口截面烟气流速相对均方根差均不超过0.15,优于标准要求。     

湿式电除尘器在燃煤电站治理PM_(2.5)中的应用前景

颗粒物特别是细颗粒物(PM2.5)的排放严重影响环境和人类健康,燃煤电站作为PM2.5的重要排放源之一,应加强排放控制。湿式电除尘器作为烟气终端处理设备,可有效脱除燃煤电站烟气中PM2.5。介绍了使用湿式电除尘器脱除PM2.5及其他大气污染物的基本原理,总结了其在国内外燃煤电站的发展历程及应用情况,最后阐述了湿式电除尘器在国内燃煤电站的发展前景。     

应用电声换能超声波雾化方法提高超细颗粒捕集效率

针对大气环境污染控制中超细颗粒难以捕集的问题,提出了一种高效、经济的新方法.其核心思想是将经电声换能超声波雾化得到的相对湿度过饱和雾气喷入含尘气体中,在“云”物理学、碰撞团聚等原理共同作用下,饱和水蒸汽在颗粒表面凝结,使超细颗粒的粒径增大,增加其捕集效率.为了证明这种方法的有效性,建立了小型电声换能超声波雾化捕尘实验台并在旋风除尘器中进行实验研究.实验结果表明,随着雾气浓度的增加,总除尘效率与超细颗粒的分级效率均有明显提高,并且旋风除尘器的压降(能耗)明显降低.     

烧结机头电除尘器的数值模拟及现场实测验证

为提高某600 m~2烧结机头电除尘器的实际工程应用效果,使用商业CFD软件进行数值模拟,分别采用k-ε模型、电磁流体模型(MHD)和离散相模型(DPM)模拟流场、电场和颗粒运动轨迹。结果表明:经气流分布优化后,计算得到电除尘器进口烟气量分配偏差为±1.5%、颗粒相质量流量偏差为±0.7%,电除尘器本体两侧阻力分别为127.1 Pa和123.7 Pa,电场截面气流分布均匀性相对均方根差分别为0.129和0.133,均优于标准JB/T7671-2017要求;得到电场内电势分布及颗粒运动规律,电除尘效率与供电电压、颗粒粒径具有相关性。经现场实测验证,各参数的实测值与模拟值一致性较好,实测电除尘器出口烟尘浓度为25.8 mg·m~(-3),除尘效率达99.20%,优于设计值;烟尘颗粒在0.03～10μm的分级除尘效率为80.35%～98.69%。0.1～1μm的颗粒段存在穿透窗口,其分级除尘效率仅为80.35%～91.81%。本研究结果可为烧结烟气的烟尘超低排放提供参考。     

多孔介质过滤细颗粒

以活性炭为过滤介质,利用其多孔结构脱除细颗粒,实现低压降除尘工艺。研究活性炭颗粒粒径、滤层厚度以及表观过滤风速等条件对多孔介质过滤细颗粒效果的影响,并通过表面光滑的不锈钢珠进行实验作对比,分析多孔介质过滤细颗粒的机理。结果表明:活性炭颗粒对细颗粒的过滤效率明显高于表面光滑的不锈钢珠。过滤效率随活性炭颗粒粒径和表观过滤风速的减小而增加,当粒径从1.5 mm降至0.45 mm时,平均过滤率从53.17%升至80.34%,当表观风速从26.54 cm·s~(-1)降到1.66 cm·s~(-1)时,平均过滤率从41.89%升至75.24%。过滤效率随滤层厚度的增加明显增加,当层厚从60 mm增加到140 mm时,过滤效率从47.62%增大到70.78%。不同实验条件下,过滤压降都没有随时间有明显变化,细颗粒没有在活性炭颗粒表层形成粉尘层。活性炭颗粒床主要是依靠细颗粒扩散、惯性碰撞和拦截效应沉积在活性炭多孔结构内,从而脱除细颗粒。     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Leaching of seven pesticides currently used in cotton crop in Mato Grosso State—Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the leaching of pesticides and the applicability of the Attenuation Factor (AF) Model to predict their leaching. The leaching of carbofuran, carbendazim, diuron, metolachlor, α and β endosulfan and chlorpyrifos was studied in an Oxisol using a field experiment lysimeter located in Dom Aquino – Mato Grosso. The samples of percolated water were collected by rain event and analyzed. Chemical and physical soil attributes were determined before pesticide application to the plots. The results showed that carbofuran was the pesticide that presented a higher leaching rate in the studied soil, so was the one representing the highest contamination potential. From the total carbofuran applied in the soil surface, around 6 % leached below 50 cm. The other pesticides showed lower mobility in the studied soil. The calculated values to AF were 7.06E-12 (carbendazim), 5.08E-03 (carbofuran), 3.12E-17 (diuron), 6.66E-345 (α-endosulfan), 1.47E-162 (β-endosulfan), 1.50E-06 (metolachlor), 3.51E-155 (chlorpyrifos). AF Model was useful to classify the pesticides' potential for contamination; however, that model underestimated pesticide leaching.     

Endosulfan in China 2—emissions and residues

Background, aim, and scope  Endosulfan is one of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and also a candidate to be included in a group of new persistent organic pollutants (UNEP 2007). The first national endosulfan usage inventories in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution has been reported in an accompanying paper. In the second part of the paper, we compiled the gridded historical emissions and soil residues of endosulfan in China from the usage inventories. Based on the residue/emission data, gridded concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese soil and air have been calculated. These inventories will provide valuable data for the further study of endosulfan. Methods  Emission and residue of endosulfan were calculated from endosulfan usage by using a simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model—SGPERM, which is an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. By using the emission and residue inventories, annual air and soil concentrations of endosulfan in each cell were determined. Results and discussion  Historical gridded emission and residue inventories of α- and β-endosulfan in agricultural soil in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution have been created. Total emissions were around 10,800 t, with α-endosulfan at 7,400 t and β-endosulfan at 3,400 t from 1994 to 2004. The highest residues were 140 t for α-endosulfan and 390 t for β-endosulfan, and the lowest residues were 0.7 t for α-endosulfan and 170 t for β-endosulfan in 2004 in Chinese agricultural soil where endosulfan was applied. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of α- and β-endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell. We have estimated annual averaged air concentrations and the annual minimum and maximum soil concentrations across China. The real concentrations will be different from season to season. Although our model does not consider the transport of the insecticide in the atmosphere, which could be very important in some areas during some special time, the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil derived from the endosulfan emission and residue inventories are in general consistent with the published monitoring data. Conclusions  To our knowledge, this work is the first inventory of this kind for endosulfan published on a national scale. Concentrations of the chemical in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were calculated for each grid cell. Results show that the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil agree reasonably well with the monitoring data in general. Recommendations and perspectives  The gridded endosulfan emission/residue inventories and also the air and soil concentration inventories created in this study will be updated upon availability of new information, including usage and monitoring data. The establishment of these inventories for the OCP is important for both scientific communities and policy makers.     

Impact of spiked concentrations of Cd,Pb, As and Zn in growth medium on elemental uptake of Nasturtium officinale (Watercress)

This study is aimed at investigating the impact of water quality on the uptake and distribution of three non-essential and toxic elements, namely, As, Cd and Pb in the watercress plant to assess for metal toxicity. The plant was hydroponically cultivated under greenhouse conditions, with the growth medium being spiked with varying concentrations of As, Cd and Pb. Plants that were harvested weekly for elemental analysis showed physiological and morphological symptoms of toxicity on exposure to high concentrations of Cd and Pb. Plants exposed to high concentrations of As did not survive and the threshold for As uptake in watercress was established at 5 ppm. Translocation factors were low in all cases as the toxic elements accumulated more in the roots of the plant than the edible leaves. The impact of Zn on the uptake of toxic elements was also evaluated and Zn was found to have an antagonistic effect on uptake of both Cd and Pb with no notable effect on uptake of As. The findings indicate that phytotoxicity or death of the watercress plant would prevent it from being a route of human exposure to high concentrations of As, Cd and Pb in the environment.     

Butyltin compounds in sediment and fish from the Polish Coast of the Baltic Sea

Concentrations of mono- (MBT), di- (DBT), and tri-(TBT) butyltin compounds were measured in eggs, liver, and muscle of nine species of fish from four regions of the Baltic Sea - the Firth of Vistula, the Gulf of Gdańsk, Puck Bay, and the mouth of the Vistula River. The overall concentration ranges among all the fish sampled from the four sites were: < 7 to 79 ng/g for MBT, 6 to 1100 ng/g for DBT, 7 to 3600 ng/g for TBT, and 16 to 4800 ng/g for total BTs, on a wet wt basis. The highest concentration of total BTs was found in herring liver from the Firth of Vistula (4800 ng/g, wet wt) and in roach muscle from Puck Bay (3300 ng/g, wet wt), while the least concentration was found in burbot eggs and liver from the Vistula River (39 and 32 ng/g, wet wt, respectively). TBT was the major form of BTs present in most samples analyzed. Sediment samples collected from shipyards in the Gulf of Gdańsk contained butyltin concentrations ranging from 1.2 to 46 μg/g (dry wt) for MBT, 2.0 to 42 μg/g for DBT, and 2.6 to 40 μg/g for TBT. As with the fish, the majority of the BTs in sediment were present as TBT, which suggested recent exposure of the aquatic environment of the region to TBT.     

Malathion-induced sublethal toxicity on the hematology of cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis)

The effect of malathion [diethyl(dimethoxythiophosphorylthio)succinate] at sublethal concentration (0.006 ppm) on hematological parameters of the cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) was studied for 24 hrs to 240 hrs of exposure and remarkable hematological alterations were observed. The study on hematological parameters revealed a highly significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the total erythrocytes count in malathion-exposed animals from 24 hours to 96 hrs of exposure as compared to control. Significant decreases (P < 0.01) of hemoglobin and packed cell volume were also observed from 48 hrs to 240 hrs. A significant increase (P < 0.01) in leucocytes count was noted throughout the exposure period. Elevated numbers of lymphocytes and eosinophils as found in the present study revealed lymphocytosis as well as eosinophilia, suggesting that this was a result of direct stimulation of the immunological defense due to the presence of a toxic substance or may be associated with tissue damage. The cytomorphological and cytopathological study of erythrocytes and leucocytes in malathion-exposed frogs at 0.006 ppm concentration revealed various cytotoxic effects at different exposure times. It was noted that the size and the shape of the erythrocytes were subjected to variation in different blood disorders.     

Relation between forest vegetation, atmospheric deposition and site conditions at regional and European scales

Several monitoring programs have been set up to assess effects of atmospheric deposition on forest ecosystems. The aim of the present study was to evaluate effects on the understorey vegetation, based on the first round of a regional (the Netherlands) and a European forest monitoring program. A multivariate statistical analysis showed surprisingly similar results for both data sets; the vegetation appeared to be largely determined by the ‘traditional’ factors soil, climate, and tree species, but there was a small but statistically significant effect of atmospheric deposition. The effects of deposition include a slight shift towards nitrophytic species at high N deposition in the European network, and towards acidophytic species at high S-deposition in the Dutch network. The relatively small effect of atmospheric deposition is understandable in view of the very large natural variation in environmental conditions. Time series of both vegetation and environment are needed to assess deposition effects in detail.