涂装废气治理措施探讨

涂装废气主要来自涂装过程中的漆雾和有机溶剂的废气，可通过采用新型涂料、减少有机溶剂和涂料的用量，提高涂料利用率来减少涂装废气的排放。对涂装废气的治理，目前常用的方法有：燃烧法、催化燃烧法、液体吸收法、活性炭吸附法等。燃烧法、催化燃烧法注重对有机溶剂的分解，液体吸收法、活性炭吸附法则注重对有机溶剂的回收利用。实际应用中，可采取几种方法的组合，使废气治理达到更好的效果。     

磷酸三丁酯络合萃取邻氨基苯酚及工业废水预处理研究

根据络合萃取的原理,考虑了萃取剂与稀释剂之间的作用,选择磷酸三丁酯(TBP)为萃取剂,以正辛醇和氯仿为极性稀释剂、四氯化碳和煤油为非极性稀释剂,对邻氨基苯酚(OAP)稀溶液进行了探讨,讨论了体系的pH、TBP的浓度、稀释剂种类对萃取分配比(D)的影响.结果表明,TBP主要通过与OAP的中性分子键合作用实现萃取;D值的变化与中性分子的摩尔分数有关,pH是影响D的主要因素;稀释剂的极性对OAP的萃取影响较大,在萃取剂体积分数为10%～30%时,其萃取能力为TBP-正辛醇＞TBP-煤油＞TBP-四氯化碳＞TBP-氯仿;在萃取剂体积分数为30%～50%时,萃取能力为TBP-煤油＞TBP-正辛醇＞TBP-四氯化碳＞TBP-氯仿.进而以30%TBP-煤油为萃取剂,对工业含OAP废水进行了错流萃取实验.实验表明,该方法可以对工业OAP废水进行有效的(94.7%)预处理;工业废水中的甲醇、乙醇,对萃取有较大影响.     

“三抗涂料”——“街头牛皮癣”的克星

吉林大学科技园新近推出“三抗涂料”，即具有抗粘贴、抗污染、抗涂写等三种功能的涂料。它是采用纳米材料合成的有机硅氟碳树脂，具有耐高温、耐化学药品性、非粘附性、低摩擦性、自清洁性等特征。     

石墨炉原子吸收法直接测定内墙涂料中的镉

描述了用石墨炉原子吸收法直接测定内墙涂料中的镉。内墙涂料样品经１０５℃烘干，用ＨＮＯ３消解后，在灰化温度６００℃、原子化温度１９００℃条件下，用标准曲线法直接测定，方法回收率为９７．７％￣１０３％，变异系数为３．２％￣３．７％。     

废聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料制取涂料及胶粘剂

阐述了利用废旧泡沫塑料研制和开发各种不同用途涂料的进展，研究了利用废聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料制取涂料的方法，讨论了该涂料的配方选择及性能指标。     

络合萃取法处理5-氯水杨酸生产废水的研究与实践

采用络合萃取法处理5-氯水杨酸生产废水,研究了萃取过程中PH、络合剂、稀释剂等对废水革取效果的影响。通过比较,确定以EPT-1为络合剂。试验表明,pH<1.5,按废水:络合剂:稀释剂-100:30:70的比例投加,可取得较好效果。萃取剂连续使用15次,废水的CODCr去除率并无显著下降。多次萃取后萃取剂经氢氧化钠溶液反萃取再生,即可回收萃取剂。     

无机抗菌剂在建筑涂料中的应用研究

研究了5种无机抗菌剂：锌型沸石抗菌剂、银型沸石抗菌剂、氧化锌晶须复合抗菌剂、纳米TiO2光催化抗菌剂和Ca10-x-yTixZny（PO4）6（OH）2复合抗菌剂在涂料中的应用.以对大肠杆菌（E.coli）的灭菌效果评价抗菌性能.结果表明：锌型抗菌涂料的抗菌效果较差,后4种类型抗菌涂料具有很好抗菌效果.但是,银型抗菌剂和氧化锌晶须复合抗菌剂在涂料中存在易引起涂料变色和难分散问题;纳米TiO2光催化型抗菌剂在涂料中易加快涂料老化;而Ca10-x-yTixZny（PO4）6（OH）2复合抗菌剂既具有良好的抗菌性能,又对涂料的基本性能没有影响,它能够应用到抗菌涂料中.     

无机抗菌剂在建筑涂料中的应用研究

研究了5种无机抗菌剂:锌型沸石抗菌剂、银型沸石抗菌剂、氧化锌晶须复合抗菌剂、纳米TiO2光催化抗菌剂和Ca10-x-yTixZny(PO4)6(OH)2复合抗菌剂在涂料中的应用。以对大肠杆菌(E.coli)的灭菌效果评价抗菌性能。结果表明:锌型抗菌涂料的抗菌效果较差,后4种类型抗菌涂料具有很好抗菌效果。但是,银型抗菌剂和氧化锌晶须复合抗菌剂在涂料中存在易引起涂料变色和难分散问题;纳米TiO2光催化型抗菌剂在涂料中易加快涂料老化;而Ca10-x-yTixZny(PO4)6(OH)2复合抗菌剂既具有良好的抗菌性能,又对涂料的基本性能没有影响,它能够应用到抗菌涂料中。     

TiO2光催化涂料的制备及其降解甲醛研究

自制TiO2光催化涂料，重点对所制备的涂料在室内进行降解甲醛研究，考察了在不同分散剂、不同光催化剂以及不同甲醛初始浓度、不同光源、不同温度和不同湿度等环境因素下涂料对甲醛降解率的影响。结果表明，选用聚丙烯酸钠离子型分散剂，铜金属掺杂TiO2光催化剂制备的光催化涂料对甲醛降解率达80％以上且具有良好的耐久性，在室温（20℃左右）湿度50％日光灯照射下，甲醛初始浓度5μL时效果最佳。     

污水源热泵机组性能的研究

利用热泵系统回收城市污水中的热能，既开发了一种清洁能源，同时又降低了城市废热的排放，保护了环境。通过对以水源热泵为中心设备的污水热能回收与利用实验装置冬季供暖工况的实验研究，考察了热泵机组在以污水（模拟）为热源时的工作性能，测得热泵机组性能系数为2．61。     

Effects of pollutants on laccase activities of Marasmius quercophilus, a white-rot fungus isolated from a Mediterranean schlerophyllous litter

Marasmius quercophilus is a white-rot fungus involved in carbon recycling in Mediterranean ecosystems because of its laccase production. Here we described the effect of metal ions and halide salts, on laccase activity in order to point out the action of such environmental pollutants on this enzyme of major importance. Furthermore we tested organic solvent effects on laccase reaction since reaction mixture including solvent can be used in the transformation of xenobiotics. In the case of metal ions, we found that chloride ions were responsible for inhibition while CuSO(4) and MnSO(4) enhanced laccase activity. When halides were tested, we showed the following degree of inhibition: F(-)>Cl(-)>Br(-). Furthermore we found that I(-) was oxidized by laccase with I(2) as the product of the reaction. With ABTS, 50% of the laccase activity remains for solvent concentration ranging from 40% to 60% depending on the solvent used while with syringaldazine solvent concentration ranged from 50% to 70%. The organic solvent effects observed were probably a result of enzyme denaturation and of both enhancement of oxidised product solubilisation and of substrate solubilisation (for syringaldazine). These results show that laccase from M. quercophilus is not rapidly inhibited by certain environmental pollutants which sustains its role in carbon turnover under pertubation. However the strong effect of chloride ion on laccase activity should be further investigated with in situ studies since this could drastically influence carbon recycling in litters from Mediterranean littoral locations.     

Treatment system for solid matrix contaminated with fluoranthene. I--Modified extraction technique.

A laboratory-scale ultrasonication technique was developed for fluoranthene extraction from soils and sediments where the utilized organic solvent would be recovered after the extraction process. Therefore, the remedied soils and sediments would be free from toxicant and trace of added chemicals. The developed ultrasonication technique outlined here is an integrated part of a complete remediation system consisting of extraction and solar detoxification reactors. This paper investigates extraction efficiencies under different conditions, outlines solvent recovery technique and compares extraction efficiency of the developed ultrasonication technique with a commercially available laboratory-scale sonication bath. The spiked soil sample with fluoranthene (19.4 microg g(-1)) and organic solvent was ultrasonicated at 40 degrees C for 20 min. The sonicated mixture was allowed to settle for 10 min before the extract gravitated into the modified solar reactor for fluoranthene detoxification. The added solvents were removed from the remedied soil before it was released to site. The mixture of cyclohexane and ethanol (CH:ETOH) (3:1) was the favorable solvent from among 10 organic solvents because of its high extraction efficiency, safety and low cost. Preliminary results indicated that the developed extraction technique recovered more than 93% of fluoranthene from soil samples.     

Determination of optimal water solubility of capsaicin for its usage as a non-toxic antifoulant

BACKGROUND: Capsaicin, a non-toxic natural product antifoulant, is an attractive alternative to the currently used toxic metal-based antifoulants for protecting the submerged surfaces. The problem associated with conducting capsaicin experiments is its limited aqueous solubility. METHODS: A procedure was developed to obtain the maximum capsaicin concentration in water. Capsaicin was first dissolved in one of the three organic solvents, methanol, ethanol, and acetone. The organic solvent was replaced by gradually adding distilled water and evaporating the organic solvent. RESULTS: The best solvent for obtaining highest concentration of capsaicin in water was ethanol. A maximum capsaicin in water 6400 ppm was achieved by using 16 mg capsaicin dissolved in 0.8 ml ethanol followed with the addition of 2.5 ml distilled water in 0.2 ml increments and then slow evaporation of the solvent. CONCLUSION: The concentration obtained using our approach is well above the threshold concentration of capsaicin in deterring the marine organism attachments.     

Decomposition of trichloroethylene and 2,4-dichlorophenol by ozonation in several organic solvents

The effects of chemical characteristics of organic solvents on the decomposition rate constants of undissociative trichloroethylene (TCE) and dissociative 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) by ozonation were studied. The TCE and 2,4-DCP decomposition by ozonation in organic solvents followed to the first-order reaction kinetics with respect to TCE or 2,4-DCP concentration. The orders of the rate constants among organic solvents for undissociative TCE and dissociative 2,4-DCP were different indicating that the ozonation rates for undissociative and dissociative compounds were dependent on the chemical property of organic solvent. The decomposition of undissociative TCE by ozonation was a simple electrophilic reaction, which was dependent on acceptor number (AN) of the solvent. On the other hand, the decomposition of dissociative 2,4-DCP was dependent on by the dissociation of the compounds and would be dependent on donor number (DN) of the solvent. Finally, TCE in acetic acid was transformed to chlorinated intermediates and chloride ion and then these intermediates were continuously oxidized to chlorine gas.     

Characterization of extractable and non-extractable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils and sediments from the Pearl River Delta, China

Formation of bound residues of pollutants in soils and sediments is an important process to control the fate of pollutants in the environment. The most of bound residue is not solvent extractable. In this paper, we measured both extractable and non-extractable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in different organic matter fractions of samples from the Pearl River Delta, China. Non-extractable PAHs concentration was 234.45-1424.57 μg/kg and accounted for 33.78-57.44% of total PAHs. 2-3 Ring PAHs were the dominant species and differed in concentration substantially between the samples. The atomic ratio of PAHs over organic-C in the fractions ordered as solvent soluble organic matter > humin > humic acids, matching the content of aliphatic moieties in the fractions of organic matter. The ratio of extractable and non-extractable PAHs may relate to the aging process of PAHs in soil and sediment.     

Management, disposal and recycling of waste industrial organic solvents in Hong Kong.

An attempt has been made to establish a mass balance of industrial organic solvents in Hong Kong. It is estimated that only a small portion, less than 4%, of all the organic solvents consumed in Hong Kong are collected as waste solvents and properly treated, while the remainder are used either in the formulation of solvent containing products, or are lost to the environment through vapour emissions, leaks and spills, or dumped illegally. It was found that solvent recycling has been a common practice in some industries but the existing level of solvent recycling in Hong Kong is difficult to estimate. About 87.4% of all the waste organic solvents disposed of at the licensed facilities are potentially recyclable although whether they can be recycled in practice depends on many factors. Examples of existing waste organic solvent management and recycling practices from selected industries in Hong Kong are presented. The economic feasibility of current and future potential recycling systems is evaluated for a few selected cases. An integrated waste organic solvent management strategy is proposed to minimize adverse impacts of organic solvents to the environment and human health.     

Influence of dispersants on bioconcentration factors of seven organic compounds with different lipophilicities and structures

Seven compounds with different lipophilicities and structures—1,3,5-trichlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, acenaphthylene, 1,4-dimethyl-2-(1-methylphenyl)benzene, 4-ethylbiphenyl, 4,4′-dibromobiphenyl, and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane—were subjected to bioconcentration tests in carp at concentrations below the water solubilities of the compounds in the presence or absence of a dispersant (either an organic solvent or a surfactant). The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of the compounds were on the order of 10²–10⁴. The BCF values remained in the range of 15–49% for all the compounds, whether or not a dispersant was present, i.e., the BCF values in the presence of an organic solvent or a surfactant at a concentration below the critical micelle concentration were not significantly smaller than the BCF values in the absence of the solvent or surfactant. This result indicates that the dispersants had no influence on the evaluation of the bioconcentration potential of these test substances.     

Effects of compositional heterogeneity and nanoporosity of raw and treated biomass-generated soot on adsorption and absorption of organic contaminants

A biomass-generated soot was sequentially treated by HCl-HF solution, organic solvent, and oxidative acid to remove ash, extractable native organic matter (EOM), and amorphous carbon. The compositional heterogeneity and nano-structure of the untreated and treated soot samples were characterized by elemental analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis, BET-N₂ surface area, and electron microscopic analysis. Sorption properties of polar and nonpolar organic pollutants onto the soot samples were compared, and individual contributions of adsorption and absorption were quantified. The sorption isotherms for raw sample were practically linear, while were nonlinear for the pretreated-soot. The removal of EOM enhanced adsorption and reduced absorption, indicating that EOM served as a partitioning phase and simultaneously masked the adsorptive sites. By drastic-oxidation, the outer amorphous carbon and the inner disordered core of the soot particles were completely removed, and a fullerene-like nanoporous structure (aromatic shell) was created, which promoted additional π-π interaction between phenanthrene and the soot.     

Atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols over grasslands of central Europe and a Boreal forest

A labour-intensive analytical technique was applied to atmospheric particulate matter samples collected in a German urban/industrial influenced grassland location (Melpitz) and in a Finnish forest area (Hyyti?l?) in order to achieve a detailed chemical speciation of the organic content. The representative nature of the solvent and water-extractable fractions was determined. The organic compounds identified in the solvent extracts are represented by primary compounds with both anthropogenic and biogenic origin, which mainly derive from the vegetation waxes and from petrogenic sources. Secondary products resulting from the oxidation of volatile organic compounds were also detected. The German meadow presented the highest levels of sugars and acidic compounds in the water extracts, whilst polyols were the most abundant class in the Finnish forest. The major compounds of these classes were malic acid, mannitol, arabitol, glucose and sucrose. Levoglucosan was also found in the water extract.     

Selection and Substantiation of an Organic Solvent Removal Apparatus at a Print Shop by Comparative Experiments Using the Activated Carbon Adsorption and Catalytic Oxidation Methods

ABSTRACT

The investigation of an appropriate organic solvent removal apparatus for installation in a newly reconstructed print shop as a countermeasure for preventing the exhaust of organic solvents was conducted.

The selection of an organic solvent removal apparatus was made after bench-scale tests of the activated carbon adsorption method and the catalytic oxidation method, both of which are effective for the removal of organic solvents, were performed on the actual exhaust gas at the print shop. The results showed that both methods were efficient enough to be applied to the removal of organic solvents, but the activated carbon adsorption method had many drawbacks, such as the need for frequent replacement of activated carbon and complex maintenance. For the catalytic oxidation method, running costs are high, but there are many merits, such as that the catalysts do not have to be replaced as often and maintenance is simple. After considering these factors, a catalytic oxidation removal apparatus was installed at the new print shop. In the results of the substantiation test on the actual apparatus using mixed catalysts of platinum and manganese plus copper, the removal efficiency was 97.998.7% and the concentration of the outlet exhaust gas was about 10 ppm (the average concentration of the inlet exhaust gas was 528 ppm) at a space velocity of 30,000 hr^-1 and a reaction temperature of 200 °C. The results of this study were substantiated.