《关于就某些持久性有机污染物采取国际行动的斯德哥尔摩公约》及其谈判背景

《关于就某些持久性有机污染物采取国际行动的斯德哥尔摩公约》政府间谈判经过三年五次谈判，于2000年12月通过了公约最后文本。本文分析了谈判中所涉及的 与公约主要内容有关的情况，介绍了公约的主要之点和基本框架，旨在协助有关人员对公约进行更全面、深入的了解，以便于后续谈判和今后国内履约工作。     

中国履行《斯德哥尔摩公约》面临的资金问题与对策

作为《斯德哥尔摩公约》缔约方，中国未来履约活动需要大量的资金投入，其中既包括国内资金投入，也包括来自公约资金机制的支持。但从目前的情况来看，中国对公约资金机制提出的资金需求很难得到充分的满足；同时，国内在履约的资金投入方面也存在很大的不确定性。有鉴于此，为了切实有效地履行《斯德哥尔摩公约》，建议中国政府一方面应当通过外交努力，促成公约资金机制的进一步完善；另一方面，还应当通过各种手段和措施，增加国内的履约资金投入。[编者按]     

新通过的HNS公约简介

1996年5月3日，IMO通过了《国际海运危险和有毒物质损害赔偿责任公约》（简称HNS公约）。本文简要介绍了该公约的主要内容，包括适用范围、损害范围、赔偿责任和生效条件等。     

作业场所安全使用化学品公约

国际劳工组织大会：经国际劳工局理事会召集，于1990年6月6日在日内瓦举行第77届会议，并注意到有关的国际劳工公约和建议书，特别是1971年苯公约和建议书、1974年职业病公约和建议书、1977年工作环境（空气污染、噪音的震动）公约和建议书、1981年职业安全卫生公约和建议书、1985年职业卫生设施公约和建议书、1986年石棉公约和建议书，以及作为1964年工伤津贴公约附件、198O年经修订的职业病清单，并注意到保护工人免受化学品的有害影响同样有助于保护公众和环境，并注意到工人需要并有权利获得他们在工作中使用的化学品的有关资料，并考…     

巴塞尔公约——控制危险废物的全球公约

控制危险废物越境转移及其处置巴塞尔公约是１９８９年在瑞士巴塞尔召开的外交大会上通过的，本文描述了巴塞尔公约的实施情况。     

清洁发展机制在国内外的实践及启示

清洁发展机制产生的背景 为了减缓和应对全球气候变化，国际社会经过艰苦谈判，在1992年通过了《联合国气候变化框架公约》（简称“《公约》”）。《公约》依照“共同但有区别的责任”原则，规定附件1国家，包括发达国家和前苏联、东欧等经济转型国家，在2000年将温室气体排放控制到1990年的水平。对于非附件1国家，即包括中国在内的发展中国家，没有减排或限排义务。     

IMO资料

ＩＭＯ资料国际油污防备、反应和合作公约将于明年５月生效由国际海事组织发起并于１９９０年１１月通过的“国际油污防备、反应和合作公约（ｏ－ＰＲＣ）”将于明年５月１３日生效。届时将由国际海事组织秘书长在墨西哥主持条约文本的签字仪式，共有１５个国家参加该公约...     

预防重大工业事故公约

预防重大工业事故公约国际劳工组织大会，经国际劳工局理事会召集，于一九九三年六月二日在日内瓦举行其第八十届会议，并注意到有关的国际劳工公约和建议书，特别是一九八一年职业安全和卫生公约和建议书及一九九○年化学品公约和建议书，强调有必要采取一种综合连贯的...     

国外安全信息

国外安全信息第８０届国际劳工会议通过有关防止事故公约第８０届国际劳工会议于６月２２日结束。会议通过了有关防止重大工业事故的公约和建议书。新的公约要求批准公约的国家正式提出相应的保护工人和公众、防止重大事故危害的国家政策。美国召开第８１届全国安全大会１...     

放射性废物管理的国际法视角

1997年9月5日,《乏燃料管理安全和放射性废物管理安全联合公约》（简称《联合公约》）在国际原子能机构第41届常会上获得通过.2001年6月18日,公约正式生效.《联合公约》是迄今为止有关放射性废物管理方面最重要的全球性公约,亦是继1994年《核安全公约》以来国际放射性物质管理法领域又一新的重大突破.     

Addressing the environmental risk of persistent organic pollutants in China

The Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was adopted in 2001. This year is the 10th anniversary of the adoption of the Convention. Until now, 22 chemicals or chemical categories have been listed as POPs in the Stockholm Convention. The POPs Research Center was established in Tsinghua University in the same year when the Convention was adopted. In the last ten years, much work has been done by Chinese researchers to understand the environmental risk of POPs in China. This article aims to review the recent research progress of our POPs Research Center and some other Chinese researchers’ studies in addressing the environmental risk of POPs, including the priority screening and inventory study of POPs, monitoring and modeling of POPs pollution and exposure, and environmental risk assessment and modeling of POPs. Although great advances in addressing the environmental risk of POPs have been made in recent years, we are still facing quite a few problems, such as data scarcity and uncertainty in environmental risk assessment of POPs. The study on the effect of POPs mixtures is in its infancy and currently POPs are usually assessed from legal perspective by risk assessment of single chemicals. These problems should be well addressed by further efforts. Further studies should also be taken in future to study environment risk of POPs by considering aspects of coupled dynamics between climate processes and POPs. Such sound scientific, riskbased information can support decision-making aiming to effectively minimize the risk level of POPs.     

论《生物多样性公约》国家履行策略

 《生物多样性公约》已于1993年12月29日生效，中国是《公约》缔约国之一。《公约》对各缔约国规定了若干义务，主要有生物多样性的保护，包括就地保护和移地保护；生物多样性组成部分的持续利用；遗传资源的取得；生物多样性保护与利用技术（包括生物技术）的取得与转让；等等。本文针对上述关键条款的义务，结合我国国情，特别是结合我国在此领域的已有工作成就和现状，在国家水平上提出履行《公约》义务的策略和需要优先实施的行动措施。此外，还结合《公约》谈判的国际背景，提出我国今后在《公约》关键条款履行及谈判方面的对策。     

生产三氯杀螨醇的滴滴涕环境风险及其控制途径研究

滴滴涕是《关于持久性有机污染物（POPs）的斯德哥尔摩公约》中首批受控物质。本文调查了国内传统三氯杀螨醇生产工艺情况,分析了生产过程和产品使用过程中滴滴涕环境排放途径及环境风险,结合公约中有关滴滴涕风险控制的相关要求,分析了有限场地封闭体系三氯杀螨醇生产的基本要素,提出了生产过程中的环境排放限值建议,明确了控制环境排放和环境风险的有效途径。为相关生产企业开展技术改造和实施自我考核以及相关部门开展监督管理工作提供建议。     

Financing for innovative technologies and best practices to reduce persistent organic pollutants

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) threaten human health and the global environment. Recognizing their dangers many countries began to limit or ban POPs production, use, and release in the 1990s. Eventually the Stockholm Convention on POPs, was adopted in 2001 and entered into force in 2004. The Global Environment Facility (GEF) provides financial support to developing country Parties for the implementation of the Stockholm Convention. The GEF’s POPs investment portfolio focuses on: 1) strengthening the capacity of developing country Parties to implement the Stockholm Convention; 2) establishing and supporting partnerships to develop and implement National Implementation Plans (NIPs), and 3) demonstrating and deploying best technologies and practices to reduce POPs emission, including development of safe alternatives. Since 2001 the GEF has committed US$568.8 million to POPs projects and leveraged some US$1474.5 million in co-financing from partners in the public and private sectors, bringing the total value of the GEF POPs portfolio to over US$2 billion. With GEF support, 108 developing country Parties have developed their NIPs. The GEF also financed 109 projects for the implementation of the Convention. Upon completion, these GEF POPs investments will contribute to the disposal of more than 70,000 tons of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) oil, contaminated equipments, and waste, more than 40,000 tons of obsolete POPs pesticides and associated waste, and reducing dioxin/furan and mercury emission by introducing environmentally sound technologies and best practices. This paper summarizes: 1) direct and indirect GEF investments to support the goals of the Stockholm Convention; 2) investment case studies on PCB, DichloroDiphenylTrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane and mirex, medical waste, obsolete POPs and engaging civil society; and 3) lessons learned in terms of GEF financing strategies, best technologies and environmental practices to address POPs.     

美国<1990年油污法>及船舶油污损害赔偿机制概述

美国没有加入《１９６９年责任公约》和《１９７１年基金公约》，而是通过制定《１９９０年油污法》而建立了国内船舶油污损害赔偿机制。笔者曾于１９９３年前往美国就此问题专门进行了考察。在中国正在研究建立国内船舶油污损害赔偿机制之际，将美国的经验作一总结，希望能有所裨益。     

Perceptions of the effectiveness of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in advancing national action on climate change

This paper aims to characterise the ways in which the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is trickling down to affect national level action on climate change. State and non-state actors were interviewed at the 8th UNFCCC Conference of Parties (COP8) during October and November 2002. The interviews revealed that, among interviewees, climate change was already perceived to be, or was becoming a priority issue. In a number of countries substantial legislation is already in place to facilitate climate change preparedness (both adaptation and mitigation), although respondents suggest that in the majority of cases these changes are not being developed in response to the UNFCCC, but to other drivers. While all respondents saw change occurring at the national level, mostly through planning and research, few saw climate change response actions at the local level. Respondents agreed that climate risks must be managed through various mechanisms, from finding ways to participate in the Kyoto Protocol mechanisms to managing the impacts of foreign direct investments. The majority of respondents focussed on in-country actions such as identifying the most vulnerable groups, but few identified the need for greater global cooperation.To conclude, the Convention plays a role in shaping the discourse of climate change and in generating national level responses. These responses are played out differently according to the geographic, environmental, economic, social and cultural conditions of each country. The Convention is clearly important, but perhaps it is not adequate to inspire national action to resolve the problems of climate change. There is scope for many additional initiatives, through collaboration, trade or aid, and through bilateral agreements.     

《京都议定书》的演进及其影响

综述了《联合国气候变化框架公约京都议定书》的演进及其影响。     

封存点含多氯联苯废物清理过程中要考虑的几点问题

我国履行斯德哥尔摩公约以来取得了一定成果,本文根据我国履约最新进展,就封存点含多氯联苯废物清理问题进行了全方位的思考。对现场踏勘及信息收集、清运目标和标准的确定、清运范围的确定、作业场区的工程设计、挖掘与清理、废物的包装、场地的恢复与验收、以及安全防护与事故应急等内容作了全面的分析与阐述,科学的分析了清理、挖掘过程可能出现的问题,并提出了较合理的对策。     

SOLAS公约修正案与构建中国船舶和港口设施保安体系

就“SOLAS公约修正案”和“ISPS规则”进行讨论，在此基础上，对“SOLAS公约”履约和建立中国船舶和港口设施保安体系提出构想和建议。     

碳中和--中国发展转型的机遇与挑战

碳中和是《巴黎协定》提出的到21世纪末在全球范围内实现人为活动排放的温室气体排放总量与大自然吸收总量相平衡,这是《联合国气候变化框架公约》应对气候变化问题的终极目标。本文从碳中和的目的、本质和进展分析入手,提出了在实现碳中和问题上中国的机遇与挑战。