基于投入产出分析技术的中国虚拟水贸易及消费研究

虚拟水是指在产品生产过程中消费的水资源量,其贸易和消费的研究是这一概念应用的两个主要方向。在现有研究基础上,总结出基于投入产出分析技术的虚拟水贸易及消费的计算模型,并同时提出水足迹的计算模型。利用2002年中国投入产出表计算了当年中国的直接消耗系数、完全消耗系数、最终消费的虚拟水量、水足迹以及虚拟水的进出口贸易量等指标。结果显示我国农业及电力热力、燃气和水的生产供应业是虚拟水直接系数和虚拟水含量最大的两个部门,其它部门的虚拟水含量均以间接系数为主,尤以轻工业的五个部门较大;农业最终需求相对较小而虚拟水消费相对较大,服务业则相反,而工业因为最终需求较大导致虚拟水消费较大;我国城镇居民的水足迹明显高于农村,总体人均水足迹约5倍于人均生活用水量;我国是一个虚拟水的净出口国,虚拟水的净出口主要集中在轻工业和服务业上。最后针对以上结果提出了一些建议。     

投入产出法在虚拟水消费与贸易研究中的新应用

虚拟水是缓解水资源危机的一种途径。投入产出法是研究虚拟水的主要方法之一,可分为单区域投入产出模型（SRIO）和多区域投入产出模型（MRIO）。鉴于SRIO 和MRIO单独应用时存在一定局限性,论文提出同时运用单区域投入产出表和多区域投入产出表研究虚拟水,即：利用SRIO 计算完全用水系数,并直接利用单区域投入产出表区分本地水足迹与外来水足迹,再根据多区域投入产出表分析区域间的虚拟水贸易。广东省的案例研究显示：①2007 年广东省水足迹为333.9×10⁸ m³,其中本地水足迹223.6×10⁸ m³,外来水足迹110.3×10⁸ m³;②广东省同年虚拟水输出量445.4×10⁸ m³,输入量454.1×10⁸ m³,其虚拟水的外部来源主要是湖南、广西和浙江。结果表明以上方法可全面计算完全用水系数,有效区分本地水足迹与外来水足迹,揭示区域间的虚拟水贸易关系,为水资源管理决策提供方法支持。     

近远程耦合视角下黄河流域产业虚拟水流动与水资源短缺风险传递

为缓解水资源短缺这一黄河流域最大的矛盾,基于虚拟水维度评估其水资源流动及其影响具有重要意义。运用多区域投入产出模型、结构路径分析方法和风险传递模型,从多尺度近远程耦合视角分析黄河流域虚拟水流动和水资源短缺风险传递。结果表明：在区域层面,由黄河流域外部净调入虚拟水可以显著降低流域内部水资源短缺风险。在省际层面,内蒙古、河南在流域内部发挥了较大的虚拟水支撑作用,以四川、内蒙古为源头的省际虚拟水流动能有效缓解流域水资源短缺风险;在部门层面,经由农业部门流向工业、服务业部门,以及能源、原材料部门流向建筑业部门的虚拟水占流域产业虚拟水流动路径的比例较大,且水资源短缺风险传递价值较高。     

虚拟水研究与应用进展

虚拟水是解决水资源短缺和粮食安全问题的新途径,是目前国际新兴的研究热点。文中系统地阐述了虚拟水的概念和内涵,归纳总结了关于产品的虚拟水含量的计算方法,包括基于不同产品类型区别计算的方法和产品生产树的方法。并且介绍了虚拟水的应用情况,还对今后的研究方向进行了探讨。     

近20年我国虚拟水、能消耗及耦合和需求预测

基于我国1997~2018年投入产出表及水资源和能源消耗数据,运用投入-产出模型计算了三大产业虚拟水、能的消耗量.在此基础上,通过构建虚拟水-虚拟能系统综合评价指标体系,对虚拟水、能系统发展状况进行了综合评价.与此同时,运用耦合协调度模型,测算了虚拟水、能系统的耦合协调水平.最后,利用指数平滑模型,预测了我国2022~2032年虚拟水、能消耗总量.结果表明：（1）近20年来,三大产业虚拟水、能消耗量均呈上升趋势,但第一、二产业的虚拟水、能消耗占比呈波动下降趋势,而第三产业的呈上升趋势,其中,GDP和第三产业完全用水（能耗）系数是影响我国虚拟水（能）消耗量的重要因素;（2）三大产业直接用水（能耗）系数、完全用水（能耗）系数呈下降趋势,水资源和能源利用效率不断提高;（3）通过间接消耗大量水资源和能源,第二、三产业的用水和能耗乘数较高,是“隐形”的高耗水、高耗能产业;（4）虚拟水-虚拟能系统处于高水平耦合,但仅达到初级协调发展阶段;（5）未来10年,我国虚拟水、能及实体能消耗量仍呈上升趋势,但实体水消耗量呈下降趋势.为此,应通过优化产业结构,提高产业链各环节水、能资源利用效率,改善消费结构,提升虚拟水-虚拟能系统耦合协调度,以缓解我国水资源和能源危机.     

促进我国环保产业发展的实证研究——对《水污染防治行动计划》的解读

基于2010年《中国投入产出表》,结合环保产业统计调查,构建环保产业外部化投入产出表,采用投入产出局部闭模型定量研究水污染防治行动计划对环保产业的促进作用,并对拉动效应的时滞特性进行分析。研究发现:行动计划的实施将直接带动水污染防治专业设备制造、环境监测专用仪器设备、环境咨询服务等相关领域发展,对环保产品和环保服务的直接贡献为1.4万亿,间接贡献约5 000亿。拉动效应的时滞特性分析表明,行动计划投资对环保产业的刺激效应在2017年达到高峰,然后逐年递减。     

基于投入产出法的中国虚拟水国际贸易分析

文章引入虚拟水和虚拟水贸易的概念,基于投入产出方法,对中国虚拟水贸易进行研究分析。选取2002年、2005年和2007年相关数据,计算中国17个行业及全国的虚拟水进出口量,分析中国虚拟水进出口情况,指出中国是一个虚拟水净出口国,并且虚拟水净出口量始终处于增长状态,主要出口到美洲、欧洲和亚洲。在中国虚拟水贸易中,对虚拟水净出口贡献较大的行业为服装皮革羽绒及其制品业、纺织业、木材加工及家具制造业和农业,而对虚拟水净进口有贡献的行业为能源行业、金属矿采选业、化学工业、仪器仪表及文化办公用机械制造业,由于净出口行业基本上为耗水量比较大的行业,净进口行业耗水量相对较小,这就导致了中国虚拟水始终处于净出口状态。这些都为行业战略调整提供了一定的依据。     

基于生命周期评价的产品水足迹计算方法及案例分析

科学评价人类活动对水资源的影响是实现水资源可持续利用的前提。对比目前广泛应用的以虚拟水理论为基础的水足迹计算方法,详细介绍了基于生命周期评价(LCA)的产品水足迹计算方法,并以我国小麦生产为例进行实证研究。与虚拟水方法相比,LCA方法评价结果体现了水资源利用的环境影响,便于不同产品、不同生产阶段以及不同产地产品间水足迹的比较。实例研究表明:我国黄河、海河流域小麦水足迹平均为1 262 L H₂Oe·kg^-1,而长江流域仅为31 L H₂Oe·kg^-1;小麦生产对我国极度缺水的北方造成的压力远高于水资源较为丰富的南方地区。LCA方法能科学评价农产品生产对水资源的影响,为我国保障粮食安全和水资源可持续利用提供科学依据。     

基于混合LCA模型的酒店服务业水足迹量化研究——以张掖市为例

传统水足迹测算方法主要针对农牧产品,对服务产品核算的研究不足.本文基于混合生命周期评估(H-LCA)模型清单分析方法,参考ISO14046标准,以典型干旱区—张掖市的酒店服务业为例,对张掖市酒店服务业的水足迹进行了定量测算与特征分析.结果表明:张掖市酒店服务业水足迹每年平均为547 m~3·万元-1;酒店服务业水足迹主要来源于间接消耗,占水足迹总量的86%,而直接消耗占仅占14%;间接消耗中最大的部门为农林牧渔产品和服务部门,其次是金属矿采选产品与冶炼加工品部门及建筑部门.以此为依据,2016年张掖市酒店服务业水足迹输出量达到6244万m~3,占张掖市水足迹输出总量的10%左右.酒店服务业水足迹量化研究应该成为张掖市今后节水型城市建设及虚拟水战略实施中不可忽视的重要内容.     

建筑陶瓷碳计量与优化模型研究

采用投入产出分析方法和目标规划方法,以某建陶企业为代表,建立了建筑陶瓷产业投入产出模型及低碳优化模型,利用投入产出模型计量和预估了建筑陶瓷产业关键环节碳排放和产品碳足迹;应用低碳优化模型对建筑陶瓷企业的产品计划进行了低碳优化.结果表明,建筑陶瓷企业年二氧化碳排放量达182 543.9 t,单位产品碳排放量多于国外先进水平10%以上;影响建筑陶瓷产业二氧化碳排放的关键环节为烧成和喷雾干燥过程,烧成和喷雾干燥过程排放的二氧化碳占总排放的80%以上;3种建筑陶瓷产品中,坯砖、抛光砖、釉面砖的万平米产量碳足迹依次为150.2、168.0、159.6 t.建筑陶瓷企业经低碳模型优化后可以在保证同样利润的同时降低5.4%的碳排放,也可以在保证碳排放相同的条件下使利润提高5.6%.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.