一体式悬浮载体生物流化床啤酒废水处理研究

中小型点源污染的控制是提高水环境质量和解决水资源短缺的关键。一体式悬浮载体生物流化床(ISCBFB)占地面积小、处理效率高,适合中小型点源污水的处理。以公牛啤酒厂废水为试验原水进行了研究,试验期间进水COD平均浓度1 213.38 mg/L,出水平均为50.75 mg/L,平均去除率达到95.82%。进水氨氮平均浓度为22.50 mg/L,出水平均为4.31 mg/L,平均去除率达到80.99%,试验中全部出水水样COD及氨氮浓度均达到国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1988)一级标准。总之,一体式悬浮载体生物流化床对啤酒废水具有很好的去除效果。     

SPE-HPLC法检测环境水样中的痕量三氯卡班

建立了环境水样中三氯卡班(TCC)的预处理和测定方法。考察了3种固相萃取(SPE)小柱、5种洗脱液对TCC回收率的影响。结果表明,采用ENVI-18 SPE小柱、以乙酸乙酯/乙腈(1∶1)为洗脱液、高效液相色谱仪-紫外检测器(HPLC-UV)检测,以蒸馏水为背景溶液TCC的加标回收率高达95%,仪器检出限与定量限分别为2.37与7.89μg/L。该方法用于实际环境水样,TCC加标浓度1~10μg/L,污水厂进水、出水与地表水中TCC的加标回收率分别在89.38%~96.90%、87.74%~94.34%与83.64%~94.61%之间,表明所建立的SPE-HPLC法适合城市生活污水和地表水中痕量TCC的检测。运用该方法测定实际环境水样中的TCC含量,集美污水处理厂进水与出水中TCC浓度分别为1.35与0.22μg/L;华大污水厂进水与出水中TCC浓度分别为1.05与0.53μg/L;白鹭湖水样中的TCC浓度为1.11μg/L。     

天津市某污水处理厂脱氮效率的评价

城市污水处理厂作为城市污水处理的重要承担者,其处理能力不足势必会对下游水体产生严重影响,也给水体的再生利用带来了难度,污水处理厂的去除效率变得尤为关注。以2014年3—12月天津市某污水处理厂氮的监测数据为基础,对其脱氮效率进行了评价。结果表明:污水处理厂脱氮效率偏低,总氮平均去除率为55.61%,且出水仅达到二级排放标准(GB 18918-2002),水厂进水C/N、水温对总氮的去除效率影响很大;水厂氨氮的平均去除率为87.40%,其去除率受进水NH_4~+-N浓度影响很大,水厂对高浓度的进水NH_4~+-N(大于70 mg/L)去除效率偏低,而进水NH_4~+-N小于60 mg/L时,出水NH_4~+-N基本能满足一级A排放标准(GB 18918-2002);水厂出水的亚硝态氮含量很高,其主要受溶解氧和C/N的影响;水厂对有机氮的去除效果不佳,需要采用深度处理技术。     

3种组合工艺处理农村生活污水

进行了厌氧折流板反应器-垂直潜流人工湿地(ABR-VSFCW)、复合厌氧反应器-水平潜流人工湿地(HAR-HSFCW)、膨胀颗粒污泥床-人工快速渗滤系统(EGSB-CRI)3种组合工艺处理农村生活污水的研究。结果表明,在温度为10~29℃,进水COD为325.3~386.5 mg/L的条件下,3种组合工艺对COD均有较高的处理效果,当厌氧段HRT大于16 h时,3种组合工艺出水COD浓度均达到了我国《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级B标准;EGSB-CRI、HAR-HSFCW对TP的去除效果较好,出水TP浓度均达到了我国《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级B标准,且显著优于ABR-VSFCW,ABR-VSFCW出水TP浓度达到了二级标准;ABR-VSFCW、HAR-HSFCW、EGSB-CRI出水NH+4-N浓度分别为25.24~42.20、29.59~41.60和9.80~15.35 mg/L,其出水NH+4-N浓度达到了我国《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)二级标准;3种组合工艺对TN的去除效果无明显差异,去除率仅为23.9%~46.4%。因此,EGSB-CRI对农村生活污水的处理效果最好,HAR-HSFCW次之,ABR-VSFCW较差。     

三峡库区城市污水处理厂工艺特征分析

为了分析三峡库区(重庆)城市污水处理厂的工艺特性,对库区现有45座城市污水处理厂进行了调研。发现库区以5万m3/d以下规模的污水处理厂为主,占总数的89%。A/A/O系列工艺、氧化沟系列工艺和SBR及其变型工艺为主流主体工艺,其中占总数64%的污水处理厂选用了氧化沟系列工艺。水质参数的设置与工艺密切相关。污水中无机物含量较高,59%的污水处理厂的MLSS在4~6 g/L之间,71%的污水处理厂的MLVSS/MLSS在0.7以下。三峡库区城市污水处理厂进水水质波动大,碳源较充足,可生化性较好。另外,总结了污水处理厂运行中易出现的问题及建议措施。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测地表水中13种药物及个人护理品

采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)检测,建立了地表水中13种药物及个人护理品的测定方法。水样用盐酸与氢氧化钠溶液调p H值至7.0左右,过固相萃取小柱进行富集,用14 m L甲醇洗脱。以C18柱为分离柱,0.01%甲酸的甲醇-0.01%甲酸水溶液为流动相,目标物在10 min内分离,在0.50~250μg/L范围内,13种化合物峰面积与内标物质峰面积之比与质量浓度的线性关系良好(0.99),检出限在0.05~0.5 ng/L范围内。基质加标实验结果表明,13种化合物在水中的回收率分别在56.2%~123.2%之间(加标水平5 ng/m L)和58.0%~107.8%(加标水平50 ng/m L),相对标准偏差在1.60%~19.9%(n=6)之间。应用该方法测定了从2条纳污河流采集的10份水样,结果表明,除美托诺尔和普洛萘尔未被检出外,其余11药物的检出频率在30%~100%之间。在13种目标物质中,咖啡因的检测浓度最高达287.5ng/L,舒必利次之,为277.5 ng/L。本方法快速、准确,适用于地表水中PPCPs类的快速测定。     

山东省徒骇河—马颊河流域城市污水处理厂运行效果及费用分析

对山东省徒骇河—马颊河流域内某具有代表性的县级城市污水处理厂的进水特征、运行效果和处理费用进行了分析。结果表明:(1)该污水处理厂进水污染物浓度远低于设计指标。(2)该污水处理厂2012年单位水处理平均耗电量为0.267kW·h/m3,略低于国内单位水处理平均耗电量水平,略高于发达国家单位水处理平均耗电量水平,仍具有节能潜力。该污水处理厂单位水处理耗电量与单位水处理COD削减量呈线性相关,可通过COD进出水浓度及耗电量—污染物削减量线性关系式近似估算污水处理的耗电量。(3)该污水处理厂单位水处理总费用约0.58元/m3,其中电费和设备折旧费分别占单位水处理总费用的53.99%和33.67%,为污水处理厂运行费用的主要构成部分。     

MCR—O_3—BAC组合工艺在工业园区污水处理厂提标改造中的运用研究

以膜混凝反应器(MCR)—O3—生物活性炭(BAC)组合工艺作为出水提标改造工艺,在浙江某工业园区污水处理厂进行了现场试验,考察了组合工艺对有机物和色度的去除情况,并验证了膜过滤(MCR工艺段)在组合工艺中的作用。结果表明,MCR工艺段对COD和色度均有不同程度的去除,去除效果均与进水SS浓度有关;MCR—O3—BAC组合工艺运行中,COD去除率最高的是在BAC工艺段,稳定运行阶段(70~90d左右,下同)最终出水COD基本不超过50mg/L,色度去除率最高的主要是在O3工艺段,去除率达到37.5%~68.8%,稳定运行阶段最终出水色度小于30倍,均符合《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)一级A标准;通过定期的清洗维护,MCR系统中膜可以在35L/(m2·h)的通量下稳定运行,维护性清洗周期为20~30d;MCR工艺段的引入可以显著减少O3的消耗量。     

污水深度处理微絮凝-D型滤池工艺运行性能与经济性分析

根据昆明市第一污水处理厂深度处理微絮凝-D型滤池工艺的运行数据,评价了工艺出水水质及总磷(TP)去除效果,同时分析了混凝剂投加量及药剂费用。结果表明,微絮凝-D型滤池工艺出水TP平均浓度为0.15 mg/L,最优水平值为0.05 mg/L,95%保证值为0.37 mg/L,TP平均去除率为63.6%。出水悬浮固体(SS)浓度95%保证值为10 mg/L。混凝剂聚合氯化铝(PAC)的投加量在1.5~4 mg Al2O3/L范围波动,去除单位TP的PAC投加量平均值为16.7 mg Al2O3/mg-P,投加比为2~8 mol-Al/mol-P。当投加比超过5时,出水TP浓度可达到0.3 mg/L以下。吨水PAC成本平均值为0.017元/t。     

污水处理厂各工艺阶段多环芳烃变化规律研究

采用固相萃取-气相色谱/氢火焰离子化检测器联用技术(SPE-GC/FID),对西安市某污水处理厂不同工艺段水体中的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)含量进行了长期监测。结果表明,原水中有13种PAHs检出,按浓度从大到小排序分别为:萘、菲、芴、芘、艹屈、二氢苊、苊、蒽、苯并(a)蒽、荧蒽、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘;原水中PAHs的总量在477.1~3 067.7 ng/L之间,平均值为1 833.1 ng/L,同国内外报道的结果相比,可认为西安市生活污水中PAHs的含量处于中等水平;二级处理工艺对PAHs有较好的去除效果,平均去除率为79%,其中,生物处理单元的贡献最大,去除率达到68%。     

Sorption and Desorption Behavior of Chloroanilines and Chlorophenols on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in onion and soil

The persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on onion were studied after application of their combination formulation at a standard and double dose of 75 + 150 and 150 + 300 g a.i. ha^?1. The fungicides were extracted with acetone, cleaned-up using activated charcoal (trifloxystrobin) and neutral alumina (tebuconazole). Analysis was carried out by gas chromatograph (GC) and confirmed by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The recovery was above 80% and limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.05 mg kg^?1 for both fungicides. Initial residue deposits of trifloxystrobin were 0.68 and 1.01 mg kg^?1 and tebuconazole 0.673 and 1.95 mg kg^?1 from standard and double dose treatments, respectively. Dissipation of the fungicides followed first-order kinetics and the half life of degradation was 6–6.6 days. Matured onion bulb (and field soil) harvested after 30 days was free from fungicide residues. These findings suggest recommended safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 14 and 25 days for spring onion consumption after treatment of Nativo 75 WG at the standard and double doses, respectively. Matured onion bulbs at harvest were free from fungicide residues.     

Synthesis and characterization of m- and p-methylbenzyl-mercapturic acids derived from m- and p-xylenes

Chemical synthesis and physical properties of two mercapturic acids suggested as urinary metabolites of m- and p-xylenes ace described. These compounds may be used for the identification and quantivative determination by high-performance liquid chromatography of the corresponding mercapturic acids in urine.     

Field and laboratory studies of the fate and enantiomeric enrichment of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

The stereoselectivity of R,S-venlafaxine and its metabolites R,S-O-desmethylvenlafaxine, N-desmethylvenlafaxine, O,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine, N,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine and tridesmethylvenlafaxine was studied in three processes: (i) anaerobic and aerobic laboratory scale tests; (ii) six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) operating under different conditions; and (iii) a variety of wastewater treatments including conventional activated sludge, natural attenuation along a receiving river stream and storage in operational and seasonal reservoirs. In the laboratory and field studies, the degradation of the venlafaxine yielded O-desmethylvenalfaxine as the dominant metabolite under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Venlafaxine was almost exclusively converted to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under anaerobic conditions, but only a fraction of the drug was transformed to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic conditions. Degradation of venlafaxine involved only small stereoisomeric selectivity. In contrast, the degradation of O-desmethylvenlafaxine yielded remarkable S to R enrichment under aerobic conditions but none under anaerobic conditions. Determination of venlafaxine and its metabolites in the WWTPs agreed well with the stereoselectivity observed in the laboratory studies. Our results suggest that the levels of the drug and its metabolites and the stereoisomeric enrichment of the metabolite and its parent drug can be used for source tracking and for discrimination between domestic and nondomestic wastewater pollution. This was indeed demonstrated in the investigations carried out at the Jerusalem WWTP.     

Levels of PCDDs and PCDFs in products and effluent from the Swedish pulp and paper industry and chloralkali process

Within the Swedish Dioxin Survey various samples from the pulp and paper industry and the chloralkali process have been analyzed by congener specific analytical methods. In addition to the generally discussed “bleaching pattern” of the tetrachlorinated congeners, these samples also contained higher chlorinated congeners like hexa-CDDs, hepta-CDFs, octa-CDD and octa-CDF. Consequently it is recommended that samples from the pulp industry should be analyzed for all PCDDs and PCDFs (tetra- through octa-). Counted as Nordic Toxic Equivalents (NTEQ), the recycled pulp samples had the highest contamination level followed by TMP, unbleached sulfite and bleached softwood and hardwood. In addition to the bleaching process, various chemicals used in the pulping, bleaching and wastewater treatment can contribute to the contamination.     

Uptake and translocation of metformin, ciprofloxacin and narasin in forage- and crop plants

Transfer of bioactive organic compounds from soil to plants might represent animal and human health risks. Sewage sludge and manure are potential sources for bioactive compounds such as human- and veterinary drugs. In the present study, uptake of the anti-diabetic compound, metformin, the antibiotic agent ciprofloxacin and the anti-coccidial narasin in carrot (Daucuscarota ssp. sativus cvs. Napoli) and barley (Hordeumvulgare) were investigated. The pharmaceuticals were selected in order to cover various chemical properties, in addition to their presence in relevant environmental matrixes. The root concentration factors (RCF) found in the present study were higher than the corresponding leaf concentration factors (LCF) for the three test pharmaceuticals. The uptake of metformin was higher compared with ciprofloxacin and narasin for all plant compartments analyzed. Metformin was studied more explicitly with regard to uptake and translocation in meadow fescue (Festucapratense), three other carrot cultivars (D.carota ssp. sativus cvs. Amager, Rothild and Nutri Red), wheat cereal (Triticumaestivum) and turnip rape seed (Brassicacampestris). Uptake of metformin in meadow fescue was comparable with uptake in the four carrot cultivars (RCF 2-10, LCF approximately 1.5), uptake in wheat cereals were comparable with barley cereals (seed concentration factors, SCF, 0.02-0.04) while the accumulation in turnip rape seeds was as high as 1.5. All three pharmaceuticals produced negative effects on growth and development of carrots when grown in soil concentration of 6-10 mg kg⁻¹ dry weight.     

Sources and distribution of polychlorinated-dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans in soil and sediment from the Yellow Sea region of China and Korea

Polychlorinated-dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were measured in soils and sediments from the Yellow Sea region. Korean soils and sediments mostly contained detectable PCDD/Fs and showed a widespread distribution among locations. Soil and sedimentary PCDD/Fs from China were comparable to or less than those in Korea. The patterns of relative concentrations of individual congeners in soils were different between the two countries, but similar in sediments. Sources of PCDD/Fs in China and Korea were found to be independent of each other and their distributions reflected matrix-dependent accumulation. Spatial distribution indicated some point sources in Korea while Chinese sources were more widespread and diffuse. PCDD/Fs measured in the coastal areas of the Yellow Sea were comparable to or less than those previously reported in for eastern Asia. However, ∑TEQs in soils and sediments were near to or, in some cases exceeded environmental quality guidelines.     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

Copper-catalyzed chlorination and condensation of acetylene and dichloroacetylene

The chlorination and condensation of acetylene at low temperatures is demonstrated using copper chlorides as chlorinated agents coated to model borosilicate surfaces. Experiments with and without both a chlorine source and borosilicate surfaces indicate the absence of gas-phase and gas-surface reactions. Chlorination and condensation occur only in the presence of the copper catalyst. C₂ through C₈ organic products were observed in the effluent; PCDD/F were only observed from extraction of the borosilicate surfaces. A global reaction model is proposed that is consistent with the observed product distributions. Similar experiments with dichloroacetylene indicate greater reactivity in the absence of the copper catalyst. Reaction is observed in the gas-phase and in the presence of borosilicate surfaces at low temperatures. The formation of hexachlorobenzene is only observed in the presence of a copper catalyst. PCDD/F were only observed from extraction of the borosilicate surfaces. A global reaction model is proposed for the formation of hexachlorobenzene from dichloroacetylene.     

新型高效氧化偶合絮凝剂COF-I的研制及其应用研究

以硫酸铝为主要原料 ,经过化学改性后 ,制得兼具氧化和絮凝为一体的新型、高效水处理药剂COF I ,并设计正交实验找出了药剂最佳组合配方 ,且对微污染水源水、城市污水及印染废水进行了强化处理试验研究。结果表明 ,最佳配方为复合比 1∶1、添加剂含量 1 2 5 %、稳定剂含量 0 3%、氧化成分含量 1 0 % ,在最佳配方和最佳工艺条件下 ,复合药剂COF I对微污染水源水、城市污水及印染废水均具有良好的处理效果