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1.
为研制通用性微囊藻毒素(Microcystins,MCs)完全抗原,首先选用硫醇盐将微囊藻毒素氨基衍生化,利用戊二醛两步法合成完全抗原,戊二醛的两个醛基分别与微囊藻毒素和牛血清白蛋白上的氨基发生反应,形成稳定的Schiff碱,从而达到微囊藻毒素的完全抗原化。结果显示,偶联比在3~18:1,平均偶联比为8:1,可作为下一步免疫的完全抗原使用。  相似文献   

2.
在洋河水库设置6个采样点,于2015年5—10月采集水样,利用高效液相色谱测定了微囊藻毒素(MC-LR、MC-RR、MC-YR)的浓度,并采用基于mcy A和mcy B基因的荧光定量PCR技术检测产毒蓝藻与产毒微囊藻种群.同时,分析了水体中微囊藻毒素浓度和组成的时空分布特征,以及产毒蓝藻与产毒微囊藻丰度的动态变化.结果表明,洋河水库微囊藻毒素(Microcystins,MCs)浓度范围为0.24~10.99μg·L~(-1);水体中产毒蓝藻占总蓝藻种群丰度的7%~55%,产毒微囊藻占总微囊藻种群丰度的8%~59%,是主要的产毒蓝藻;微囊藻毒素浓度与产毒株种群丰度时空分布特征一致,季节变化规律为夏季秋季春季,空间分布表现为西洋河口附近区域高于东洋河口附近区域;而微囊藻毒素组成无显著时空差异,均以MC-RR和MC-LR 2种亚型为主.Pearson相关分析显示,产毒微囊藻种群丰度及其比例是影响微囊藻毒素浓度变化的主要因素,且其与总磷和叶绿素a浓度呈显著正相关(p0.01).  相似文献   

3.
微囊藻毒素(Microcystins,MCs)是从蓝藻水华中分离出的天然单环多肽毒素。由于能损害肝脏诱发肝癌,MCs进入水体后对公众健康构成了严重威胁。文章介绍了MCs的结构性质特点,综述了MCs在沉积物/水体系中的吸附行为,比较了沉积物中各组分对MCs的吸附能力和作用机理,讨论了各种人工吸附剂吸附去除水体中MCs的主要机制,实际效果和影响因素,以及不同类型的人工材料在饮用水处理工艺中的优点和不足,以上讨论将为环境水体中MCs的有效去除提供思路。  相似文献   

4.
水华期间微囊藻毒素的释放会严重影响洱海饮用水源水质安全.应用荧光定量PCR结合酶联免疫法快速检测洱海水华高发秋季(8—11月)主要旅游区和饮用水源地产毒微囊藻丰度和微囊藻毒素LR浓度.结果表明,荧光定量PCR方法能够快速定量洱海中总微囊藻种群和产毒微囊藻丰度,并且能有效预测洱海水体产毒潜能.洱海总微囊藻平均丰度为8.15×10~6copies·L~(-1),9月份均值最高,产毒微囊藻平均丰度为6.42×10~5copies·L~(-1),也于9月达到最高值,占总微囊藻的比例为1.0%~69.8%,水温和TP显著影响洱海总微囊藻丰度,低温、低P是洱海微囊藻水华的限制因子.洱海毒素峰值期为10月上旬,期间水源地微囊藻毒素和胞外微囊藻毒素全部检出,叶绿素a显著影响总微囊藻毒素和胞外微囊藻毒素分布,说明在一定程度上Chl a值能预测水体微囊藻释放的毒素风险.洱海总微囊藻毒素LR最高值达2.17μg·L~(-1),已超过集中式生活饮用水地表水源地对MC-LR的限值(1.0μg·L~(-1)),表明水华期间洱海饮用水水源安全问题不容忽视.  相似文献   

5.
太湖微囊藻毒素年变化及其与浮游生物的关系   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12       下载免费PDF全文
 应用酶联免疫吸附法,对太湖 6 个样点进行了为期 1 年的微囊藻毒素(MC)的监测,探讨了微囊藻毒素随时间变化的趋势及其与浮游生物的关系.结果表明,微囊藻毒素在湖体中的全年变化趋势和藻类生长繁殖的全年变化趋势有共同之处,均表现为夏、秋季高.但微囊藻毒素含量的峰值比藻类生物量的峰值略有滞后,并且在夏、秋季藻毒素含量总体水平较高的时期内,有明显的起伏;微囊藻毒素含量与蓝藻生物量呈高度相关,如果该样点藻类优势种为蓝藻,则微囊藻毒素含量与藻类总生物量亦相关;和浮游植物存在捕食关系的浮游动物(轮虫和原生动物)与藻毒素含量也存在相关性.  相似文献   

6.
筛选菌种酶催化降解微囊藻毒素的特点   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8  
何宏胜  闫海  周洁  葛世友  肖宝清  吕乐 《环境科学》2006,27(6):1171-1175
从云南滇池底泥中筛选出1株能够高效降解微囊藻毒素(Microcystins,MCs)的纯菌种.该菌无细胞提取液能进行降解MC-RR和MC-LR的酶促反应,并有最终产物的积累.在pH 6~8范围内酶对MC-RR和MC-LR的催化降解活性较高,Cu2+、Mn2+和Zn2+对降解MCs的酶促反应没有明显的促进作用.  相似文献   

7.
该研究在传统的微囊藻毒素HPLC分析方法的基础上,通过优化选择色谱柱、流动相和流速的方法,建立了一种快速分析微囊藻毒素的HPLC检测体系。采用该检测体系,微囊藻毒素变体MC-RR、MC-LR的保留时间分别为(2.609±0.007)min和(2.959±0.009)min(n=5),MC-LR、MC-RR在0.4~100μg/m L的浓度范围内线性关系良好。与传统的HPLC检测方法相比,微囊藻毒素分析时间被大大缩短,具较好的应用前景。  相似文献   

8.
在富营养化水域当中,微囊藻毒素(MCs)是最为常见的一种毒素,如果被人类饮用,会引起癌症,威胁人们的生命财产安全,因此,加强对微囊藻毒素控制去除技术的了解,有着十分重要的现实意义。本文就对富营养化水域中微囊藻毒素常用的几种降解控制技术进行概述,以为其实际使用提供借鉴,提升富营养化水域中微囊藻毒素的处理水平。  相似文献   

9.
太湖水中微囊藻毒素的测定及其分布特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了调查太湖水体中微囊藻毒素的污染程度,运用固相萃取-高效液相色谱技术测定了微囊藻毒素(MC-RR,MC-LR)的含量水平。该方法线性范围0.2~5 mg/L,相关系数大于0.99,2种藻毒素的最低检测限分别为0.05μg/L(MC-RR)和0.048μg/L(MC-LR)。结果表明,夏季太湖水体中MCs总体含量高于冬季;微囊藻毒素MC-LR的含量大于MC-RR。总体上看来,太湖北部(梅梁湾)水域中藻毒素的污染比其它区域水体严重。  相似文献   

10.
微囊藻毒素是一类由蓝藻产生的具有肝毒性的生物毒素。微囊藻毒素标准品是开展为微囊藻毒素相关研究的必需的实验材料,文章以滇池天然水华蓝藻为原料,建立了以5%乙酸和75%的甲醇溶液提取,通过优化提取、分离和制备条件,制备了一定量的微囊藻毒素高纯度样品,经HPLC鉴定分析,纯度可达90%以上。文章在相同的质谱条件下分别对MC-LR和[Dha7]MC-LR等毒素进行了质谱检测,一级质谱结果表明,MC-LR和[Dha7]MC-LR的一价电离离子峰分别为995和981,MC-RR的二价电离离子峰为520,并分析它们的二级质谱裂解特征,确定三种毒素化学结构MC-RR为环(Ala-Arg-MeAsp-Arg-Adda-Glu-Mdha)、MC-LR为环(Ala-Leu-MeAsp-Arg-Adda-Glu-Mdha)、[Dha7]MC-LR为环(Ala-Leu-MeAsp-Arg-Adda-Glu-Dha)。改良后的检测方法同样应用于检测受微囊藻毒素污染的武汉东湖水样。  相似文献   

11.
Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP 1,6- quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that (1) the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; (2) the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; (3) the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% (w/v), concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.  相似文献   

12.
Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.  相似文献   

13.
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.  相似文献   

15.
A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p < 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.  相似文献   

16.
The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.  相似文献   

17.
Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.  相似文献   

18.
Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene (PS) bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as "purge and trap" and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.  相似文献   

19.
Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury (HgT), combinative mercury (Hgc) and gaseous mercury (HgG), and content of total organic carbon (TOC), but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of (HgG,/HgT)1992〉(HgG/HgT)1996〉〉(HgG/HgT)2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn: with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants (e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum) are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.  相似文献   

20.
Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.  相似文献   

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