离子交换树脂比色法测定水中微量铜

本文介绍离子交换树脂直接比色法测定水中微量铜,Cu~(2+)与显色剂meso-四-(3-N-甲基吡啶)卟啉简称T(3-MPY)P,在pH7左右,温度55℃以上进行反应,10分钟后加入1+1H_2SO_4,酸化,得到带正电荷的红色稳定络阳离子,可选用国产苯乙烯系强酸型阳离子交换树脂进行交换,显色树脂在波长540nm有最大吸收峰.本方法的优点是选择性和灵敏度都较高,回收率在96％以上,最低检出限量可达μg/ι水平.方法标准偏差为0.003,变动系数为2.6％,可用于直接测定天然水,自来水及经处理过的工厂排放水中微量的铜.     

聚硅酸阳离子絮凝剂处理印染废水

以工业废弃物为主要原料,经过同时聚合制备聚硅酸阳离子絮凝剂(PSiC)。实现硅酸缩合自聚、铁铝离子羟化聚合以及硅与铁铝离子聚合同步交互进行。利用PSiC处理印染废水,研究PSiC去除浊度、色度和和UV254的性能,分析其除污染机理。结果表明,PSiC处理印染废水时最佳投放量为80mg/L,此时浊度和色度去除率分别达到50%和90%。废水pH为7、PSiC投加量80mg/L时对印染废水UV254的去除率为65%。pH和投加量过大或过小都会降低PSiC去除UV254的效果。在混凝搅拌初期UV254迅速下降,停止搅拌后又略有所上升。沉淀初期UV254稍有波动,沉降10min后基本趋于稳定。     

电场强化微滤工艺去除水中微量有机物的效果

微滤工艺虽然可以有效去除浊度、悬浮颗粒物等污染物,但对于微量有机物的去除则非常有限.外加电场与膜分离相结合,可以提高对微量有机物的去除效果.为此,研究了单独微滤、单独电场以及电场结合微滤3种工艺对水中5种典型低浓度微量有机物(舒必利、咖啡因、美托洛尔、利古隆、卡马西平)的去除效果;并考察了不同膜材料、进水中离子种类、进水离子浓度以及pH条件对微量有机物去除效果的影响.结果 表明,微滤主要通过吸附作用去除水中微量有机物,吸附机理主要包括疏水性相互作用和静电引力作用,分别对应去除疏水性微量有机物(利古隆和卡马西平)和带正电荷微量有机物(舒必利和美托洛尔),而且微量有机物还可能通过与微滤膜表面形成的氢键,被吸附在膜表面.在单独电场中,电场力可以促进微量有机物在电极上的吸附,同时阳极上生成的总氯氧化剂也能强化微量有机物的去除,在3V电压下微量有机物的去除率可以达到44.2％～82.8％.电场结合微滤可以明显提高微量有机物的去除效果.在外加电压为3V时,在进水依次通过阴极、阳极以及膜片的模式下,可以实现对微量有机物90％以上的去除率,但阳极生成的总氯对膜表面造成的侵蚀可能会减少膜的使用寿命.     

磁性活性炭处理含铜废水

利用自制磁性活性炭对水中Cu(Ⅱ)的去除进行静态吸附研究,考察了吸附时间、Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度以及磁性活性炭投加量对铜离子去除率的影响。结果表明,磁性活性炭投加量为3 g/L时,对铜离子的去除率达92.6%;磁性活性炭对铜离子的吸附在最初的20 min是一个快速吸附,去除率达到总去除率的90%以上;随着Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度的增大,Cu(Ⅱ)的去除率逐渐减小,磁性活性炭吸附铜离子可用Langmuir吸附等温式和Freundlich方程描述;利用磁铁对溶液中磁性活性炭进行回收,回收率达到87%。     

中空纤维吸附材料吸附去除水中铜离子

利用一种使用方便的绳状中空纤维作为吸附剂,考察了其吸附去除水中铜离子的过程,探讨了溶液pH、吸附时间、铜离子初始浓度和竞争离子等因素对吸附性能的影响,并初步评价了该纤维吸附剂的脱附性能。结果表明:该纤维对铜离子的最大吸附量为39.66mg/g;对初始质量浓度为50mg/L的铜离子吸附去除率可达99.9%,说明该纤维吸附材料可以有效地去除水中的铜离子。中空纤维对铜离子的吸附过程可以用Langmuir等温吸附模型很好地拟合,纤维表面分布的大量羧基是其吸附铜离子的主要贡献者。     

电絮凝-离子交换-生化法处理化学镀铜废液

采用电絮凝-离子交换-厌氧-好氧膜生物反应器(MBR)法处理印刷线路板化学镀铜废液。结果表明,电絮凝在pH为6.0,电流密度为50 m A/cm2、电解时间2 h的条件下,COD去除率约为71.5%,Cu去除率为86%左右,可生化指数从0.11提高到0.30。采用大孔苯乙烯系螯合型阳离子树脂吸附回收铜,在pH为5时,树脂对铜去除率最大,饱和吸附量为31.28 g/kg。流速为6 BV/h时,穿透时间为298 min,处理水量884 m L。选用质量分数为15%的盐酸作为解吸剂,解吸率可达96.4%。离子交换出水进行厌氧-好氧MBR法处理。电絮凝-离子交换法-厌氧-好氧MBR工艺能有效处理化学镀铜废液,生化出水COD浓度低于250 mg/L,铜浓度低于0.5 mg/L,达到广东省《水污染物排放限值(DB44/6-2001)》中COD和总铜的三级排放标准。     

沸石滤料曝气生物滤池启动性能研究

沸石滤料曝气生物滤池 (ZBAF)对氨氮的去除包括生物硝化和离子交换两种作用。中试装置启动试验表明 ,初期对氨氮的去除以离子交换作用为主 ,末期以硝化作用为主 ,不能以氨氮总去除率达到稳定作为启动过程结束的标志 ,而应以氨氮硝化去除率达到稳定作为标志。沿程试验表明 ,硝化细菌对沸石的“生物再生功能” ,实质是已被沸石交换的氨氮被水中浓度较大的其他阳离子交换下来后 ,被硝化菌所利用的现象 ;沸石表面有生物膜时 ,仍具有交换氨氮能力     

苦咸水脱盐的纳滤技术的研究

着重考察纳滤装置对苦咸水中Cl-、Mg2+、Ca2+的去除作用以及影响纳滤膜工作的因素。结果表明:(1)0.60MPa为纳滤膜最佳的操作压力;(2)温度对产水通量和离子去除率有很大影响,宜控制在20℃;(3)纳滤膜运行周期为12h,影响纳滤膜产水通量的主要因素是苦咸水中的部分离子结垢;(4)纳滤膜对苦咸水中的Ca2+的去除率为90%,Mg2+的去除率为78%,Cl-的去除率为44%,可见纳滤膜对不同价态离子的去除效果不同,对二价和高价离子的去除率明显高于一价离子;(5)纳滤膜的酸洗效果远好于碱洗,同时酸洗可去除膜表面的无机盐离子且不会破坏纳滤膜的产水性能。     

聚合物强化超滤处理含铜废水

聚合物强化超滤工艺（PEUF）是一种将高分子聚合物和超滤技术结合的新型、高效的重金属废水治理方法。以壳聚糖（CTS）为聚合物去除水中的铜离子。考察了吸附络合和超滤过程中影响铜去除率的多种因素。结果表明，溶液pH值为6.0、CTS浓度为0.15 g/L和反应时间为60 min时，通过超滤系统后效果最佳。装载比一定时，铜初始浓度的变化对铜的去除率没有明显影响。CTS对铜的吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温方程。还研究了超滤膜的污染情况和膜清洗方法，结果表明，酸清洗效果较好，可使膜通量恢复达87%左右。     

阳离子交换膜对Cu~（2＋）离子交换的动力学及热力学研究

对阳离子交换膜离子交换Cu2＋的动力学及热力学现象进行了研究,结果表明：温度25℃,溶液pH=6时,干膜对Cu2＋饱和交换容量为0.506 mmol/g;随Cu2＋初始浓度的升高,离子交换速率常数随之增加;随温度升高,离子交换速率常数随之增加;随转速升高,离子交换速率常数随之增加;离子交换过程与一级反应速率方程拟合结果良好;△G0〈0,表明离子交换反应能自发进行;△H0m〉0,表明的交换反应为吸热反应;△S0〉0,表明交换反应是熵变增加的反应。     

营养成分对Fe2+生物氧化的影响

在29℃和160 r/min条件下,以广东云浮矿山酸性废水为种源,采用9K培养基,经过富集培养得到氧化亚铁硫杆菌A.f.a。利用分批摇床实验,研究了在A.f.a作用下,溶液初始NH4+-N、PO34--P、Mg2+、Ca2+和Cu2+等基本营养成分对Fe2+生物氧化的影响。结果显示,随着NH4+-N、PO34--P、Ca2+或Cu2+离子浓度增加,Fe2+生物氧化率都先增大后降低,各离子最佳浓度分别为84.8、35.6、2.4和254.5 mg/L;Fe2+生物氧化率随着Mg2+浓度的增加逐渐增大,并趋于稳定,其限制浓度为88.8 mg/L。上述结果可用于控制营养条件促进Fe2+的生物氧化。     

Characterization of Cr ion exchange with hydrotalcite

Experiments were performed to characterize the removal of chromium from water with uncalcined hydrotalcite, a clay mineral ion exchange media. The process was characterized as a function of pH, temperature, contact time, and both Cr and hydrotalcite concentrations. A Freundlich isotherm, used to describe adsorption equilibria, was used as a model and Freundlich constants were determined. The kinetics of the ion exchange reaction were also modeled using a pseudo-first order reaction rate. Finally, an equilibrium stage process was modeled with sequential batch separations to determine if hydrotalcite ion exchange could reduce aqueous Cr levels to below the EPA limit of 0.1mgl(-1). It was shown that the process is highly pH dependent, only yielding significant removals at pH levels between 2.0 and 2.1. While hydrotalcite concentration, Cr concentration, and time did effect the ion exchange, temperature was not found to be a factor. Under optimal conditions, maximum removals of greater than 95% were achieved. Finally, sequential batch tests performed on initial Cr solutions ranging from 5mgl(-1) to 40mgl(-1), demonstrated that the water could be purified to a level that was not statistically different than the EPA limit, thus demonstrating the applicability of hydrotalcite ion exchange.     

Air ion concentrations in various urban outdoor environments

Atmospheric ions are produced by many natural and anthropogenic sources and their concentrations vary widely between different environments. There is very little information on their concentrations in different types of urban environments, how they compare across these environments and their dominant sources. In this study, we measured airborne concentrations of small ions, particles and net particle charge at 32 different outdoor sites in and around a major city in Australia and identified the main ion sources. Sites were classified into seven groups as follows: park, woodland, city centre, residential, freeway, power lines and power substation. Generally, parks were situated away from ion sources and represented the urban background value of about 270 ions cm^?3. Median concentrations at all other groups were significantly higher than in the parks. We show that motor vehicles and power transmission systems are two major ion sources in urban areas. Power lines and substations constituted strong unipolar sources, while motor vehicle exhaust constituted strong bipolar sources. The small ion concentration in urban residential areas was about 960 cm^?3. At sites where ion sources were co-located with particle sources, ion concentrations were inhibited due to the ion-particle attachment process. These results improved our understanding on air ion distribution and its interaction with particles in the urban outdoor environment.     

Magnetic ion exchange treatment of stabilized landfill leachate

Stabilized landfill leachate is characterized by a high concentration of non-biodegradable organic matter, which is similar in chemistry to dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the natural aquatic environment. Magnetic ion exchange (MIEX) resin treatment is well-studied in drinking water for removal of DOM from natural waters. There are fewer studies evaluating MIEX treatment of waste waters, and there is no previous work evaluating MIEX treatment of landfill leachate. This work systematically evaluated MIEX treatment of stabilized landfill leachate and evaluated the results in the context of previous studies of MIEX treatment of natural and waste waters. Five leachates from four landfills were evaluated as a function of MIEX resin dose, mixing time, and regeneration efficiency. MIEX resin removed DOM from landfill leachate, even in the presence of a reported high background concentration of inorganic ions. MIEX resin that was exhausted with leachate DOM was effectively regenerated with a concentrated NaCl solution, and regenerated MIEX resin performed similarly to virgin resin. For a majority of the leachates, the removal trend for MIEX resin was color > UV-absorbing substances > dissolved organic carbon ≈ COD > total nitrogen. Finally, MIEX resin removed a wider range of DOM from leachate than coagulation. The most important contribution of this work is that MIEX treatment of leachate followed very similar trends as MIEX treatment of natural waters, which will allow previous MIEX data to be used to estimate the treatment efficiency of other waste waters.     

钙离子对短期膜污染的影响

以处理生活污水的平板膜-生物反应器为依托,通过将进水调配成30、200和500 mg/L 3种不同的钙离子浓度,考察钙离子对短期膜污染的影响。结果表明,随着钙离子浓度的增加,TMP增长趋势变小,膜污染得到缓解;钙离子浓度为200 mg/L时,膜的渗透性最好,而过高的钙离子浓度并不利于降低膜污染。钙离子的投加强化了生物絮凝作用,可以降低SMP和LB-EPS的含量,主要通过降低外部阻力减缓膜污染;投加钙离子也可以增加絮体的大小,较大的絮体形成的泥饼有更好的过滤性,然而过高的钙离子浓度会使无机颗粒的量增加,造成平均粒径下降,将会加重内部污染,进而加剧膜污染。     

Behavior of potassium in bread by ion chromatography

Public attention was aroused when mutagenicity was found in potassium bromate (KBrO₃) which has been used as an oxidizing agent in baking bread. Ion chromatography was found to be very useful for analyzing bromide and bromate ions in food. The residual condition of potassium bromate added to bread in the baking process was clarified.It was found that the residual rate of bromate ions in bread was approximately 30% at the added level of 100 μg/g, but it decreased markedly when the added levels went down. At 40 μg/g no residue was detected.     

氯离子对氨氮电化学氧化的影响

以自制的二氧化铅粉末多孔电极为阳极,不锈钢为阴极,探讨了投加Cl-对氨氮电化学氧化反应速率、途径及产物等的影响。结果表明,投加Cl-能显著提高氨氮的电化学氧化速率;有氯离子存在的条件下,氨氮的去除主要靠电催化过程中产生的强氧化性物质.OH,HClO的作用,其去除率随着电流密度的增大呈增高的趋势,随初始pH的增大而增大;投加氯离子后,NO3--N的生成量增加,但氧化产物主要是以N2为主的含氮气体。     

氧化石墨烯-氧化锌净化铅离子废水

利用改性Hummers法制备氧化石墨,并成功地将氧化锌负载到氧化石墨上催化降解铅离子。利用SEM、XRD、FTIR等对氧化石墨烯-氧化锌的形貌进行表征,并用以净化铅离子废水。通过实验分析得知废水净化的原因有两方面:光催化效应和吸附理论,然后考察其影响净化过程的因素。结果表明,氧化石墨烯-氧化锌对溶液中铅离子在紫外光下有较强的吸附和催化降解能力,在t=4 h,p H=7条件下,其最大净化量可达到184 mg/g。     

表面增强拉曼光谱技术检测高氯酸根离子

高氯酸根离子是水质污染物中常见的污染源之一.通过化学还原法制备稳定、分散性好的纳米银溶胶颗粒(粒径为30～40 nm),并以此为基底,探究了利用表面增强拉曼光谱技术迅速准确地检测质量浓度为10-6～10-1 g/L的高氯酸根离子溶液的表面增强拉曼光谱.结果表明,当高氯酸根离子质量浓度为10-5～10-1 g/L时,随着高氯酸根离子浓度的降低,表面增强拉曼光谱强度逐渐减弱.