增强的UV—B辐射对陆地生态系统的影响

本文根据最近的文献，回顾了ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射对陆地生态系统的影响。ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射影响植物物候，形态和次生代谢，从而改变生态系统的物种结构，竞争性平衡，食物链，植物病原体，物质循环，真菌移植与叶片分解，植物物候，形态和次生代谢的变化是ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射调控影响生态系统的重要途径，具有重要的生态学意义，虽然我们已经适当了解了ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射对植物作用的机理，但由于温室内植物个体水平的短期响应与野外条件下生态系统的长期响     

UV-B辐射对小麦叶抗氧化系统的影响

研究了温室种植的小麦在０（ＣＫ）、８．８２ｋＪ／ｍ＾２（Ｔ１）和１２．６ｋＪ／ｍ＾２（Ｔ２）三种剂量的紫外线Ｂ（ＵＶ－Ｂ）辐射下抗氧化系统的变化及其原因。ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射诱导了Ｈ２Ｏ２的合成，还原型抗坏血酸和还原型谷胱甘肽含量的增加、过氧化氢酶、愈创木酚过氧化物酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶活性升高，而类胡萝卜素稍有所降低、超氧歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活几乎不受ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射影响，分析表明，ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射     

北京地区臭氧层损耗、气溶胶污染与紫外辐射的变化

对北京地区臭氧层损耗和气溶胶污染对紫外辐射量变化的影响进行了计算。结果表明,当臭氧总量减少１％－３０％时,ＵＶ－Ｂ对ＤＮＡ危害效应的辐射放大因子（ＲＡＦ）从２．３增加到４．２。城区和乡村环境的气溶胶污染使ＵＶ－Ｂ日辐射总量分别降低４５％和１０％。如是仅考虑臭氧总量的变化,１９８０－１９８９年间ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射量年变化率为１．４％,当考虑气溶胶因素的变化后,ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射量年变化率为－０．７％,这与实际观     

田间增强UV-B辐射对麦田生态系统Fe营养和累积的影响

研究大田栽培和自然光条件下,模拟ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射（ＵＶ－Ｂ,２８０ｎｍ ～３１５ｎｍ ）增强对麦田生态系统Ｆｅ营养和累积的影响．在４ 个生育期中,ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射显著增加叶和穗Ｆｅ含量,显著降低根Ｆｅ 含量,并改变茎Ｆｅ 含量．叶Ｆｅ累积对ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射的响应有明显的生育期之间的差异． 分蘖期无显著变化,拔节期和扬花期显著增加,而成熟期显著降低．在各生育期,ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射显著降低叶、根和穗Ｆｅ累积．ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射显著降低春小麦不同生育期Ｆｅ总累积,在５．３１ｋＪ·ｍ^-2 ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射下,降低最显著．ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射还降低春小麦群体Ｆｅ输出．麦田土壤速效Ｆｅ含量增加是春小麦群体Ｆｅ输出降低的结果,可能导致土壤库中Ｆｅ 储量的增加．     

联合国报告臭氧空洞的影响

联合国报告臭氧空洞的影响１９９４年１２月发表的由联合国环境规划署（ＵＮＥＰ）组织编写的报告称到达地球表面的ＵＶＧ－Ｂ幅射（２９０－３１５ｎｍ）在增加，可能对人群健康有影响。报告称ＵＶ－Ｂ光线的增加肯定会减少南极水域浮游植物的产量，并对鱼、虾、蟹、两栖...     

臭氧层破坏危害大

臭氧层被大量耗损后，吸收紫外辐射的能力大大减弱，导致到达地球表面的紫外线明显增大，给人类健康和生态破坏带来多方面的危害，目前已受到人们普遍关注的主要有对人体健康、陆生植物、水生生态系统、生物化学循环。材料以及对流层大气组成和空气质量等方面的影响。 阳光紫外线ＵＶ－Ｂ的增加可能引发和加剧眼部疾病、皮肤癌和传染性疾病．植物的生理和进化过程都受到ＵＶ－Ｂ 辐射的影响，甚至与当前阳光中ＵＶ－Ｂ的辐射量有关。 ＵＶ－Ｂ含量过高的现象也在浮游植物的分布中起看重要作用．浮游生物种类和 数量的减少还会影响鱼类和贝类…     

鼎湖山地面臭氧、氮氧化物变化特征的分析

给出了１９９６年夏季在广东肇庆鼎湖山自然保护区对太阳紫外Ｂ辐射、地面臭氧、ＮＯ、ＮＯ２浓度的观测结果，对影响地面臭氧、ＮＯ、ＮＯ２的主要因子进行了分析，并得到了较好的结果．晴天条件下，地面臭氧浓度、ＮＯ、ＮＯ２浓度有明显的日变化；阴天条件下，地面臭氧浓度、ＮＯ、ＮＯ２浓度的日变化要复杂一些．晴天和阴天条件下，ＵＶＢ因子与ｑ１、ｑ２、ｑ３、ｑ４之间存在着很好的相关关系，其关系式为ｌｎ（ＱＵＶＢ／ｍ）＝ａ１ｑ１＋ａ２ｑ２＋ａ３ｑ３＋ａ４ｑ４＋ａ０．说明大气中的光化学反应是决定地面臭氧浓度、ＮＯ、ＮＯ２浓度变化规律的主要原因．     

DNA氧化损伤在太阳光致M13mp2噬菌体突变中的作用

以野生型大肠菌ＣＳＨ５０及ｍｕｔＭ缺陷的大肠菌ＭＦ６７为宿主，观察了太阳光对Ｍ１３ｍｐ~２噬菌体单链ＤＮＡ ｌａｃＺα基因区域的致突变性．结果显示，太阳光照射引起噬菌体ｌａｃＺα基因区域的突变，在ｍｕｔＭ缺陷的宿主中更为明显；０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的甘露醇可以部分拮抗太阳光的致突变作用．以ＥＳＲ自旋捕捉法检测了太阳光、长波紫外线（ＵＶＡ）及中波紫外线（ＵＶＢ）照射Ｍ１３ｍｐ~２噬菌体样品中的自由基，结果还显示，太阳光和ＵＶＡ照射可引起羟自由基的产生，而ＵＴＢ照射则没有明显的自由基信号产生说明太阳光致突变作用与ＤＮＡ氧化损伤有关，羟自由基在其中发挥一定的作用     

THE CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES THE CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG

ＴＨＥＣＥＮＴＲＥＦＯＲＥＮＶＩＲＯＮＭＥＮＴＡＬＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＴＨＥＣＨＩＮＥＳＥＵＮＩＶＥＲＳＩＴＹＯＦＨＯＮＧＫＯＮＧ￥／／ＯＢＪＥＣＴＩＶＥＳＯｖｅｒｔｈｅｙｅａｒｓ，ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｇｒｏｗｔｈａｎｄｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍ...     

臭氧耗竭将危害人体健康

臭氧耗竭将危害人体健康据美国全球变化研究计划称，按现在的臭氧耗竭型计算至少在２０５０年或更长时期内会使人们继续患皮肤癌。研究表明，ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射导致黑色瘤皮肤癌和干扰人体的免疫系统，减少对传染病的免疫能力，虽然现在还不能估算影响的大小。美国国家环境卫生...     

呼和浩特地区5种园林绿化树种UVB屏蔽效应研究

研究选取五种常见园林绿化树种:油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)、圆柏(Sabina chinensi)、龙爪槐(Sophora japonica Varpendula)、丁香(Syringa oblate)红瑞木(Comus alba)作为研究对象,利用PC-2太阳辐射记录仪测定树木遮阴及全日照条件下UV...     

紫外辐射增强对麦二叉蚜发生量的影响

研究春小麦大田栽培自然光条件下,模拟紫外辐射（ＵＶ－Ｂ,２９０￣３１５ｎｍ）分别增加２．５４、４．２５及５．３１ｋＪ·ｍ＾－２对小麦（寄生虫麦二叉蚜（Ｓｃｈｉｚａｐｈｉｓ ｇｒａｍｉｎｕｍ）的发生、种群密度、繁殖系数等方面的影响。结果表明麦二叉蚜的种群密度与其当年的发生量密切相关,并且种群密度随着ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射强度的增加明显降低,但对麦二叉蚜的繁殖特性没有显著的抑制作用。因此认为,未来臭氧层减薄紫外     

不同波段紫外光在TiO2悬浊液中的消光特点

为确定TiO₂催化剂悬浊液对不同波段紫外光的消光规律,本试验以4-CBA-Na为模型污染物,针对催化剂/污染物悬浊液体系在不同催化剂投加量下,对UVA、UVB和UVC波段光子的消光效果进行了测定.结果表明,各悬浮体系对各波段紫外光的消光基本上符合比耳定律,即随着入射光程的增加,光强呈现负指数衰减;紫外光在催化剂悬浊液中的消光系数随催化剂投加量的增大而增加,其增加规律可以用二次多项式表示;污染物溶液本身对UVB和UVC紫外光有吸收,UVB和UVC紫外光在催化剂-污染物悬浮体系中的消光系数可视为污染物与催化剂颗粒的消光系数之叠加.催化剂悬浊液对紫外光的消光系数随紫外光波长的减小而增大,这意味着使用短波长的UVC作为光催化降解光源可以提高能量利用效率.     

中国第四次北极科考航线上黑碳和臭氧的变化特征

利用2010年7月1日至9月20日中国第四次北极科学考察的大气成分在线观测资料,对考察航线上黑碳气溶胶(BC)、臭氧(O3)和B波段紫外辐射(UVB)的分布特征进行了分析.结果显示,这些要素总体上随纬度的增加而递减,其最大值出现在我国东部海域,最低值出现在北冰洋.进入白令海后,BC浓度变化相对平稳,白令海和北冰洋的BC平均浓度分别为15.6ng·m-3和10.5ng·m-3.白令海的平均O3体积分数比北冰洋高,分别为18.9×10-9和15.7×10-9.但在75°N以北海区O3体积分数有所升高,在80°N以北达到17.0×10-9,这一现象可能与海冰密集度和冰上光化学过程有关.UVB辐照度在中低纬地区有显著的日变化,由于在北冰洋航行期间处于极昼期,其变化幅度较小.UVB受天气影响明显,尤其是遇上气旋的阴雨天气,UVB强度较弱.     

不同波段下黄海中二甲基硫光氧化动力学研究

采集黄海表层海水样品,在模拟太阳光照射条件下研究二甲基硫(DMS)在UVB(280、295和305nm)、UVA(320、345和395nm)和可见光(435和495nm)8个不同波段下的光化学氧化动力学行为,并探讨其对二甲亚砜(DMSO)生成的贡献率.研究结果表明,DMS光氧化过程均符合一级反应动力学方程,在UVB、UVA和可见光波段的光氧化速率常数分别为2.71~5.52、2.23~4.09和1.5~2.65d^-1.同一样品UVB波段下DMS的氧化速率明显大于UVA和可见光波段下的速率,且在280nm下最大.随着光照时间的增长,海水样品中DMS浓度与有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的光谱吸收系数(α(355))表现出明显的负相关性,表明CDOM吸光特性对DMS的光氧化过程有明显影响.此外,8个不同波段下DMS光氧化向DMSO的转化率在20.0%-31.9%范围之间,其中在280nm下达到最大值.     

Vulnerability and behavioral response to ultraviolet radiation in the components of a foliar mite prey–predator system

Ambient ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation impacts plant-dwelling arthropods including herbivorous and predatory mites. However, the effects of UVB on prey?Cpredator systems, such as that between the herbivorous spider mite and predatory phytoseiid mite, are poorly understood. A comparative study was conducted to determine the vulnerability and behavioral responses of these mites to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. First, we analyzed dose?Cresponse (cumulative irradiance-mortality) curves for the eggs of phytoseiid mites (Neoseiulus californicus, Neoseiulus womersleyi, and Phytoseiulus persimilis) and the spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) to UVB radiation from a UV lamp. This indicated that the phytoseiid mites were more vulnerable than the spider mite, although P. persimilis was slightly more tolerant than the other two phytoseiid mites. Second, we compared the avoidance behavior of adult female N. californicus and two spider mite species (T. urticae, a lower leaf surface user; Panonychus citri, an upper leaf surface user) in response to solar UV and visible light. N. californicus actively avoided both types of radiation, whereas P. citri showed only minimal avoidance behavior. T. urticae actively avoided UV as well as N. californicus but exhibited a slow response to visible light as well as P. citri. Such variation in vulnerability and avoidance behavior accounts for differences in the species adaptations to solar UVB radiation. This may be the primary factor determining habitat use among these mites on host plant leaves, subsequently affecting accessibility by predators and also intraguild competition.     

Environmental Effectors on the Inactivation of Human Adenoviruses in Water

Environmental factors are highly relevant to the global dissemination of viral pathogens. However, the specific contribution of major effectors such as temperature and sunlight on the inactivation of waterborne viruses is not well characterized. In this study, the effect of temperature (7, 20, and 37 °C), UVB and UVA radiation on viral inactivation was evaluated in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), mineral water, wastewater, 1,000-fold diluted wastewater and seawater. The stability of human adenoviruses infectivity, known as human pathogens and indicators of fecal contamination, was monitored during 24 h, both in the dark and exposed to UV radiation by immunofluorescence assays. In the dark, no Human adenovirus (HAdV) inactivation was observed in PBS and mineral water at any of the temperatures studied, whereas at 37 °C in reactors with higher microbial concentration (wastewater, diluted wastewater, and seawater), decays between 2.5 and 5 log were recorded. UVB radiation showed a dramatic effect on HAdV inactivation and 6-log were achieved in all reactors by the end of the experiments. The effect of UVA showed to be dependent on the water matrix analyzed. At 20 °C, HAdV showed a 2-log decay in all reactors radiation while at 37 °C, results in wastewater, diluted wastewater, and seawater reactors were equivalent to those observed in the dark. These results suggest UVB radiation as the major environmental factor challenging viral inactivation, followed by biotic activity indirectly associated to higher temperatures and finally, by UVA radiation.     

斜板沉降器油水分离试验

为了满足油田或炼油厂含油污水处理达标排放和水资源的再利用,对斜板沉降器的油水分离机理进行了研究。通过理论推导得出上浮速度的关联式,结合试验分别对其结构参数和操作参数进行优化,找到板长、板间距、倾角及板间流速的最佳值。结果表明:优化后的斜板沉降器有较好的油水分离效果。     

Multiple UV reflectance peaks in the iridescent neck feathers of pigeons

Recent studies of colorful plumage signals in birds have been aided by the finding that birds can see ultraviolet (UV) light and thus may communicate using colors invisible to humans. Some of the pioneering and more pivotal work on avian color vision was performed with domestic pigeons (Columba livia), yet surprisingly there have been few detailed reports of the UV-reflecting properties of pigeon feathers. Here, I use UV-VIS fiber-optic spectrometry to document the full-spectrum reflectance characteristics of iridescent purple and green neck plumage in pigeons. Neck feathers that appear purple to the human eye exhibit four reflectance peaks—two in the UV and one in the blue and red regions—and thus exhibit a UV-purple hue. Neck feathers that appear green to the human eye are characterized by five spectral peaks: two in the UV (UVA and UVB), a predominant green peak, and secondary violet and red peaks, conferring a UV-purple-green color. Such elaborate UV coloration suggests that birds may use an even more complex and hidden UV signaling system than previously thought.