典型工业沿海区域的大气环境腐蚀性评价

目的 利用现役金属材料对工业沿海区域所处不同大气环境进行环境腐蚀性评价,并研究不同金属材料的腐蚀行为差异性,探讨工业沿海大气环境下金属材料的耐蚀性选择。方法 在不同大气环境下,选择现役金属材料Q235、16MnNi和L415开展1 a的户外曝晒试验,并利用质量损失分析、扫描电镜等手段,通过对金属基材进行腐蚀机理研究,评价大气环境的腐蚀性。结果 Q235、16MnNi和L415等3种钢在不同区域沿海工业大气环境下的腐蚀行为受大气腐蚀环境的影响较大,腐蚀产物中含有一定量的Cl和S。同种金属材料表面锈层的特殊结构,使得其基体与大气环境中的腐蚀因子相接触,引发了金属材料在不同大气腐蚀环境中不同腐蚀行为的差异性。结论 工业沿海区域的大气环境中,大气腐蚀性差异由酸循环腐蚀机制形成。3种钢材在腐蚀初期,由于锈层多孔隙结构和可溶性腐蚀产物形成,加重了腐蚀程度。黄岛区域、曹妃甸区域、岚山区域和湛江区域的大气腐蚀等级分别为C2、C3、C2、C3级。     

Geometry Regulation of Material Deposition in Near-Net Shape Manufacturing by Thermally Scanned Welding

This paper introduces a thermally scanned material deposition control method for near-net shape manufacturing of metal parts by welding. To eliminate thermal distortion and the required intermediate-layer milling steps, and to control the material structure, plasma arc scan welding under infrared pyrometry sensing regulates the temperature field by providing in-process heat treatment of the part. In laboratory tests, the material is simultaneously deposited by a gas metal arc welding torch, with monitoring of the weld profile by two laser stripe profilometers. These sensors provide measurements of the bead width for its feedback control by modulation of the wire feed. To compensate for measurement delays, real-time prediction by a deposition model is employed, with its parameters identified during the process. Preview of the geometric surface irregularities in front of the deposition is used as feedforward to ensure the desired layer deposition patterns in adjacent beads. The performance of this bead-size control scheme is assessed experimentally on a robotic laboratory station, and applications of the thermally scanned material deposition technique are explored in rapid manufacturing of customized metal products.     

NiCrAlYSi涂层对DZ125合金力学性能的影响

采用电弧离子镀技术在DZ125合金基体上制备出厚度约为30μm的NiCrAlYSi涂层,研究NiCrAlYSi涂层对DZ125合金拉伸、持久、疲劳性能的影响。结果表明：DZ125合金沉积NiCrAlYSi涂层后,980℃／235MPa高温持久寿命与基体合金相当,但持久断裂塑性有很大程度的提高;900℃高温拉伸强度σb、屈服强度σ0.2、延伸率δ和面缩率ψ与基体相比,基本保持不变;760℃／450MPa和900a℃／380MPa疲劳寿命与基体合金相当,即DZ125合金沉积NiCrAlYSi涂层后,对DZ125合金力学性能没有不利影响,满足工程化可靠使用要求。     

热-力循环载荷下身管镀层裂纹扩展规律研究

目的研究身管镀层裂纹的扩展机理,提高身管寿命。方法针对身管镀层裂纹损伤,提出一种基于扩展有限元方法(XFEM)结合内聚力模型(CZM)的方法。建立热–力耦合的镀层身管有限元模型,通过间接耦合的方式,将温度场导入有限元模型,通过CZM本构模型来模拟其损伤失效行为。对镀层初始裂纹在热–力载荷下扩展到镀层/基体界面的情况进行仿真分析。结果在高温高压环境下,镀层初始裂纹扩展速度很快,在第1发射击完成后便扩展到基体结合面,初始裂纹扩展到镀层/基体界面时,裂纹尖端的存在使局部具有较大切应力,达到1180 MPa。在连续射击工况下,造成镀层结合面的开裂。结论在高温高压载荷下,镀层初始裂纹很快扩展到镀层/基体界面,且身管镀层承受的热应力是导致镀层开裂的重要因素。     

某污灌区污水-土壤-地下水污染物分布特征

通过对某污灌区灌溉水、土壤及地下水的取样分析,研究了灌区污染物的分布特征。结果表明:灌区主要污染物为重金属Zn、多环芳烃和农残六六六。不同污染物分布特征不同。重金属主要富集于土壤表层,如Zn大部分富集于耕植层中(0～30cm),但浓度过高,其可向深部迁移。多环芳烃按分子量可分为三类,小分子量芳烃迁移过程中降解转化显著;中分子量芳烃迁移至深部土壤和地下水,土壤各深度吸附量几乎相同;大分子量芳烃化学性质稳定,易吸附沉积于表层土壤和底泥中。农残六六六迁移深度至少可达50m。     

腐殖酸与钙离子共存下ZVI界面沉积过程

为精准分析环境介质在零价铁（ZVI）界面沉积过程和沉积层特性，采用喷涂方法制备ZVI负载芯片，应用耗散式石英晶体微天平（QCMD）研究了腐殖酸（HA）与钙离子（Ca（Ⅱ））在ZVI界面沉积吸附过程的差异，并探讨了Ca（Ⅱ）浓度与HA/Ca（Ⅱ）投加顺序对沉积过程的影响机理.结果表明，在反应体系中先通入HA相较先通入Ca（Ⅱ），ZVI表面形成的沉积层质量更高、沉积层结构更稳定；HA沉积后可促进Ca（Ⅱ）沉积，然而Ca（Ⅱ）先沉积后HA沉积量较少，很大程度上与吸附层外层结构组成差异相关.此外，发现随着Ca（Ⅱ）浓度从10mg/L升高至200mg/L，Ca（Ⅱ）沉积速率加快，界面沉积量增多.QCMD耗散变化研究发现，当Ca（Ⅱ）浓度从10mg/L提高至100mg/L，沉积层耗散变化值（ΔD）逐渐下降，沉积层转变为刚性结构；Ca（Ⅱ）浓度继续加大到200mg/L，ΔD升高趋势，沉积层构象呈现疏松态.应用QCMD可实时监测ZVI钝化层形成的动态变化过程，提供了ZVI界面吸附层变化特征等关键信息.     

腐殖酸与钙离子共存下ZVI界面沉积过程

为精准分析环境介质在零价铁（ZVI）界面沉积过程和沉积层特性,采用喷涂方法制备ZVI负载芯片,应用耗散式石英晶体微天平（QCMD）研究了腐殖酸（HA）与钙离子（Ca（Ⅱ））在ZVI界面沉积吸附过程的差异,并探讨了Ca（Ⅱ）浓度与HA/Ca（Ⅱ）投加顺序对沉积过程的影响机理.结果表明,在反应体系中先通入HA相较先通入Ca（Ⅱ）,ZVI表面形成的沉积层质量更高、沉积层结构更稳定;HA沉积后可促进Ca（Ⅱ）沉积,然而Ca（Ⅱ）先沉积后HA沉积量较少,很大程度上与吸附层外层结构组成差异相关.此外,发现随着Ca（Ⅱ）浓度从10mg/L升高至200mg/L,Ca（Ⅱ）沉积速率加快,界面沉积量增多.QCMD耗散变化研究发现,当Ca（Ⅱ）浓度从10mg/L提高至100mg/L,沉积层耗散变化值（ΔD）逐渐下降,沉积层转变为刚性结构;Ca（Ⅱ）浓度继续加大到200mg/L,ΔD升高趋势,沉积层构象呈现疏松态.应用QCMD可实时监测ZVI钝化层形成的动态变化过程,提供了ZVI界面吸附层变化特征等关键信息.     

沅江入湖河床沉积物重金属污染演化地球化学分析

对沅江入湖河段河床沉积物进行钻探取样,利用电感耦合等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)分析沉积物重金属等微量元素的含量,并利用210Pb法测定沉积物沉积速率.同时,在分析沉积物重金属污染特征的基础上,探讨沉积物重金属污染的演化过程.结果表明:沉积物中Bi、Cd、Mn、Mo、Zn、Pb等重金属含量变化大、分布不均匀,而Sc、Tl、Rb、Cs、V、Co、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Ga、Ge、Rb、Sr、REEs(稀土元素)等微量元素含量变化小,分布相对均一.微量元素富集特征(EF值)和主成分分析结果显示,沉积物中Cu、Sc、Tl、Rb、Cs、Th、U、V、Co、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Ga、Ge、Rb、Sr、REE等微量元素主要为自然源,而Bi、Cd、Mn、Zn、Pb等重金属则既有自然源的影响,又有人为源的贡献.地累积指数(Igeo)评价结果显示,入湖段沉积物存在Cd-Mn-Zn-Pb-Bi等元素组合的重金属污染,且沉积物自下而上分布有中深部(204~192 cm)、中上部(96~64 cm)、浅表部(64~0 cm)3个重金属污染层.上述3个重金属污染层可能对应于3个期次的重金属污染事件,即早期(1913年前)的零星重金属污染、中期(建国初期至改革开放初期,1963—1979年)的中等强度重金属污染、近期(1979年至今)高强度重金属污染.且自早期到近期,沉积物重金属污染程度增强,污染元素组合趋于复杂化.沅江入湖河床沉积物的上述3期重金属污染可能对洞庭湖沉积物产生直接影响.     

再入攻角对弹头锥身气动热环境及结构热响应影响研究

目的分析再入弹头锥身气动热环境及结构热响应,研究再入攻角振荡对其影响规律。方法建立基于工程法的气动热/结构热响应耦合计算方法,并采用该方法开展锥身典型位置气动热环境及结构热性计算分析。结果随着再入攻角的振荡衰减,各典型子午面冷壁热流密度曲线围绕90°子午面热流密度曲线振荡,其振幅呈现先振荡增大、后振荡衰减的变化规律。与90°子午面相比,各子午面总加热量均有所增大。再入攻角振荡引起的金属层外壁面温度最大振荡幅值为3K,但对最终时刻结构温度影响较小。结论计算弹道条件下,再入飞行攻角振荡对气动热环境及结构热响应影响较小,可通过增加余量的方式给予考虑。     

电网视频远程监控系统在环境污染治理中的应用研究

为提高环境污染治理水平,设计了电网视频远程监控系统,将改进系统应用到环境污染治理中,分析其对环境污染治理效果的影响。依据电网视频远程监控系统的整体规划,对组管理服务器、采集服务器、客户端等系统硬件部分进行改进,优化软件部分的应用层、会话层及数据处理层各功能模块,完成电网视频远程监控系统的设计。通过系统清晰度检测,分析电网视频远程监控系统在环境污染治理中的应用效果。实验结果表明,该系统实时性好、清晰度高、监控耗能低、监控准确度高,能够为环境污染治理提供极大的帮助。     

电子束物理气相沉积制备热障涂层研究进展

介绍了电子束物理气相沉积设备的主要组成、工作原理和电子束物理气相沉积热障涂层的结构特点,并重点论述了工件转速、工件温度、靶材蒸汽入射角度、工件表面的粗糙度、粘结层预氧化、改性粘结层和双层陶瓷层等对电子束物理气相沉积热障涂层性能的影响。     

活化过一硫酸盐技术降解环境有机污染物的研究进展

高级氧化技术是一种以产生羟基自由基(·OH)和硫酸根自由基(SO₄?·)来降解环境有机污染物的技术. 近年来,通过活化过一硫酸盐(peroxymonosulfate, PMS)而产生SO₄?·的高级氧化技术受到了广泛关注. 与基于·OH的传统高级氧化技术相比,基于SO₄?·的高级氧化技术具有氧化还原电位高、半衰期长、适用pH范围广和对污染物反应快速等优点. 本文从活化PMS方法的特点和性质出发,对目前活化PMS技术降解环境有机污染物的主要方法和活化机理进行了论述,活化方法包括过渡金属活化(均相和非均相)、碳质材料活化、碱性活化、热活化、辐射活化、电解活化等,活化PMS的机制是通过活化方法使其分子结构中的O—O键发生断裂,从而使PMS分解形成SO₄?·或其他的活性物质. 此外,分析了活化PMS降解环境有机污染物的主要影响因素,其中影响均相系统PMS活化的因素包括过渡金属剂量、pH和水中阴离子等,过量的PMS和过渡金属可能成为SO₄?·的抑制剂,pH不仅对氧化剂分解产生自由基起着关键作用,还影响过渡金属种类的形成及其与氧化剂反应的有效性,而水中阴离子会与有机化合物竞争和SO₄?·发生反应. 最后,提出未来研究重点应在开发稳定高效活化PMS的金属氧化物、碳质材料,以及使用多种处理技术协同作用上,同时应加强对活化PMS技术降解有机污染物体系的降解产物和毒性分析的研究.      

Preparation of MgO/B2O3 coatings by plasma spraying on SUS304 surface and effects of heat-resistant

This study mainly deals with the preparation of MgO/B₂O₃ coatings by plasma spraying on the SUS304 surface and the effects of heatresistant. The power materials of low thermal conductivity were selected to control the heat divergent performance of high temperature parts. The reticular micro-structure between the cover thermal layer and the substrate was prepared by using the plasma spraying method. The powder mixture of MgO and B₂O₃ were selected as spraying materials and the SUS304 was used as the substrate material. The MgO/B₂O₃ coating was prepared on the surface of the SUS304 to provide better cover thermal performance. The properties of the microstructures and the morphologies were studied by Optical Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope, Electron Probe Microanalyzer, and X-ray Diffraction. The results showed that the cover thermal performance has been improved.     

Preparation of MgO/B2O3 coatings by plasma spraying on SUS304 surface and effects of heat-resistant

This study mainly deals with the preparation of MgO/B₂O₃ coatings by plasma spraying on the SUS304 surface and the effects of heat-resistant. The power materials of low thermal conductivity were selected to control the heat divergent performance of high temperature parts. The reticular micro-structure between the cover thermal layer and the substrate was prepared by using the plasma spraying method. The powder mixture of MgO and B₂O₃ were selected as spraying materials and the SUS304 was used as the substrate material. The MgO/B₂O₃ coating was prepared on the surface of the SUS304 to provide better cover thermal performance. The properties of the microstructures and the morphologies were studied by Optical Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope, Electron Probe Microanalyzer, and X-ray Diffraction. The results showed that the cover thermal performance has been improved.     

YSZ-W复合涂层的制备及抗烧蚀性能研究

目的在TC4表面制备均匀致密的YSZ-20%(体积分数)W(ZW2)复合涂层,以提高其抗烧蚀性能,并对其在超音速燃流中的烧蚀响应机制进行初步探究。方法以8YSZ和W粉为原料,采用喷雾干燥-真空烧结工艺制备喷涂用ZW2复合粉末,利用大气等离子喷涂技术(APS)制备ZW2复合涂层,采用超音速火焰冲刷法(SCF)测试涂层的抗烧蚀性能。结果在1500℃的真空环境下烧结2 h后,ZW2复合粉末原始颗粒之间的结合方式由PVA交联结合转变为冶金结合,烧结粉末的松装密度和流动性较造粒粉末分别提升632.3%和39.8%。APS制备的ZW2涂层的孔隙率为9.5%±0.8%,经SCF考核5 s后,500μm厚的ZW2涂层可以使TC4钛合金基体免于烧蚀,仅在ZW2涂层表面形成了厚度约为30μm的ZrO2-WO3疏松顶层。结论利用APS工艺可以制备均匀致密的ZW2复合涂层,真空烧结处理提高了ZW2复合粉末的APS工艺适应性。ZW2涂层有效地提高了TC4的抗烧蚀性能,烧蚀过程中低熔点WO3的形成缓解了烧蚀过程中涂层内部的热应力,从而避免了涂层提前剥落失效。     

Numerical and experimental investigations on laser melting of stainless steel 316L metal powders

This paper presents numerical and experimental investigations on laser melting of SS grade 316L powder on top of AISI 316L substrate using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. The objectives of the present study are to understand the effect of process parameters such as laser power, scanning speed and beam size on geometry characteristics of the melt zone and ball formation. We formulated a moving heat source problem and obtained transient temperature solutions using commercial finite element solver. The geometry characteristics of the melt zone are evaluated from the temperature solutions and compared with experimental results. The effect of laser parameters on the geometry, morphology and homogeneity of single track realization was methodically analyzed by utilizing characterization tools such as laser particle size analyzer, macro and microscopic inspection, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The results presented in this paper are beneficial to realize homogenous layer formation in additive manufacturing processes involving powder melting by laser beam.     

Solid and liquid residues as raw materials for biotechnology

In the past few decades huge amounts of solid and paste-like wastes of domestic and industrial origin have been deposited on sanitary landfills worldwide. Only a small proportion was incinerated, where incineration plants were available. Since primary resources, such as ores for metal production or crude oil for the production of gasoline, diesel, solvents and plastics, or coal and natural gas as sources for energy or chemicals are not available in unlimited quantities, and because the deposition of residues, wastes and worn-out commodities on sanitary landfills causes pollution of the atmosphere, the soil and the groundwater due to hazardous gaseous emissions and toxic leachates, wastes from households and from industry must be avoided or minimized at an early stage. Whenever waste material can be recycled it must be re-introduced into production processes and the non-recyclable fractions should be used as a fuel for energy recovery. After incineration, the highly toxic dust fractions of ashes and slags resulting from burning the wastes should be deposited on sanitary landfills, while the granulated mineral slag fractions could be used as a substitute for the sand in cement as a construction material. Here we review various processes for the treatment of organic fractions of differently composed wastes to upgrade them to more valuable, re-usable products or at least to recover their energy content. Upgrading processes of organic wastes include composting, biogas fermentation, production of organic acids and solvents, and biopolymer or biosurfactants production. We also include biological purification procedures for the most important components of wastes, such as chitin from the shells of Crustaceae. Typical examples from pilot-scale or full-scale studies are discussed for each process.     

几种典型危险废物中重金属理化性质研究

重金属类危险废物毒性大,对其进行妥善的处理处置面临了较大压力,文章对飞灰、电镀污泥和制革污泥3种典型危险废物重金属的基本理化性质,包括重金属含量,浸出毒性,热特性等作了分析研究,为飞灰、电镀污泥和制革污泥的管理提供了决策依据,并为其处理处置提供了基础数据。     

基于加热改性预处理废线路板的热力学作用过程研究

电子废物是固体废物环境管理的热点问题,而废线路板是电子废物的研究核心.废线路板是由铜箔、树脂和增强材料层压而成的复合材料,以破碎和分选过程相组合的机械物理方法是其资源化回收处理的主流技术,就如何提高破碎效果已成为机械物理技术发展面临的难题.研究提出了加热改性预处理的技术方法,用于废线路板结构物理改性和微观破坏,以提高破碎解离效率,其可实现金属与非金属的高度解离.基于改性处理技术,本文还分别从微观和宏观破坏力学角度,探究了加热改性处理机制.同时,结合ANSYS有限元热应力模型,对改性作用进行了理论分析.     

超滤的预处理工艺对比研究:化学混凝与电絮凝

对比研究了化学混凝(chemical coagulation,CC)与电絮凝(electrocoagulation,EC)作为超滤膜分离的预处理工艺,在死端过滤条件下与超滤膜的作用机制以及对膜污染的减缓效果.主要研究了Al3+投加量对膜通量、絮体性质(粒径、强度系数、恢复系数、分形维数)、以及滤饼层性质的影响.结果表明,EC作为预处理时,生成的絮体强度大且结构紧实,在膜表面堆积形成的滤饼层具有疏松多孔、亲水性强的性质;而CC作为预处理时,生成的絮体强度低且比较松散,在膜过滤过程中容易被压力压碎压实,导致滤饼层比较密实、亲水性低.因此,EC作为预处理工艺对膜污染的减缓效果好,在运行过程中可以保持较高的膜通量,膜通量较CC高约5.57%.