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1.
 将SO2 排放源分成电厂、工业、供热及民用4 类燃煤源,分别选择不同的指标,综合分析各污染源的SO2 排放绩效水平,结合当地的环境质量状况、发展规划、国家和地方的有关产业政策和环境保护政策以及不同行业类型排放源的生产特点和排污水平,设定各类燃煤源应达到的排放绩效标准,利用ISC3 环境空气质量模型,基于基准排放因子及环境综合调节系数,确定各污染源的最终允许排放量.以天津市为例,电厂燃煤源、供热污染源、工业燃煤源的SO2 年允许排放量分别为1.25×105,1.24×104,4.12×104t,削减率分别为14.4%,25.8%,27.9%.  相似文献   

2.
 为了减少废水中营养盐的排放量,采用实验室规模的厌氧─缺氧─好氧工艺处理豆制品废水。结果表明,TCOD、SCOD、NH+4-N、NO-3-N、TN、TP、SP(可溶性磷)、SS、细菌总数和大肠菌群数的去除率分别为96%、94%、93%、89%、82%、88%、78%、98.0%、99.9%以上。厌氧相产气率平均0.4L/L·d,上所产气体中平均甲烷含量69.8%,CO23.8%,N226.4%。缺氧相产气率平均为0.2L/L·d,平均甲烷含量59.5%,CO212%,N239.2%。好氧相中亚硝酸细菌含量为1.1×105/mL,硝酸细菌含量为1.4×103/mL。  相似文献   

3.
模拟酸雨对砂浆影响的研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
 建立了周期浸泡法和喷淋试验法等两种加速腐蚀试验方法,并分别研究Ph为5.6、3.5和Ph为1.0、S24-为0、0.06、0.1、0.2mol/L六种模拟酸雨对砂浆的影响。研究结果表明:砂浆受蚀后强度降低,其下降的程度与材料中CaO和SO3/CaO的比值成二元线性关系;酸雨中+的侵蚀将使材料中CaO、MgO、Al2O3和Fe2O3组分流失,H+.和SO的协同作用,使材料中的SO3/CaO的比值增大;受蚀后的砂浆其物相发生较大的变化,变化趋势是原[CaNa][SiAI]408、KAISi308、0.62NaAISi208·0.38CaAl2等矿物晶体逐渐消失,而转化成CaSO4·2H2O、CaAl2i2O8、Ca-Fe-Al-S-Si-O,甚至体积更大的Ca3Al6O12·CaSO4。因此,酸雨对砂浆的影响,主要是H+侵蚀引起的溶解腐蚀和SO24-侵蚀引起的膨胀腐蚀。  相似文献   

4.
磁聚去除淡水藻华的研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
 研究了磁场作用下壳聚糖与Fe3O4复配去除淡水藻华.结果表明,在壳聚糖用量1.6mg/L,Fe3O4用量4mg/L的情况下,通过0.5T的外磁场富集可使藻个数由4.80×106个/mL降为2.80×103个/mL;叶绿素a去除率达100%.藻液浊度、COD、总N、总P含量的去除率分别为99.6%、85.0%、73.9%、28.7%,并初步探讨了磁聚除藻的机理.  相似文献   

5.
超临界水氧化法降解氧乐果的研究   总被引:36,自引:0,他引:36       下载免费PDF全文
 实验研究了有机磷农药氧乐果在超临界水中的氧化降解.结果表明,超临界水氧化技术能有效地降解氧乐果废水.随着反应温度的升高、压力的增大、停留时间的延长,COD去除率也随之提高氧乐果在超临界水中氧化降解的动力学方程为:-d[COD]/dτ=1.60exp(-2.25×104/RT)[COD]0.90[O20-0.38[H2O00.053.  相似文献   

6.
多环芳烃在水/有机膨润土间的分配行为   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7       下载免费PDF全文
 用阳离子表面活性剂(DTMAB、BDTDAB、CTMAB、OTMAB)改性膨润土制得一系列有机膨润土.研究了萘、菲、蒽、苊4种多环芳烃(PAHs)在水/有机膨润土间的分配行为;描述了多环芳烃在水/有机膨润土间的分配系数(Koc)与有机物本身性质(Koc、S)之间的关系.结果表明,萘、菲、蒽、苊在水/有机膨润土间的分配系数(Koc)基本为一常数,与有机膨润土吸附介质无关,相应的分配系数为 2.247×104、2.621×105、2.106×105、5.085×104,其值比多环芳烃在土壤(沉积物)的Koc大约高10~20倍,这是有机膨润土可用于污染土壤和地下水修复的必要条件之一.  相似文献   

7.
 利用涡度相关技术对青藏高原高寒灌丛CO2通量进行连续观测,并以2003年7、8月份为例,对高寒灌丛暖季CO2通量变化模式及其主要气候影响因子进行了分析.结果表明,7、8月青藏高原高寒灌丛日平均净生态系统CO2交换(NEE)分别为-7.17,-7.26g/(m2·d);最高日NEE分别为-11.00,-12.09g/(m2·d).暖季高寒灌丛生态系统NEE日变化波动极为明显,8:00~19:00为CO2净吸收阶段,峰值一般出现在12:00左右,最大值为-1.72g/(m2·h)(7月份)、-1.63g/(m2·h)(8月份).19:00~次日8:00为CO2净释放,最大值为0.69g/(m2·h)(7月份)、0.86g/(m2·h)(8月份).在主要气候因子中,光合有效辐射(PAR)与NEE变化呈显著正相关,但PAR达到1000μmol/(m2·s)以后,随着PAR进一步升高,NEE有下降趋势.就温度而言,白昼(7:00~20:00)NEE变化与温度无显著关联,而夜间(21:00~次日6:00)温度与NEE变化呈显著正相关.  相似文献   

8.
土壤无机离子在非均匀电场作用下的迁移   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7       下载免费PDF全文
 研究了非均匀电场对不饱和沙壤土中的NO3-和SO42-的迁移特征,揭示利用非均匀电场向土壤中注入营养物和电子受体的特性.结果表明,非均匀电场能有效地增强土壤中NO3-和SO42-的移动性,在1.0V/cm电压梯度下不饱和沙壤土中NO3-和SO42-的电迁移速率分别高达22.0,16.5cm/d;在非均匀电场中无机离子主要通过场强较大的区域迁移;切换电场极性可以方便地控制土壤中NO3-和SO42-的运移,同时能促使NO3-转化为NO2-.利用非均匀电场的迁移和富集效应,可以有效地向土壤中注入无机离子或者将污染离子从土壤中分离出来.  相似文献   

9.
pH值对有机垃圾厌氧水解和酸化速率的影响   总被引:23,自引:2,他引:23       下载免费PDF全文
 通过易腐性有机垃圾的批式厌氧发酵实验,比较不同的发酵液pH值对水解和酸化速率的影响.结果表明,发酵液的pH值为5~7时有利于颗粒态有机物的水解;在pH值不控制及pH值为5,6,7,8条件下,微生物处于静止生长期时,水解速率常数K分别为6.81×10-5,6.57×10-4,3.51×10-4,7.55×10-4,2.47×10-4h-1.发酵液pH=7时最有利于微生物的合成代谢,从而促进碳水化合物和蛋白质的水解过程和酸化过程,表现为代谢产物如乙醇、乙酸、丁酸和氨氮的大量生成,以及其他代谢产物种类的增加;pH=5和pH=6时,反应后期能促进酸化过程;pH=8时,会抑制酸化过程;对pH值不控制时,严重抑制水解和酸化过程.  相似文献   

10.
本文考察了流动态体系中,烟气主要组分(O2和水蒸汽)的含量对SO2在活性炭上吸附量的影响;研究了SO2吸附动力学。结果表明,在一定空速和吸附温度下,烟气中O2和水蒸汽含量分别为5%和8%(Ⅴ%)左右时,SO2吸附量为最大。SO2在活性炭上吸附动力学曲线很好地遵循Elovich方程;SO2吸附活化能Ea0为21.939×103J/mol以及Elovich参数,进而得出吸附活化能Ea,与吸附温度的关系。  相似文献   

11.
Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP 1,6- quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that (1) the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; (2) the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; (3) the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% (w/v), concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.  相似文献   

12.
Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.  相似文献   

13.
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.  相似文献   

15.
Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.  相似文献   

16.
Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene (PS) bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as "purge and trap" and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.  相似文献   

17.
In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato (Solanum tuberosum) and brinjal (Solanum melongena), for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.  相似文献   

18.
UNITANK is a biological wastewater treatment process that combines the advantages of traditional activated sludge process and sequencing batch reactor, which is divided into Tank A, B and C. In this study, the sludge distribution and its impact on performance of UNITANK were carried out in Liede Wastewater Plant (WWTP) of Guangzhou, China. Results showed that there was a strong affiliation between Tank A and B of the system in sludge concentration distribution. The initial sludge concentration in Tank A could present the sludge distribution of the whole system. The sludge distribution was mainly influenced by hydraulic condition. Unsteady sludge distribution had an impact on variations of substrates in reactors, especially in decisive reactor, and this could lead to failure of system. Settler could partially remove substrates such as COD and NO3-N, but there was adventure of sludge deterioration. The rational initial sludge concentration in Tank A should be 4000-6000 mg/L MLSS.  相似文献   

19.
RemovalofheavymetalsfromsewagesludgebylowcostingchemicalmethodandrecyclinginagricultureWuQitang,NyirandegePascasie,MoCehuiF...  相似文献   

20.
Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.  相似文献   

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