天然和CPB改性沸石对Hg^2＋的吸附特征

通过静态实验研究溴代十六烷基吡啶（CPB）改性沸石和天然沸石对废水中Hg^2＋的吸附特性，探讨了吸附动力学、吸附平衡和吸附热力学机制。研究表明：Langmuir方程能较好地描述2种沸石对Hg^2＋的吸附，CPB改性沸石对Hg^2＋的吸附率得到显著提高。实验条件下，改性沸石对Hg^2＋的吸附率从67．5％提高到98．9％，吸附容量从0．521mg／g提高到3．07mg／g。利用准一级动力学方程、假二级动力学方程、颗粒内扩散模型和Elovich方程分别对动力学过程进行拟合，发现2种沸石对Hg^2＋的吸附均满足假二级动力学方程，且离子的颗粒内扩散对整个吸附过程有影响。动力学拟合、D-R方程拟合和热力学研究综合表明：2种沸石对Hg^2＋的吸附既存在化学吸附又存在物理吸附，吸附吉布斯自由能变（△G^0）、焓变（△H^0）、熵变（△S^0）均小于0，反应为自发的放热反应，低温有利于吸附的进行。     

不同硅铝比的ZSM-5型沸石分子筛吸附水中Cu2＋离子的研究

考察了3种不同硅铝比的ZSM-5沸石分子筛（25H、38H和50H，25、38和50为硅铝比）对水中Cu2＋的吸附过程及其影响因素。结果表明，3种材料均能有效吸附去除水中Cu2＋离子，动力学符合假二阶动力学模型，吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附等温式。3种材料吸附速率及吸附容量顺序为：25H〉50H〉38H，其中，25H最大吸附容量达到12．83mg／g。投加量由0．8g／L增加至2．0g／L，材料对Cu2＋吸附去除率由87．0％增加至97．5％。考察水中常见阳离子对吸附的干扰作用，结果表明，干扰离子的影响顺序为：Pb2＋〉K＋〉Na＋〉Mg2＋；随着干扰离子浓度的增大，材料对Cu2＋的去除率显著下降。硅铝比及晶粒形貌均对沸石分子筛吸附Cu2＋有较大影响，小的孔径不利于Cu2＋的吸附，低硅铝比有利于Cu2＋在分子筛上的吸附。     

天然和巯基改性沸石吸附水溶液中重金属Hg^2＋的特征研究

为了提高沸石对汞的吸附性，利用半胱胺盐酸盐对天然斜发沸石进行改性，制得巯基改性沸石。研究了吸附剂用量、pH值、温度、Hg^2＋浓度和吸附时间对沸石和巯基改性沸石吸附Hg^2＋的影响，并进一步研究了吸附机理。结果表明，巯基改性沸石吸附Hg^2＋受pH值、温度的影响较小，吸附机制主要是沸石表面的硫与Hg^2＋的化学反应。而天然沸石对Hg^2＋的吸附主要是离子交换作用，受温度、pH值等的影响较大，随温度的升高吸附量下降。整个吸附过程以较快的速度进行。天然沸石在吸附时间为1h、巯基改性沸石在0．5h时基本达到吸附平衡。吸附条件试验和Langmuir等温吸附模型都表明，巯基改性沸石对Hg^2＋的吸附能力得到了很大的提高，吸附容量由8．06mg／g提高到19．88mg／g，提高了146．65％。     

4A沸石去除水中Pb2＋的研究

在静态条件下，研究了4A沸石对废水中Pb2＋的吸附性能，并探讨了影响吸附的因素。实验表明：当温度为30℃，废水pH为5～6，0．01g4A沸石对100mg／LPb2＋溶液10mL吸附20min，Pb2＋的去除率可达到99％以上。在实验研究条件下，4A沸石对Pb2＋的吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程，相关系数为0．9819和0．9998。经计算，4A沸石对Pb2＋的饱和吸附量为125mg／g。4A沸石吸附水中Pb2＋达到吸附平衡的时间较短；溶液pH值的变化对吸附效果影响不显著；温度从室温略微升高，Pb2＋的去除率略有增大。吸附在4A沸石上的Pb“可回收利用，处理后的4A沸石可以再生，且重复使用性能较好。     

MCM-41介孔分子筛的合成及其对铜离子的吸附性能

以微硅粉为硅源，CTAB和PEG-6000为模板剂，合成MCM-41介孔分子筛。采用XRD、N2吸附-脱附曲线、FT—IR以及TEM表征了其结构、比表面积、孔径分布及晶体形貌，并且以该样品为吸附剂，对含Cu2＋的溶液进行了静态吸附实验。结果表明，以微硅粉为硅源成功合成了具有典型六方排列孔道结构的MCM-41，其比表面积为869．5m。／g，孔容为0．97cm3／g，平均孔径为3．3nm；溶液pH为5—6时，MCM-41对Cu2＋的去除效果最好；MCM-41对Cu3＋的最大吸附吸附容量36．3mg／g；MCM-41对Cu2＋的吸附性能符合Langmuir吸附方程的特征。动力学研究表明，该过程符合准二级动力学模型。     

SDS改性沸石吸附结晶紫

以表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）对沸石进行改性，改性后的沸石对结晶紫溶液进行吸附，以紫外可见分光光度计分析最佳吸附条件。实验结果表明，在30℃，SDS改性沸石投入量为0．25g；吸附平衡时间为1h；pH为8的条件下，对含50mg／L结晶紫染料的去除率可达到92．6％，吸附量达到4．63mg／g。SDS改性沸石吸附结晶紫的等温吸附曲线与Henry型和Freundlich型均拟合较好。热力学参数计算结果表明，吸附符合自发吸热过程。     

利用13X沸石分子筛净化含NH+4-N废水的实验研究

研究了13X沸石分子筛在静态和动态条件下对中低浓度含NH4^＋-N废水的吸附性能，包括影响吸附的主要因素、沸石对NH4^＋-N的吸附效果和沸石的再生等。静态实验结果表明，pH值为6．5～7．5，吸附时间35rain，吸附温度20～30℃的条件下，沸石对50mL NH4^＋-N初始浓度（C0）为80mg／L的废水吸附效果最佳，吸附过程符合Langmuir型吸附等温式，饱和吸附量为8．61mg／g。动态条件下，随水力停留时间增加，沸石对NH4^＋-N的吸附量上升，最大饱和吸附量可达24．20mg／g，吸附过程符合Thomas吸附模型。直接焙烧法对吸附后的沸石进行再生活化处理效果良好。实验证明，利用13X沸石净化中低浓度含NH4^＋-N废水具有良好的工业化应用前景。     

酚类化合物在2-羧基苯甲酰基修饰的超高交联树脂上的吸附

合成了一种用来吸附和去除水溶液中酚类化合物的2-羧基苯甲酰基修饰的超高交联吸附树脂(ZH-01)，并从动力学和吸附容量角度比较了XAD-4、AM-1和ZH-01分别吸附浓度为800mg／L苯酚的情况。实验结果表明，ZH-01吸附剂有利于吸附苯酚、对甲苯酚和对硝基苯酚之类的酚类化合物。动力学和热力学研究都得到了相同的结果：ZH-01对苯酚和对甲苯酚吸附是化学吸附的过渡状态，而对对硝基苯酚的吸附是一种物理吸附过程，并且显示了ZH-01表面均孔特性。苯酚在ZH-01上的小柱吸附研究表明了吸附穿透容量和总吸附量分别为2．38mmol／g和3．05mmol／g，溶剂甲醇对吸附在ZH-01上苯酚的脱附效果较好。     

As（V）在金红石TiO2颗粒表面吸附特性及机理

通过静态动力学和热力学吸附实验，研究了温度、共存离子以及溶质的初始浓度对As（V）在金红石TiO2颗粒表面吸附的影响，探讨了As（V）在金红石TiO2颗粒表面吸附特性及机理。结果表明，在As（V）初始浓度为10mg／L，pH为7的条件下，25℃时的吸附量0．41mg／g高于30℃时的吸附量0．31mg／g，As（V）在金红石TiO，上的吸附为放热过程。CaCl2和MgCl2的添加对As（V）在金红石TiO2表面吸附起到明显的促进作用。T=25℃，Ca2＋或Mg2＋浓度为10mmol／L时，As（V）吸附量分别为0．64和0．56mg／g，Ca2＋比Mg2＋对As（V）吸附促进作用强。As（V）在金红石TiO2的吸附等温线符合Frendlich方程，Lagergren二级动力学方程能较好地描述As（V）在金红石TiO2颗粒表面吸附的动力学过程。     

天然和CPB改性沸石对Hg2+的吸附特征

通过静态实验研究溴代十六烷基吡啶(CPB)改性沸石和天然沸石对废水中Hg2+的吸附特性,探讨了吸附动力学、吸附平衡和吸附热力学机制。研究表明:Langmuir方程能较好地描述2种沸石对Hg2+的吸附,CPB改性沸石对Hg2+的吸附率得到显著提高。实验条件下,改性沸石对Hg2+的吸附率从67.5%提高到98.9%,吸附容量从0.521 mg/g提高到3.07 mg/g。利用准一级动力学方程、假二级动力学方程、颗粒内扩散模型和Elovich方程分别对动力学过程进行拟合,发现2种沸石对Hg2+的吸附均满足假二级动力学方程,且离子的颗粒内扩散对整个吸附过程有影响。动力学拟合、D-R方程拟合和热力学研究综合表明:2种沸石对Hg2+的吸附既存在化学吸附又存在物理吸附,吸附吉布斯自由能变(△G0)、焓变(ΔH0)、熵变(ΔS0)均小于0,反应为自发的放热反应,低温有利于吸附的进行。     

氧化镁烟气脱硫反应特性研究

利用实验室规模的鼓泡式反应装置,对比了碳酸钙、氧化镁和氧化镁/硫酸镁脱硫剂的反应活性,证实脱硫液中高浓度硫酸镁的存在是保证镁法脱硫效率高于钙法的重要因素,并考察了硫酸镁浓度、脱硫剂(氧化镁)浓度、烟气量、SO2浓度和吸收液温度等因素对脱硫效率的影响。结果表明,脱硫反应可以根据pH分为2个不同阶段;反应过程中脱硫效率随着硫酸镁浓度的增加而显著升高;烟气量增加将会导致脱硫效率有所下降;入口SO2浓度升高,脱硫效率下降;氧化镁浓度、温度对脱硫效率影响不显著。结合实验现象进行推断,氧化镁脱硫的反应过程受SO2在气液两相界面的传质扩散和其水解产物在液相的扩散控制。     

Laboratory experiments on simultaneous removal of K and P from synthetic and real urine for nutrient recycle by crystallization of magnesium-potassium-phosphate-hexahydrate in a draft tube and baffle reactor

The simultaneous removal of K and P from urine for nutrient recycling by crystallization of magnesium potassium phosphate hexahydrate (MPP) in a laboratory-scale draft tube and baffle reactor (DTBR) is investigated. Results show that mixing speed and hydraulic retention time are important operating factors that influence crystallization and crystal settlement. Slurry should be discharged at a crystal retention time of 11 h to maintain fluidity in the reactor. Further applications of the DTBR using real urine (pretreated by ammonia stripping and diluted five times) showed that 76% K and 68% P were recycled to multi-nutrient products. The crystals collected were characterized and confirmed mainly as a mixture of magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate, MPP, and magnesium sodium phosphate heptahydrate. Results indicate that the DTBR effectively achieved the simultaneous recycling of K and P from urine to multi-nutrient products through MPP crystallization.     

Effect of biochar amendment on sorption and leaching of nitrate,ammonium, and phosphate in a sandy soil

When applied to soils, it is unclear whether and how biochar can affect soil nutrients. This has implications both to the availability of nutrients to plants or microbes, as well as to the question of whether biochar soil amendment may enhance or reduce the leaching of nutrients. In this work, a range of laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of biochar amendment on sorption and leaching of nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate in a sandy soil. A total of thirteen biochars were tested in laboratory sorption experiments and most of them showed little/no ability to sorb nitrate or phosphate. However, nine biochars could remove ammonium from aqueous solution. Biochars made from Brazilian pepperwood and peanut hull at 600 °C (PH600 and BP600, respectively) were used in a column leaching experiment to assess their ability to hold nutrients in a sandy soil. The BP600 biochar effectively reduced the total amount of nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate in the leachates by 34.0%, 34.7%, and 20.6%, respectively, relative to the soil alone. The PH600 biochar also reduced the leaching of nitrate and ammonium by 34% and 14%, respectively, but caused additional phosphate release from the soil columns. These results indicate that the effect of biochar on the leaching of agricultural nutrients in soils is not uniform and varies by biochar and nutrient type. Therefore, the nutrient sorption characteristics of a biochar should be studied prior to its use in a particular soil amendment project.     

Effect of biochar amendment on sorption and leaching of nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate in a sandy soil

When applied to soils, it is unclear whether and how biochar can affect soil nutrients. This has implications both to the availability of nutrients to plants or microbes, as well as to the question of whether biochar soil amendment may enhance or reduce the leaching of nutrients. In this work, a range of laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of biochar amendment on sorption and leaching of nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate in a sandy soil. A total of thirteen biochars were tested in laboratory sorption experiments and most of them showed little/no ability to sorb nitrate or phosphate. However, nine biochars could remove ammonium from aqueous solution. Biochars made from Brazilian pepperwood and peanut hull at 600 °C (PH600 and BP600, respectively) were used in a column leaching experiment to assess their ability to hold nutrients in a sandy soil. The BP600 biochar effectively reduced the total amount of nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate in the leachates by 34.0%, 34.7%, and 20.6%, respectively, relative to the soil alone. The PH600 biochar also reduced the leaching of nitrate and ammonium by 34% and 14%, respectively, but caused additional phosphate release from the soil columns. These results indicate that the effect of biochar on the leaching of agricultural nutrients in soils is not uniform and varies by biochar and nutrient type. Therefore, the nutrient sorption characteristics of a biochar should be studied prior to its use in a particular soil amendment project.     

A biomimetic absorbent for removal of trace level persistent organic pollutants from water

A novel biomimetic absorbent containing the lipid triolein was developed for removing persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from water. The structural characteristics of the absorbent were obtained by SEM and a photoluminescence method. Under optimum preparation conditions, triolein was perfectly embedded in the cellulose acetate (CA) spheres, the absorbent was stable and no triolein leaked into the water. Dieldrin, endrin, aldrin and heptachlor epoxide were effectively removed by the CA--triolein absorbent in laboratory batch experiments. This suggests that CA-triolein absorbent may serve as a good absorbent for those selected POPs. Triolein in the absorbent significantly increased the absorption capacity, and lower residual concentrations of POPs were achieved when compared to the use of cellulose acetate absorbent. The absorption rate for lipophilic pollutants was very fast and exhibited some relationship with the octanol--water partition coefficient of the analyte. The absorption mechanism is discussed in detail.     

铁-锎系合金氧化物污水除磷及再生

采用共沉淀法制备了系列铁-镧系合金氧化物并研究其除磷能力。结果表明：以铁、镧摩尔比为0．08的吸附剂除磷能力最强，吸附曲线适合Langmuir等温线方程。该吸附剂的吸附量受pH影响显著，pH在4．0～7．0之间时吸附量较大。进行了抗共存阴离子能力测试，结果表明CO3 2-对磷吸附量影响较大，给出了共存阴离子对吸附量的影响顺序。对该吸附剂进行了真空高温再生，再生率最高可达62．27％。     

铁-镧系合金氧化物污水除磷及再生简

采用共沉淀法制备了系列铁-镧系合金氧化物并研究其除磷能力。结果表明：以铁、镧摩尔比为0.08的吸附剂除磷能力最强，吸附曲线适合Langmuir等温线方程。该吸附剂的吸附量受pH影响显著，pH在4.0~7.0之间时吸附量较大。进行了抗共存阴离子能力测试，结果表明CO₃^2-对磷吸附量影响较大，给出了共存阴离子对吸附量的影响顺序。对该吸附剂进行了真空高温再生，再生率最高可达62.27%。     

高活性吸收剂脱硫脱氮的研究

针对目前干法脱硫工艺中吸收剂活性和钙利用率比较低的问题,开发了一种具有较高活性的吸收剂,用于烟道喷射脱硫脱氮.用实验设计方法研究了影响吸收剂活性的因素,得出高活性吸收剂的制备条件.并进行了脱除实验.     

Effective synthesis of sulfate metabolites of chlorinated phenols

Chlorophenols are an important class of persistent environmental contaminants and have been implicated in a range of adverse health effects, including cancer. They are readily conjugated and excreted as the corresponding glucuronides and sulfates in the urine of humans and other species. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of a series of ten chlorophenol sulfates by sulfation of the corresponding chlorophenols with 2,2,2-trichloroethyl (TCE) chlorosulfate using N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) as base. Deprotection of the chlorophenol diesters with zinc powder/ammonium formate yielded the respective chlorophenol sulfate ammonium salts in good yield. The molecular structure of three TCE-protected chlorophenol sulfate diesters and one chlorophenol sulfate monoester were confirmed by X-ray crystal structure analysis. The chlorophenol sulfates were stable for several months if stored at −20 °C and, thus, are useful for future toxicological, environmental and human biomonitoring studies.     

Ammonium Nitrate,Nitric Acid,and Ammonia Equilibrium in Wintertime Phoenix,Arizona

A secondary aerosol equilibrium model, SEQUILIB, is applied to evaluate the effects of emissions reductions from precursor species on ambient concentrations during the winter in Phoenix, Arizona. The model partitions total nitrate and total ammonia to gas-phase nitric acid and ammonia and to particle-phase ammonium nitrate. Agreement between these partitions and ambient measures of these species was found to be satisfactory. Equilibrium isopleths were generated for various ammonium nitrate concentrations corresponding to high and low humidity periods which occurred during sampling. These diagrams show that ammonia is so abundant in Phoenix that massive reductions in its ambient concentrations would be needed before significant reductions in particulate ammonium nitrate would be observed. When total nitrate is reduced by reductions in its nitrogen oxides precursor, proportional reductions in particulate nitrate are expected. Many of the complex reactions in SEQUILIB do not apply to Phoenix, and its ability to reproduce ambient data in this study does not guarantee that it will be as effective in areas with more complex chemistry. Nevertheless, the nitrate chemistry in SEQUILIB appears to be sound, and it is a useful model for addressing the difficult apportionment of secondary aerosol to its precursors.