固废拆解场污染土壤中多环芳烃降解菌的筛选鉴定与降解特性

以腐植酸(HA)溶液为吸附剂、从受多环芳烃污染的土壤中分离出来的降解菌制成为生物修复剂,以多环芳烃(PAHs)萘、菲、芘、荧蒽、苯并蒽、苯并芘为土壤污染物,对PAHs污染土壤进行修复实验。目的是筛选与分离吸附于HA的PAHs降解菌,研究HA与降解菌的协同效应对PAHs的降解效率的影响。用经过HA吸附的PAHs富集分离培养出1株高效降解菌株,命名为Tzyx3,鉴定其为解脂耶氏酵母菌(Yarrowia lipolytica)。15 d后,土壤中萘、菲、芘、荧蒽、苯并蒽、苯并芘的降解率分别为90.7%、91.0%、74.7%、86.9%、84.7%和74.7%,表明Tzyx3和HA在PAHs污染土壤中存在协作关系,Tzyx3能够直接利用HA对土壤中的多环芳烃进行降解。     

多环芳烃降解菌菌群构建及其适宜降解环境条件的确定

利用富集培养技术从某焦化厂土壤中筛选出来的菌种,根据3种不同的配伍方式构成3种不同的菌群。以苯并[a]芘、苯并[a]蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽和茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘5种多环芳烃为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基,不同菌群降解效率均达到60%以上。模拟多环芳烃污染的土壤环境,利用正交实验对菌群组合、菌量等因素不同水平探索降解的适宜条件。降解14 d的适宜条件为组合二:菌量20%、温度30℃、土壤含水率15%、营养盐质量比(m(C)∶m(N)∶m(P))为120∶10∶1、表面活性剂500 mg·kg-1、Fenton试剂和植物油2.5%;降解28 d的适宜条件为组合三:菌量10%、温度30℃、土壤含水率15%、m(C)∶m(N)∶m(P)为100∶10∶1、表面活性剂1 000 mg·kg-1、Fenton试剂和植物油5%;降解52 d的适宜条件为组合三:菌量20%、温度20℃、土壤含水率35%、m(C)∶m(N)∶m(P)为120∶10∶1、表面活性剂500 g·kg-1、Fenton试剂和植物油为0。m(C)∶m(N)∶m(P)随着降解时间的延长影响作用逐渐减小。在降解的整个阶段,菌群组合的类型对于降解率的影响最大。对于降解14 d时,菌群组合二为最优菌群,对于降解28和52 d时,菌群组合三为最优菌群。     

一株荧蒽降解菌的筛选鉴定及降解特性

采用富集培养方法,从多环芳烃污染的土壤中分离筛选到一株能以高分子量的多环芳烃荧蒽为惟一碳源和能源且生长状况良好的菌株DN002。通过形态观察、生理生化指标及16S rRNA同源序列分析比对,结果表明,该菌株为木糖氧化产碱菌(Achromobacter xylosoxidans),最适生长温度为32℃,最适生长pH为7～7.5。该菌株对荧蒽有较强的降解能力,在14 d内对500 mg/L的荧蒽的降解率为92.8%。菌株细胞蛋白SDS-PAGE结果显示,经荧蒽诱导后,在分子量为18～66 kDa范围内有显著的差异蛋白条带。     

盐环境下降解菌群对芘的降解特性研究

以芘为多环芳烃(PAHs)的代表物,利用1.0%盐度的无机盐培养基从石油污染土壤中富集出高效嗜盐PAHs降解菌群。通过DNA测序鉴定,菌群中对芘起重要降解作用的是Rhodanobacter、Pseudomonas、Mycobacterium,3者碱基比例达到31.82%。14d内,萘、菲、荧蒽、芘、苯并[a]芘5种PAHs的挥发损耗均可忽略不计。筛选得到的菌群降解芘的最佳条件为:酵母粉质量浓度为120mg/L,盐度不超过1.0%,无需额外添加甲基-β-环糊精。筛选出的降解菌群对芘的最佳降解条件可用于降解萘、菲、荧蒽和苯并[a]芘等其他PAHs,但随着PAHs环数增加,分子量增大,降解率降低。在最佳条件下降解14d时,萘、菲、荧蒽、芘、苯并[a]芘5种PAHs的降解率可分别达100.00%、85.48%、51.92%、56.28%、50.45%。     

漆酶/HBT介质系统对靛蓝染料及废水脱色的初步研究

以云芝(Trametes versicolor)1126发酵所得漆酶粗酶液与1-羟基苯并三唑(HBT)组成的漆酶/HBT介质系统对靛蓝染料进行脱色实验,分别考察了温度、转速、pH和HBT与漆酶的加入量等条件对靛蓝染料脱色的影响.最终确定的优化脱色条件为:温度60℃,转速200r/min, pH4.5, 100mL靛蓝染料"溶液"中粗酶液和HBT溶液分别加入2mL.以上述脱色条件对靛蓝印染废水进行脱色实验,反应80min,脱色率可达90.1%.     

菌源对多环芳烃降解菌的筛选及降解性能的影响

高效降解菌的筛选对利用生物修复技术有效去除环境中的多环芳烃具有重要意义。分别以石油污染土壤和焦化废水活性污泥为菌源,分离出芘降解菌和混合PAHs(菲、荧蒽和芘)降解菌共14株并对其降解性能进行对比研究。结果表明,筛选得到的菌株分别属于9个菌属,其中2种菌源共有的菌属为Mycobacterium sp.、Ralstonia sp.和Shinella sp.。芘和PAHs的高效降解菌(CP16和CM32)均属于分支杆菌属(Mycobacterium),来源于焦化废水活性污泥;菌株CP16对芘(50mg/L)的7 d降解率为74.99%,CM32对PAHs(菲50 mg/L、荧蒽和芘各10 mg/L)的7 d降解率为100%。因此,以焦化废水活性污泥为菌源更有利于获得高效的多环芳烃降解菌。     

粉煤灰井下填充时PAHs对地下水环境的影响

模拟平煤集团矸石电厂以及焦煤集团演马电厂粉煤灰井下填充过程,设计了静态浸泡和动态淋溶实验,并以固相萃取-气相色谱/质谱联用方法,测定了溶出液中的16种多环芳烃含量.实验结果表明:溶出液中主要的PAHs物质是萘、苊、芴、菲、蒽,均为4环以下的多环芳烃类物质,其含量较低,其中菲和蒽的总含量较高,说明在粉煤灰井下填充过程中,多环芳烃类污染物能够从粉煤灰中迁移至水体,并对地下水环境造成一定的影响.     

黄孢原毛平革菌所产木素过氧化物酶系对染料降解的研究

白腐真菌黄孢原毛平革菌所产生的胞外过氧化物酶系由两类同功酶木素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶组成，木素过氧化物酶对所研究的染料都有解作用，锰过氧化物酶只对部分染料起作用。加入H2O2，胞外酶液可以降解多种酶性染料如卡布龙红、酸性大兰、弱酸黄和弱酸大红，它们的脱色速率依次下降，以卡布龙红为例研究了各种条件因素对其降解脱色的影响，最佳H2O2浓度是100μmol/L，最佳PH为4．0，温度越高，脱色越快，但高于50℃酶将明显失活，木素过氧化物酶活性越高脱色速率越快，高浓度染料对其脱色有抑制作用，最佳条件下，50mg/L浓度卡布龙红第一分钟的脱色率达70％。随着稀释倍数的增加，酶液的降解速率呈抛物线加速下降，表明酶液中的某些组分如元素离子的浓度也是一个重要影响因素。     

微生物降解多环芳烃有机污染物分子遗传学研究进展

多环芳烃是环境中广泛存在的一类难降解危险性致癌污染物 ,微生物酶在降解转化多环芳烃的过程及其归趋中起着重要作用。本文就微生物降解多环芳烃代谢途径的多样性和分子遗传学机制的研究进展进行了综述     

纤维素降解菌的筛选及其产酶特性

纤维素降解菌在纤维素类物质降解的过程中起着重要作用。通过滤纸条崩解和液态产酶实验,从腐烂的树叶中筛选出1株对纤维素有较强降解能力的菌株SY2,通过形态学特征以及生理生化反应,初步鉴定该菌株为荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescent)。产酶培养基及培养条件优化的实验结果表明:SY2的最佳产酶培养基为麸皮与秸秆粉的质量比1∶4、(NH4)2SO41%、pH8、固液比1∶2;最佳产酶条件为培养温度30℃、接种量7.5%、培养时间72 h;在酶液中添加Fe2+和VB12可使纤维素酶活力分别达到174.89μmol/(g.min)和165.99μmol/(g.min),提高了33.5%和26.3%。SY2对麸皮、滤纸的降解效果较好,降解率分别达到45.0%和33.3%。     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

A History of Dry Cleaners and Sources of Solvent Releases from Dry Cleaning Equipment

Approximately 25, 000-35, 000 dry cleaning facilities currently operate in the U.S. The release of perchloroethylene and other solvents from these establishments represents a major source of soil and groundwater contamination. The manner in which dry cleaning solvents escape from dry cleaning plants is, for all practical purposes, identical for chlorinated and petroleum hydrocarbon solvents and is related to one of the following events: the catastrophic failure of a component of the dry cleaning system, the improper installation, operation or maintenance of the dry cleaning equipment or a combination of all of these causes. Acceptable customs, codes and regulations can also dictate what is authorized for operation of a dry cleaning facility in a particular community, geographic area during a particular time frame. Environmental litigation dealing with the origin of a solvent release from dry cleaners tends to focus on the design and manufacture of dry cleaning industry machines such as washers, washer extractors, tumblers, solvent filters, water separators, stills and spotting boards. A thorough analysis of the daily operations of dry cleaners often reveals that poor maintenance, failure to follow the manufacturer's instructions and the actions of the operator are the most likely causes of soil and groundwater pollution. In order to forensically evaluate the most probable origins of a solvent release and to examine issues regarding liability, a thorough understanding of the history of dry cleaning and a detailed analysis of the operation and maintenance of the dry cleaning equipment are necessary. The discovery of solvent plumes in the vicinity of dry cleaning plants may suggest that the solvent source is the dry cleaning plant; however, the presence of these plumes does not necessarily indicate that the dry cleaning equipment was defectively designed or manufactured. A thorough review of the type of equipment used over the life of the dry cleaning plant and verifiable solvent mileage records frequently indicates that operators of the plant have disposed of solvent and contaminated solids into the municipal sewer or on ground surfaces.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Leaching of seven pesticides currently used in cotton crop in Mato Grosso State—Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the leaching of pesticides and the applicability of the Attenuation Factor (AF) Model to predict their leaching. The leaching of carbofuran, carbendazim, diuron, metolachlor, α and β endosulfan and chlorpyrifos was studied in an Oxisol using a field experiment lysimeter located in Dom Aquino – Mato Grosso. The samples of percolated water were collected by rain event and analyzed. Chemical and physical soil attributes were determined before pesticide application to the plots. The results showed that carbofuran was the pesticide that presented a higher leaching rate in the studied soil, so was the one representing the highest contamination potential. From the total carbofuran applied in the soil surface, around 6 % leached below 50 cm. The other pesticides showed lower mobility in the studied soil. The calculated values to AF were 7.06E-12 (carbendazim), 5.08E-03 (carbofuran), 3.12E-17 (diuron), 6.66E-345 (α-endosulfan), 1.47E-162 (β-endosulfan), 1.50E-06 (metolachlor), 3.51E-155 (chlorpyrifos). AF Model was useful to classify the pesticides' potential for contamination; however, that model underestimated pesticide leaching.     

Endosulfan in China 2—emissions and residues

Background, aim, and scope  Endosulfan is one of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and also a candidate to be included in a group of new persistent organic pollutants (UNEP 2007). The first national endosulfan usage inventories in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution has been reported in an accompanying paper. In the second part of the paper, we compiled the gridded historical emissions and soil residues of endosulfan in China from the usage inventories. Based on the residue/emission data, gridded concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese soil and air have been calculated. These inventories will provide valuable data for the further study of endosulfan. Methods  Emission and residue of endosulfan were calculated from endosulfan usage by using a simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model—SGPERM, which is an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. By using the emission and residue inventories, annual air and soil concentrations of endosulfan in each cell were determined. Results and discussion  Historical gridded emission and residue inventories of α- and β-endosulfan in agricultural soil in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution have been created. Total emissions were around 10,800 t, with α-endosulfan at 7,400 t and β-endosulfan at 3,400 t from 1994 to 2004. The highest residues were 140 t for α-endosulfan and 390 t for β-endosulfan, and the lowest residues were 0.7 t for α-endosulfan and 170 t for β-endosulfan in 2004 in Chinese agricultural soil where endosulfan was applied. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of α- and β-endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell. We have estimated annual averaged air concentrations and the annual minimum and maximum soil concentrations across China. The real concentrations will be different from season to season. Although our model does not consider the transport of the insecticide in the atmosphere, which could be very important in some areas during some special time, the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil derived from the endosulfan emission and residue inventories are in general consistent with the published monitoring data. Conclusions  To our knowledge, this work is the first inventory of this kind for endosulfan published on a national scale. Concentrations of the chemical in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were calculated for each grid cell. Results show that the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil agree reasonably well with the monitoring data in general. Recommendations and perspectives  The gridded endosulfan emission/residue inventories and also the air and soil concentration inventories created in this study will be updated upon availability of new information, including usage and monitoring data. The establishment of these inventories for the OCP is important for both scientific communities and policy makers.     

Impact of spiked concentrations of Cd,Pb, As and Zn in growth medium on elemental uptake of Nasturtium officinale (Watercress)

This study is aimed at investigating the impact of water quality on the uptake and distribution of three non-essential and toxic elements, namely, As, Cd and Pb in the watercress plant to assess for metal toxicity. The plant was hydroponically cultivated under greenhouse conditions, with the growth medium being spiked with varying concentrations of As, Cd and Pb. Plants that were harvested weekly for elemental analysis showed physiological and morphological symptoms of toxicity on exposure to high concentrations of Cd and Pb. Plants exposed to high concentrations of As did not survive and the threshold for As uptake in watercress was established at 5 ppm. Translocation factors were low in all cases as the toxic elements accumulated more in the roots of the plant than the edible leaves. The impact of Zn on the uptake of toxic elements was also evaluated and Zn was found to have an antagonistic effect on uptake of both Cd and Pb with no notable effect on uptake of As. The findings indicate that phytotoxicity or death of the watercress plant would prevent it from being a route of human exposure to high concentrations of As, Cd and Pb in the environment.     

Butyltin compounds in sediment and fish from the Polish Coast of the Baltic Sea

Concentrations of mono- (MBT), di- (DBT), and tri-(TBT) butyltin compounds were measured in eggs, liver, and muscle of nine species of fish from four regions of the Baltic Sea - the Firth of Vistula, the Gulf of Gdańsk, Puck Bay, and the mouth of the Vistula River. The overall concentration ranges among all the fish sampled from the four sites were: < 7 to 79 ng/g for MBT, 6 to 1100 ng/g for DBT, 7 to 3600 ng/g for TBT, and 16 to 4800 ng/g for total BTs, on a wet wt basis. The highest concentration of total BTs was found in herring liver from the Firth of Vistula (4800 ng/g, wet wt) and in roach muscle from Puck Bay (3300 ng/g, wet wt), while the least concentration was found in burbot eggs and liver from the Vistula River (39 and 32 ng/g, wet wt, respectively). TBT was the major form of BTs present in most samples analyzed. Sediment samples collected from shipyards in the Gulf of Gdańsk contained butyltin concentrations ranging from 1.2 to 46 μg/g (dry wt) for MBT, 2.0 to 42 μg/g for DBT, and 2.6 to 40 μg/g for TBT. As with the fish, the majority of the BTs in sediment were present as TBT, which suggested recent exposure of the aquatic environment of the region to TBT.     

Malathion-induced sublethal toxicity on the hematology of cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis)

The effect of malathion [diethyl(dimethoxythiophosphorylthio)succinate] at sublethal concentration (0.006 ppm) on hematological parameters of the cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) was studied for 24 hrs to 240 hrs of exposure and remarkable hematological alterations were observed. The study on hematological parameters revealed a highly significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the total erythrocytes count in malathion-exposed animals from 24 hours to 96 hrs of exposure as compared to control. Significant decreases (P < 0.01) of hemoglobin and packed cell volume were also observed from 48 hrs to 240 hrs. A significant increase (P < 0.01) in leucocytes count was noted throughout the exposure period. Elevated numbers of lymphocytes and eosinophils as found in the present study revealed lymphocytosis as well as eosinophilia, suggesting that this was a result of direct stimulation of the immunological defense due to the presence of a toxic substance or may be associated with tissue damage. The cytomorphological and cytopathological study of erythrocytes and leucocytes in malathion-exposed frogs at 0.006 ppm concentration revealed various cytotoxic effects at different exposure times. It was noted that the size and the shape of the erythrocytes were subjected to variation in different blood disorders.