豆角秸秆生物炭对水中Cr（Ⅵ）吸附性能研究

为了解生物炭对水中Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附效果,本文选用蔬菜废物豆角秸秆为原材料,采用限氧升温法在400℃和700℃温度下制备了两种生物炭。并研究了投加量、初始浓度、pH值、吸附时间、温度等因素对生物炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的影响。研究结果表明,2种豆角秸秆生物炭对水中Cr（Ⅵ）均有较好的吸附率,吸附最佳条件略有不同;D400对水中Cr（Ⅵ）的最佳吸附条件为投加量8g/L,初始浓度小于40mg·L^-1,pH值2—3;D700对水中Cr（Ⅵ）的最佳吸附条件为投加量8g/L,初始浓度小于60mg·L^-1,pH值2—4;基本达到吸附平衡的时间均为60min;温度对生物炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的影响很小。     

茶树菇废菌体对水中Cr(Ⅵ)吸附的响应面优化及机理研究

采用响应面优化(Box-Behnkendesign,BBD)法对茶树菇废菌体吸附水中Cr(Ⅵ)的过程进行了优化,并设定pH值、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度、反应时间、摇床转速和吸附剂用量为5个影响因子,Cr(Ⅵ)吸附率为响应值,对吸附过程的热力学特征及吸附机理进行了研究.结果表明,对废菌体吸附Cr(Ⅵ)有显著影响的因素是pH值、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度和吸附剂用量;废菌体对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附的最佳条件为pH=1.19,Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度为148.58mg·mL-1,反应时间为89.02min,摇床转速为180.12r.min-1,吸附剂用量为10.90g.L-1,在此条件下,实测Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附率达96%以上.用Langmuir、Freundlich及Dubinin-Raduskevich吸附等温模型对吸附过程进行拟合发现,Langmuir模型可以很好地反映茶树菇废菌体对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性,在298K时最大吸附量为46.95mg·g-1.对表观热力学参数ΔG、ΔS及ΔH的计算表明,废菌体对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附为吸热的自发过程,并且吸附过程增加了体系的混乱度.最后结合FTIR图对吸附机理进行了探讨,结果表明,废菌体对Cr(Ⅵ)具有良好的吸附效果,可用于处理含铬废水,达到以废治废的目的.     

玉米秸秆对Cr(Ⅵ)的生物吸附及热力学特征研究

以玉米秸秆粉为吸附剂,通过批实验讨论了玉米秸秆粉对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率、体系初始pH值、吸附剂用量和温度等对水溶液中cr(Ⅵ)吸附的影响,并讨论了Cr的化学形态变化和吸附过程的热力学特征.结果表明,向50mL浓度为50mg·L-1的Cr(Ⅵ)溶液中加入0.5 g玉米秸秆粉,于25℃、200r·min-1、pH 1.0的条件下恒温震荡3h,玉米秸秆粉对溶液中cr(Ⅵ)的去除率达97.77%,吸附过程伴随着氧化还原反应的发生.随着体系温度的升高,玉米秸秆粉对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量增加.用Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevick模型对吸附等温线进行拟合,发现Langmuir模型能更好地反映吸附过程特征,在298K时最大吸附量为14.46mg·g-1.对吸附热力学参数△G0、△G0和△S0的计算表明,吸附过程是吸热的自发过程.最后结合FTIR和SEM谱图,对吸附机理进行了探讨.研究发现,玉米秸秆粉对Cr(Ⅵ)同时存在吸附和还原能力,玉米秸秆粉是具有吸附污水中铬能力和潜在利用价值的生物质吸附剂.     

磁性石墨烯吸附水中Cr(Ⅵ)研究

以氧化石墨和铁盐为原料,采用化学沉淀法制备出磁性石墨烯复合材料,运用静态吸附实验研究了吸附动力学、热力学、等温吸附模型以及不同因素如p H、温度、时间对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附的影响.结果表明,吸附动力学符合假二级动力学模型;与Freundlich模型相比,Langmuir模型更适合描述吸附过程.热力学参数为:ΔHθ=33.89 k J·mol-1,ΔSθ=120.15 J·(mol·K)-1,ΔGθ=-2.51 k J·mol-1(303 K),这表明吸附过程是吸热并且自发的.实验最佳p H值为2,升高温度和延长时间均有利于吸附的进行.初始Cr(Ⅵ)浓度为5 mg·L-1时,重复利用3次后吸附量由3.9 mg·g-1下降到2.1 mg·g-1.在磁铁存在的条件下吸附剂可轻易从溶液中分离出来,利用Na OH可使其再生,因此可作为去除Cr(Ⅵ)的良好吸附剂.     

烟束曲霉菌丝球对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除—还原与吸附作用

采用投加烟束曲霉(Aspergillus fumisynnematus)菌丝球的方法去除含铬废水中的Cr(Ⅵ),通过研究模拟含铬废水中Cr(Ⅵ)与总Cr浓度及pH值的变化规律来确定烟束曲霉菌丝球对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除作用.结果表明,烟束曲霉菌丝球对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除作用包括还原与吸附,以还原作用为主,兼有一定程度的吸附.适宜条件(30℃,150 r·min-1,pH=1.30,投加量10.0 g)下菌丝球能在48 h内将100 mL浓度为10～200 mg·L-1Cr(Ⅵ)溶液中的Cr(Ⅵ)全部去除,其中对总Cr的吸附率为30%～50%,对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率则达到了99%以上,吸附平衡后解吸出来的Cr的形态95%以上为Cr(Ⅲ).考察了溶液初始pH值、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度、菌丝球投加量及温度对菌丝球去除Cr(Ⅵ)作用的影响.结果表明,菌丝球只有在低pH值时才能达到对Cr(Ⅵ)较好的去除效果.溶液初始pH值及Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度的降低、菌丝球投加量及温度的升高均能提高菌丝球对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率,溶液初始pH值的降低及菌丝球投加量的增加均可提高菌丝球对总Cr的吸附率,温度则主要通过改变菌丝球的结构形态来影响菌丝球对总Cr的吸附作用.菌丝球对Cr(Ⅵ)及Cr(Ⅲ)均存在吸附作用,吸附在菌丝球上的Cr(Ⅵ)在酸性环境下易被还原成Cr(Ⅲ).     

添加生物炭对西北黄土吸附克百威的影响

研究了不同温度下制得的生物炭对西北黄土吸附农药克百威的影响,并对溶液p H值和初始浓度对吸附的影响进行了探讨.结果表明,克百威在添加生物炭黄土上的动力学吸附过程较好地符合准二级吸附动力学模型;热力学吸附较好地符合Freundlich等温吸附模型;随着系统温度的升高,添加生物炭的黄土对克百威的吸附量增大,且其对克百威的吸附自由能变(ΔGθ)小于0,吸附焓变(ΔHθ)及吸附熵变(ΔSθ)均大于0,表明吸附是一个自发吸热且体系混乱程度增大的等温吸附过程.溶液p H值和克百威的初始浓度对添加生物炭的土样吸附影响较明显.当p H值为4~7时,添加生物炭的土样饱和吸附量随p H升高呈缓慢降低,当p H值大于7时,吸附容量随p H升高呈明显降低趋势.克百威初始浓度从20 mg·L-1增至50 mg·L-1的过程中,吸附量快速上升,初始浓度大于50 mg·L-1时,吸附量随初始浓度的升高而缓慢增加并逐渐趋于平衡.     

PAAm/HACC半互穿网络水凝胶的制备及其对水中腐殖酸的吸附性能

采用原位聚合热合成法成功制备了聚丙烯酰胺-壳聚糖季铵盐半互穿网络水凝胶(PAAm/HACC semi-IPN)新型吸附剂(s-IPN 1.5)和(s-IPN 3),并用于吸附水体中的腐殖酸.利用扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)等方法对吸附剂的结构进行表征.考察了溶液pH、离子强度、接触时间、腐殖酸初始浓度及温度等对吸附剂吸附腐殖酸的影响.结果表明s-IPN 3的吸附效果要优于s-IPN 1.5.吸附剂对腐殖酸的吸附量随着pH的增大而减小,随温度的升高而增大,且一定的离子强度有助于吸附剂对腐殖酸的吸附.吸附过程能较好地用准二级动力学模型及Sips等温模型进行拟合.吸附剂在pH 7.0,离子强度0.01 mol·L-1,温度为298 K条件下的最大吸附量可高达238.08 mg·g-1,吸附效果显著,能有效去除水体中的腐殖酸.     

桉树遗态Fe/C复合材料对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的动态吸附探讨

为研究桉树遗态Fe/C复合材料（PBGC-Fe/C）对水中Cr（Ⅵ）的净化能力及其动态吸附过程,以PBGC-Fe/C吸附剂为固定床,选择溶液初始pH、进水流速、溶液初始浓度、吸附剂投加量和环境温度为影响因素开展动态吸附试验分析.结果表明:在溶液初始pH为2,进水流速为5.14 mL/min,吸附剂投加量为2 g和环境温度为35℃的条件下,PBGC-Fe/C对水中Cr（Ⅵ）的最佳平衡吸附容量达到10.72 mg/g;提高溶液初始pH、进水流速和溶液初始质量浓度或降低吸附剂投加量均可缩短反应穿透时间和衰竭时间;Thomas和Yoon-Nelson模型均能较好地描述PBGC-Fe/C对水中Cr（Ⅵ）的动态吸附过程,说明该吸附过程中内部扩散和外部扩散均为非限速步骤,吸附速率常数（k_Th）随着进水流速的增大从1.3×10-3 mL/（min·mg）升至2.6×10-3 mL/（min·mg）,随着溶液初始质量浓度的增大从2.7×10-3 mL/（min·mg）降至1.4×10-3 mL/（min·mg）.研究显示,PBGC-Fe/C对水中Cr（Ⅵ）具有较好的动态吸附能力,具有较好的市场应用前景.      

Cr(Ⅵ)对活性污泥硝化活性的抑制及在污泥中的分布特点

重金属铬(Cr(Ⅵ))是废水中常见的、困扰很多污水生物处理系统运行效果的污染物.本文通过静态试验和静态冲击试验,研究了Cr(Ⅵ)在活性污泥系统中的分布特点和对硝化效率、活性等的影响,并进行了模型分析.结果表明,活性污泥对Cr的吸附很快,但吸附量有限,Cr(Ⅵ)投加浓度为1、5、10和30 mg·L-1的溶液中,Cr的12 h-吸附量分别为0.79、1.98、3.19和5.78 mg·g-1.Cr(Ⅵ)投加到活性污泥混合液中后形态分为溶解态、可洗脱和不可洗脱态,可洗脱的Cr能够向不可洗脱态转变.Cr(Ⅵ)对活性污泥硝化活性的抑制程度随着Cr(Ⅵ)浓度的增大而提高.静态试验中,1、3、5、10和30 mg·L-1Cr(Ⅵ)对氨氮平均降解速率的抑制率分别为5.25%、9.80%、10.41%、17.54%和21.38%.Cr(Ⅵ)对微生物的抑制作用大小是:氨氧化菌亚硝酸盐氧化菌异养菌.模型分析发现,Cr(Ⅵ)对氨氧化菌和异养菌比耗氧速率的抑制符合Haldane动力学模型,属于非竞争性抑制.冲击试验表明Cr对硝化等的抑制主要是不可洗脱的Cr造成的,抑制效果的出现具有滞后性.     

啤酒酵母吸附去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)的研究

研究了吸附剂用量、重金属初始浓度、pH对非活性啤酒酵母菌体吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响.结果表明,吸附剂的用量越高,对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率也越高,但单位菌体吸附量却越低;相反,Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度越高,对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率就越低,但单位菌体吸附量却越高;溶液的pH也是影响吸附去除效果的重要因素之一,当pH为1时,吸附去除效果最好,非活性啤酒酵母菌体对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程可用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型来拟合,但Langmuir等温吸附模型的拟合效果更好,由Langmuir等温吸附方程得到最大吸附量为9.17mg/g干菌体.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.