室内空气中的化学农药及其检测技术

室内空气中化学农药之所以存在,主要因为我们在杀灭室内蚁、蝇、蚤、蚂蚁、蟑螂及老鼠时,使用了含化学农药的杀虫剂。目前,我国市场上流通的含有化学农药的杀虫剂商品近1000种,但从农药的有效成分来看,大约有60余种。它们多属拟除虫菊酯类农药,占总数的50％;此外还有氨基甲酸酯类、有机磷类农药等。本文重点介绍室内空气中化学农药的捕集及检测技术。     

生物农药——未来农药发展的理想选择

化学农药污染已严重影响到人类生存的方方面面。生物农药同化学农药相比具有突出的生态环保价值。尽管生物农药的应用领域和防治效果现在仍不如化学农药,但具有代表性的某些生物杀虫剂已显现出同化学农药相当的防治效果,具有广阔的开发前景。     

化学农药的污染问题及其解决途径(调研报告)

自从1942年滴滴涕问世以来,化学农药发展极为迅速,至今世界上农药年产量超过200万吨,重要的品种数在500个以上。目前我国原药的年产量为23万吨,生产品种在100个以上。我省化学农药的年产量占全国总量的10%,品种有31个,用药量名列全国前茅。化学农药的使用,使人们与农作物的病、虫和草害的斗争中收到了很大的经济效益。然而,化学农药与任何事物一样,也是一分为二的,农药在生产过程中产生的“三废”要污染环境,在土壤、作物、水中的残留要影响人们的健康。特别是六十年代以     

汉沽污水库生物净化效应——DDT、666对斜生栅藻[Scendesmus Obliquus(Turp)KuTZ]生长量、色素含量及吸收光谱的影响

我国大部分地区长期使用有机氯农药做为杀虫剂,另一方面工厂排放污水中的有机氯农药,致使土壤,水系,大气,生物都存在不同程度有机氯农药的残留,对环境造成一定的污染。 环境中残留的农药,一方面可以经过生物的富集转移到食物中,影响人类健康。另一方面生物对农药也有一定自净能力。定量估计浮游植物的繁殖情况,对研究它们参与水域自净,     

农药在环境中的迁移转化

农药是合成化学品的重要组成部分.目前,世界上生产、使用的原药已达1000多种,加工成制剂近万种,大量使用的有100多种。全世界化学农药的产量(以有效成分计)约200万吨(不包括我国在内),主要是有机氯、有机磷、有机汞、有机砷和氨基甲酸酯五大类.其中,除草剂80万吨(占40％),杀虫剂70万吨(占35％),杀菌剂40万吨(占20％),其它约10万吨.以美国的产量最大,约75万吨,苏联28万吨,西德23万吨,日本在10万吨以下.     

单甲脒杀虫剂的污染生态效应与控制对策

扼要地介绍了我国９０年代农药污染现状及新型农药单甲脒杀虫剂在果园、棉田中的杀虫效果，评价了该杀虫剂对陆生和水生生态系统的影响，提出了农药污染的生态调控与对策。     

软农药

随着人们对环境日益增长的关注,软农药也应运而快速发展。所谓的软农药是指那些来源于生物和大自然的农药,是与人工合成的、“硬”的化学农药相对而言的。软农药(诸如除虫菊酯等)表现了其既能控制农业虫害,又可维护环境安全的特性。因此,根据美国纳尔沃克市的商业通讯联合公司的研究,预计至1998年,市售软农药将由目前的4.5亿美元增至8.13亿美元。     

三甲胺催化合成新工艺生产杀螟松

杀螟松是一种高效、低毒、低残毒的有机磷杀虫剂,能防治粮、棉等农作物的多种害虫,对水稻螟虫效果尤为显著。它是代替高残毒农药666的品种之一,国内外都已列为大吨位发展农药。     

39人脂肪、血液中六六六、DDT蓄积量的调查及其相互关系

有机氯农药是我国目前使用的主要杀虫剂。因其化学性质稳定,残留期长,使用后广泛残存于大气、水体、生物体内。主要通过食物进入人体。由于有机氯农药脂溶性强,与酶和蛋白质有较强结合力,不易排出体外,故能在脂肪、肝脏和其它脏器中蓄积。另外,若在体内长期过量蓄积,会造成慢性中毒。有机氯农药对某些生物还有致癌作用。 我们在作了239列人体脂肪中六六六、DDT蓄积量调查基础上,为进一步了解六六六、     

有机磷农药在蔬菜中降解规律的研究

有机磷农药大多数是高效低残留的杀虫剂.广泛用于蔬菜上病虫害的防治,它的应用不仅污染了环境,而且还影响了蔬菜的质量;严重地影响了人类的健康,国外研究人员已不同程度地探索了有机磷农药在环境中的归宿及降解规律.我国也有从事这方面工作的研究和报导,但对有机磷农药在蔬菜上降解规律的研究尚未见到报导.     

家用多功能电化学臭氧发生器的研究

介绍了一种多功能电化学臭氧发生器,根据需要可产生臭氧化氧气,也可直接制得臭氧水.试验表明,该发生器十分适合用于家庭室内空气的净化和增氧、卫生间的消毒灭菌、蔬菜水果残余农药的去除、酚嗅的去除等用途,具有很好的开发前景.     

Sample Design Considerations for Indoor Air Exposure Surveys

Concern about the potential for indoor air pollution has prompted recent surveys of radon and NO₂ concentrations In homes and personal exposure studies of volatile organics, carbon monoxide and pesticides, to name a few. The statistical problems in designing sample surveys that measure the physical environment are diverse and more complicated than those encountered in traditional surveys of human attitudes and attributes. This paper addresses issues encountered when designing indoor air quality (IAQ) studies. General statistical concepts related to target population definition, frame creation, and sample selection for area household surveys and telephone surveys are presented. The implications of different measurement approaches are discussed, and response rate considerations are described.     

Evaluation of an activated carbon filter for the retention of selected pesticide vapours

Abstract

An activated charcoal bed unit (ACBU) was constructed using teflon stock. The unit duplicated the flow and bed design of a commercially available tractor mounted filter for removing pesticides from the air.

Eight pesticides (4 herbicides and 4 insecticides) were used to test the retention efficiency of ACBU over a 12–48 h period with the ACBU in place. Polyurethane foam (PUF) plugs in series trapped any residual pesticide that came through the ACBU.

The ACBU retained 93–100% of the pesticides tested. The unit thus provides an efficient mechanism for removing airborne pesticides.     

Horticultural oils: possible alternatives to chemical pesticides and insecticides

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The farmers and agrochemical industries lack science-based knowledge about sustainable utilization of pesticides and insecticides. The investigation...     

Comparing the sensitivity of soil invertebrates to pesticides with that of Eisenia fetida

The sole routine testing of the standard earthworm Eisenia fetida for the terrestrial risk assessment of pesticides has been under much debate since other soil invertebrates may be more sensitive than this standard test species. However, the very low availability of laboratory toxicity data for taxa other than E. fetida has greatly hampered sensitivity comparisons. In the present study, the relative tolerance (T_rel) approach was used to enable comparing toxicity thresholds obtained from the US-EPA ECOTOX database, for main terrestrial taxonomic groups and pesticidal types of action (insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, and other) separately. Analyses confirmed previously reported lower and higher sensitivity of collembolans to fungicides and insecticides, respectively. However, various other discrepancies in susceptibility relative to E. fetida were encountered as indicated by species sensitivity distributions and/or calculated 95% confidence intervals of T_rel values. Arachnids and isopods were found to be more sensitive to insecticides, and nematodes to fungicides, as compared to E. fetida. Implications of study findings for the terrestrial risk assessment of pesticides are discussed.     

The status of pesticide pollution in surface waters (rivers and lakes) of Greece. Part I. Review on occurrence and levels

This review evaluates and summarizes the results of long-term research projects, monitoring programs and published papers concerning the pollution of surface waters (rivers and lakes) of Greece by pesticides. Pesticide classes mostly detected involve herbicides used extensively in corn, cotton and rice production, organophosphorus insecticides as well as the banned organochlorines insecticides due to their persistence in the aquatic environment. The compounds most frequently detected were atrazine, simazine, alachlor, metolachlor and trifluralin of the herbicides, diazinon, parathion methyl of the insecticides and lindane, endosulfan and aldrin of the organochlorine pesticides. Rivers were found to be more polluted than lakes. The detected concentrations of most pesticides follow a seasonal variation, with maximum values occurring during the late spring and summer period followed by a decrease during winter. Nationwide, in many cases the reported concentrations ranged in low ppb levels. However, elevated concentrations were recorded in areas of high pesticide use and intense agricultural practices. Generally, similar trends and levels of pesticides were found in Greek rivers compared to pesticide contamination in other European rivers. Monitoring of the Greek water resources for pesticide residues must continue, especially in agricultural regions, because the nationwide patterns of pesticide use are constantly changing. Moreover, emphasis should be placed on degradation products not sufficiently studied so far.     

Review of advances in the thin layer chromatography of pesticides: 2004–2006

Applications of thin layer chromatography and high performance thin layer chromatography for the separation, detection, and qualitative and quantitative determination of pesticides, other agrochemicals, and related compounds are reviewed for the period from July 1, 2004 to November 1, 2006. Analyses are covered for a variety of samples, such as food, crops, biological, environmental, pharmaceuticals, and formulations, and for residues of pesticides of various types, including insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, belonging to different chemical classes. In addition to references on residue analysis, studies such as pesticide-structure relationships, metabolism, degradation, and lipophilicity are covered, many of which make use of thin layer radiochromatography.     

Indoor air quality and health

During the last two decades there has been increasing concern within the scientific community over the effects of indoor air quality on health. Changes in building design devised to improve energy efficiency have meant that modern homes and offices are frequently more airtight than older structures. Furthermore, advances in construction technology have caused a much greater use of synthetic building materials. Whilst these improvements have led to more comfortable buildings with lower running costs, they also provide indoor environments in which contaminants are readily produced and may build up to much higher concentrations than are found outside. This article reviews our current understanding of the relationship between indoor air pollution and health. Indoor pollutants can emanate from a range of sources. The health impacts from indoor exposure to combustion products from heating, cooking, and the smoking of tobacco are examined. Also discussed are the symptoms associated with pollutants emitted from building materials. Of particular importance might be substances known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which arise from sources including paints, varnishes, solvents, and preservatives. Furthermore, if the structure of a building begins to deteriorate, exposure to asbestos may be an important risk factor for the chronic respiratory disease mesothelioma. The health effects of inhaled biological particles can be significant, as a large variety of biological materials are present in indoor environments. Their role in inducing illness through immune mechanisms, infectious processes, and direct toxicity is considered. Outdoor sources can be the main contributors to indoor concentrations of some contaminants. Of particular significance is Radon, the radioactive gas that arises from outside, yet only presents a serious health risk when found inside buildings. Radon and its decay products are now recognised as important indoor pollutants, and their effects are explored. This review also considers the phenomenon that has become known as Sick Building Syndrome (SBS), where the occupants of certain affected buildings repeatedly describe a complex range of vague and often subjective health complaints. These are often attributed to poor air quality. However, many cases of SBS provide a valuable insight into the problems faced by investigators attempting to establish causality. We know much less about the health risks from indoor air pollution than we do about those attributable to the contamination of outdoor air. This imbalance must be redressed by the provision of adequate funding, and the development of a strong commitment to action within both the public and private sectors. It is clear that meeting the challenges and resolving the uncertainties associated with air quality problems in the indoor environment will be a considerable undertaking.     

Review of advances in the thin layer chromatography of pesticides: 2004-2006

Applications of thin layer chromatography and high performance thin layer chromatography for the separation, detection, and qualitative and quantitative determination of pesticides, other agrochemicals, and related compounds are reviewed for the period from July 1, 2004 to November 1, 2006. Analyses are covered for a variety of samples, such as food, crops, biological, environmental, pharmaceuticals, and formulations, and for residues of pesticides of various types, including insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, belonging to different chemical classes. In addition to references on residue analysis, studies such as pesticide-structure relationships, metabolism, degradation, and lipophilicity are covered, many of which make use of thin layer radiochromatography.     

Tolerance to agricultural pesticides of strains belonging to four genera of Rhizobiaceae

In order to determine their tolerance to pesticides, 122 strains of rhizobia isolated from different geographical regions, and belonging to the genera Rhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Sinorhizobium and Bradyrhizobium were tested against eight herbicides, four fungicides and five insecticides. Sensitivity to the pesticides was measured by using the filter paper disk method at four concentrations, 0.45, 4.5, 45 and 450 μg per disk. When the pesticides were used at 0.45 μg per disk, a concentration similar to that found when pesticides are applied under field conditions, no inhibition was observed. Strains growth was affected at concentrations of 45 and 450 μg pesticide per disk. These higher concentrations can be encountered when seeds are treated with pesticides. Pesticides tolerance level was correlated to pesticide function, i.e rhizobial strains were more tolerant to insecticides, followed by herbicides and then fungicides. Two fungicides, captan and mancozeb, inhibited the highest number of strains. Only one insecticide, carbaryl, affected the growth of some rhizobial strains. Strains isolated from the arctic (Mesorhizobium spp. and R. leguminosarum bv. viciae), a putative pesticides-free environment, were either less or equally affected by pesticides compared to strains isolated from agricultural regions.