硒的微生物地球化学研究进展

硒是人体和动物所必需约微量元素,在自然界中以Se2-、Sec、Se4-和See6+的无机和有机形态存在.微生物在硒的形态转化中发挥着重要的作用,影响着地质环境申硒的地球化学循环.本文重点综述了与硒相关的微生物类群、微生物在硒形态转化过程中的作用机理及其与硒相关微生物的最新研究方法,并就其应用前景和存在的问题与展望也给予...     

HPLC-ICP-MS在植物有机硒形态分析中的应用现状

植物是人们摄取硒的主要来源,富硒植物中富含可开发利用的有机硒,我国湖北恩施高硒地区富硒植物资源丰富亟待开发利用。植物中硒的形态分析是研究开发富硒植物资源的基础,而高效液相色谱与电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术(HPLC-ICP-MS)是目前硒形态分析使用最为广泛的技术,它在样品的前处理、分析灵敏度、准确性等方面均具有优势,可以实现富硒植物中含硒生物大分子、硒形态以及与氨基酸结合位点及机理的分析。因此作者综述了植物样品的预处理过程,介绍了HPLC-ICP-MS联用技术在测定植物硒形态及其应用方面的研究成果,为我国富硒植物、富硒产品中硒形态的分析测定、开发富硒植物资源提供指导。     

渔塘坝微景观中硒的高硒成因探讨

渔塘坝北部山区地势较高的富硒碳质岩层,相对封闭地势较低的山间盆地,以及二者之间的两条山沟共同构成了一个相对比较封闭的高硒微域地球化学景观。其北部茅口组富硒碳质岩石的平均硒含量为1251.1±1218.8μg.g-1,是渔塘坝出露地层中最为富硒的。这些富硒岩石为渔塘坝中的土壤和植物提供了硒的间接来源,而导致渔塘坝高硒景观的形成,除了地形、气候因素之外,主要是当地居民活动直接干预的结果,特别是田地以火土(石煤熏土)施肥改良土壤。因此,如果说渔塘坝北部富硒碳质岩层的存在是高硒区形成的必然条件,那么人为的开挖"石煤"和不当的耕种方式则为硒的迁移和转化提供了充分条件。无论是自然或后生形成的高硒区,当硒的累积达到一定程度并突然释放时,硒中毒仍然可以发生。所以,恩施的高硒地区依然是硒中毒可能发生的高风险区。     

重庆某发电厂煤中微量元素的初步研究

重庆市是一个以煤为主要能源的城市，煤在能源消耗中占的比例长期保持在2／3左右。煤在燃烧过程中会释放出有毒有害物质，对环境和人体健康造成危害。为了保护重庆市民的身体健康，制定更加科学的有毒有害物质污染控制对策，本文以某电厂用煤为研究对象，分析了24个煤样中Hg、As、Se、Pb、Cd、Zn、Ba、Co、Cr、Cu、Li、Ni、V、Zr等微量元素的含量水平。结果表明：Hg、As、Se、Cd和Li等元素的浓度克拉克值大于l，说明这些元素在煤中呈富集状态：其余元素的浓度克拉克值小于1，在煤中这些元素呈分散状态。该发电厂然煤中的Hg、As、Pb和Se的含量更高，而其余元素的含量则比北方煤中的低。     

硒和生物炭联合施用降低稻米甲基汞累积的研究

汞矿区土壤汞污染是造成水稻及其他作物中汞累积的主要原因,尤其是稻米中甲基汞的累积已成为当地居民甲基汞暴露的重要途径之一。本文针对含汞废水排放所造成的稻田汞污染情形,分别进行了模拟实验和盆栽试验,探究无机硒、生物炭、硒和生物炭联合施用对降低稻米甲基汞累积的作用效果。结果表明,无论向土壤中添加无机硒,还是生物炭,抑或是两者的组合均能有效降低土壤中甲基汞含量,且随着硒添加量的增加,其相应处理组土壤甲基汞含量不断降低。盆栽试验表明稻米中甲基汞含量因硒或生物炭的添加降低62%～73%（硒处理）、88%（生物炭处理）和90%～91%（硒+生物炭处理）,表明了硒和生物炭共同施用的作用效果要好于单独施用硒的作用效果。这种效果可能与生物炭降低了土壤中甲基汞的生物可利用性有关。总之,本研究为原位修复控制稻田汞污染风险提供了可能途径。     

高镉地质环境富硒土壤特征及其生态效应

文章详细研究了浙西富硒土壤中Cd、Se、Zn、Ni存在形态以及农产品安全性。结果表明,研究区土壤继承了成土母质中硒、镉高含量的特点,引起农产品中富硒和镉含量超标。研究发现,当地居民并未由于农产品镉超标而出现群体性疾病,相反地,则表现为体格健壮,长寿老人较多,人发中镉含量低,硒含量高等特点。优良的生态现象可能与人体内Zn、Se对Cd的拮抗作用有关。这一研究结果,为黑色岩系地区富硒土壤的深层次开发利用提供了思路和机遇。     

表生环境中硒形态研究现状

硒是一种对环境具有灵敏指示意义的元素,在表生环境中存在诸多形态,如Se(IV)、Se(VI)、Se(0)、Se(-II)、Org-Se,每种形态都有独特的化学、生物化学性质(控制元素的可溶性、毒性、营养功能、环境行为)。在综合分析近年来国内外表生环境硒形态研究的基础上,作者分别对岩石(矿物)、土壤和沉积物、生物体、各种水体、大气中硒自然形态的分布进行了综述,并初步建立了不同体系之间硒在积累、迁移过程中形态迁移转化的地球化学模型;最后指出了硒形态研究方面有可能的前景。     

香烟燃烧过程有害元素气固分配比实验研究

在香烟燃烧过程中会有部分元素残留在灰相,另一部分元素随气相迁移进入大气和吸烟者呼吸道,本文借助稳定残留在烟灰中的元素K为桥梁,估算了三种品牌香烟中8个有害元素在香烟燃烧过程中随气相迁移和残留在灰相中的分配比例。Hg、Cd、As、Se是其中容易进入气相的元素,迁移比例为Hg89.40%、Cd73.92%、As67.12%、Se61.68%,Pb、Be、Ni、Cr则容易残留在烟灰中,迁移比例为Pb44.53%、Be23.90%、Ni19.60%、Cr19.56%。不同品牌的香烟中元素含量和元素的迁移状况虽有不同,但元素总体表现一致。考虑元素在香烟中的赋存量和迁移进入气相的比例后,Pb、Cd是燃烧过程中释放量较大的元素。     

New insights into disruption of iron homeostasis by environmental pollutants

Among the numerous health conditions environmental pollutants can cause, chronic exposure to pollutants including persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals has been shown to disturb a specific biological homeostatic process, the iron metabolism in human body. Disorders of iron metabolism are among the common diseases of humans and encompass a broad spectrum of diseases with different clinical manifestations, ranging from anemia to iron overload, and possibly to neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Hepcidin–ferroportin (FPN) signaling is one of the key mechanisms responsible for iron supply, utilization, recycling, and storage, and recent studies demonstrated that exposure to environmental pollutants including POPs and heavy metals could lead to disruption of the hepcidin–FPN axis along with disordered systemic iron homeostasis and diseases. This article introduces and highlights the accompanying review article by Drs. Xu and Liu in this journal, which elaborates in detail the adverse effects of environmental pollutants on iron metabolism, and the mechanisms responsible for these toxicological outcomes. It also points out the knowledge gaps still existing in this subject matter. Research that will fill these gaps will improve our understanding of the issue and provide useful information to prevent or treat diseases induced by environmental pollutants.     

A study on Se application for improving the soil in the environment at lower Se level

A result that application of sodium selenite or fly ash to some of soilin loess plateau can increase Se content in wheat grain has been demonstrated by the pot and field experiments, and added Se in soil can last its availability for 3 years. So this is a good measure for improving the low Se soils and preventing the Kaschin-Beck disease.     

陕西泾惠渠灌区土壤-小麦体系中硒的空间分布特征

查明一个地区土壤和主食中硒含量及其空间分布特征,是探究该地区人体硒营养状况的重要基础.基于陕西泾惠渠灌区104个表层土壤样品和对应的小麦籽粒硒含量的测定,运用地统计的方法,对该地区硒含量的空间分布特征进行了分析,评价了土壤硒的有效性及其对人体硒摄入量的影响.结果表明:泾惠渠灌区土壤总硒含量变化为0.020~0.603 mg·kg-1,平均为(0.154±0.085)mg·kg-1,76.9%的地区处于临界缺硒状态,其中以阎良区土壤硒含量显著高于高陵区、临潼区、泾阳县和三原县;小麦籽粒硒含量为0.003~0.485 mg·kg-1,平均为(0.076±0.070)mg·kg-1,各地区间无显著差异,69.2%达到适度硒水平.造成土壤硒含量处于临界缺硒水平而小麦硒含量达到适度硒水平的原因是该地区土壤有效硒占土壤总硒含量的11.6%,硒的有效性相对较高.该灌区土壤和小麦的硒含量分布存在显著空间分布不均一性,在粮食硒强化中应综合考虑土壤供硒及作物硒吸收两个方面.     

影响人体硒低的环境因素——陕西渭北高塬大骨节病区的调查

对陕西渭北高塬的调查研究证明,大骨节病发病率不同的相邻村庄内,居民发中的9种重要生命元素,唯硒的含量与各村居民患病率呈极显著的负相关。同时,该病流行地点的人发中各元素含量唯硒低于国内外健康人的发硒水平.通过对病区内不同地貌环境的土壤及饮水类型分布等项研究,阐明了重、中、轻病村交错分布的人体硒低的原因,这对大骨节病的产生与环境通过食物链导致人体硒低有关又再次提出一些新的依据。     

区域系统物质代谢研究——以江苏省南通市为例

为定量地描述一个区域对其自然环境的负荷,论文利用区域系统物质代谢的方法研究了南通市全市范围内食物、能量、水、物质和废弃物的输入与输出。在研究期限内(1996～2002年),固体废弃物输出的增长率高于固体物质输入的增长率,而废水输出的增长率低于淡水输入的增长率。南通市区域代谢的速率正在持续上升。2002年非食物性资源的消耗总量是食物需求的15.8倍。化石燃料能量及电能的消耗是人体能量需求的17.9倍,光合作用固定太阳能的48.36倍。南通市区域代谢的趋势是上升的。尽管各种物质与能量的利用效率提高了,部分物质的循环利用率也上升了,但是还不足以降低其对陆地、水体和大气环境的压力。最后提出降低区域代谢脆弱性、提高代谢效率的相关建议。     

Role of complex organic arsenicals in food in aggregate exposure to arsenic

For much of the world''s population, food is the major source of exposure to arsenic. Exposure to this non-essential metalloid at relatively low levels may be linked to a wide range of adverse health effects. Thus, evaluating foods as sources of exposure to arsenic is important in assessing risk and developing strategies that protect public health. Although most emphasis has been placed on inorganic arsenic as human carcinogen and toxicant, an array of arsenic-containing species are found in plants and animals used as foods. Here, we 2evaluate the contribution of complex organic arsenicals (arsenosugars, arsenolipids, and trimethylarsonium compounds) that are found in foods and consider their origins, metabolism, and potential toxicity. Commonalities in the metabolism of arsenosugars and arsenolipids lead to the production of di-methylated arsenicals which are known to exert many toxic effects. Evaluating foods as sources of exposure to these complex organic arsenicals and understanding the formation of reactive metabolites may be critical in assessing their contribution to aggregate exposure to arsenic.     

Geophagy: soil consumption enhances the bioactivities of plants eaten by chimpanzees

Geophagy, the deliberate ingestion of soil, is a widespread practice among animals, including humans. Although some cases are well documented, motivations and consequences of this practice on the health status of the consumer remain unclear. In this paper, we focused our study on chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of the Kibale National Park, Uganda, after observing they sometimes ingest soil shortly before or after consuming some plant parts such as leaves of Trichilia rubescens, which have in vitro anti-malarial properties. Chemical and mineralogical analyses of soil eaten by chimpanzees and soil used by the local healer to treat diarrhoea revealed similar composition, the clay mineralogy being dominated by kaolinite. We modelled the interaction between samples of the two types of soil and the leaves of T. rubescens in gastric and intestinal compartments and assayed the anti-malarial properties of these solutions. Results obtained for both soil samples are similar and support the hypothesis that soil enhances the pharmacological properties of the bio-available gastric fraction. The adaptive function of geophagy is likely to be multi-factorial. Nevertheless, the medical literature and most of occidental people usually consider geophagy in humans as an aberrant behaviour, symptomatic of metabolic dysfunction. Our results provide a new evidence to view geophagy as a practice for maintaining health, explaining its persistence through evolution.     

低硒环境中人群对不同形态硒的保留量及其效应的研究

研究了低硒生态环境中有明显早期大骨节病病变的人群服用富硒酵母,亚硒酸钠和肌肉注射硒代二乙酸后体内硒保留量的动态变化。分析了治疗效应与摄入三种形态的硒后硒在体内保留量的关系,并与对照组作了比较。讨论了不同形态硒的生物活性。研究结果是三种形态的硒对早期大骨节病病变均有非常显著的疗效,再一次证明低硒生态环境是大骨节病流行的基础。     

青海平安富Se土壤区环境及人体Se含量调查

通过对平安区三合镇祁新庄、骆驼堡、三合村3个村庄内土壤、饮用水、人体毛发、人体尿液的采样调查分析,并以乐都城台乡坝口村和山城村2个村庄作为Se背景区进行对比研究,认为平安三合富Se土壤产生了明显的生态效应,Se通过土壤-粮食-人体等生物链进行迁移积累,致使人发、人尿中Se水平与土壤Se呈正相关关系,人体Se水平良好响应环境Se状况。     

Campylobacter coli infection causing second trimester intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): a case report and review of the literature

Campylobacter is a gram-negative, microaerophilic, curved rod and a normal resident of the gastrointestinal flora and may be the cause of disease in animals. Transmission to humans occurs by ingestion of contaminated food or by direct contact with infected animals. In the past few decades, an increasing number of reports have implicated the presence of this organism in human abortions as well. An infectious mechanism due to primary placental inflammatory damage followed by secondary damage to the fetus following placental insufficiency and ischemia was suggested. The most common species of Campylobacter are Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, which are classically associated with enteritis in humans. We present a rare case of mid-gestation intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) associated with maternal bacteremia caused by C. coli infection. Our literature review focuses on Campylobacter infections occurring in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. In all cases, mild maternal symptoms consisting of fever and weakness were presented. However, associated adverse fetal outcome, including abortions, IUGR or preterm labor may occur more frequently than anticipated. Our report strengthens the importance of awareness to this finding and focuses the need to consume properly cooked meat during pregnancy. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mercury in aquatic fauna contamination: A systematic review on its dynamics and potential health risks

Mercury is an important pollutant, released into aquatic ecosystems both naturally and by anthropogenic action. This element is transferred to aquatic organisms in different ways, causing potential health risks. In addition, mercury can be accumulated by humans, especially through the consumption of contaminated food. This systematic review aims to present mercury pathways, the major routes through which this element reaches the aquatic environment and its transformations until becoming available to living animals, leading to bioaccumulation and biomagnification phenomena. The key biotic and abiotic factors affecting such processes, the impact of mercury on animal and human health and the issue of seafood consumption as a source of chronic mercury contamination are also addressed. A total of 101 articles were retrieved from a standardized search on three databases (PubMed, Emabse, and Web of Science), in addition to 28 other studies not found on these databases but considered fundamental to this review (totaling 129 articles). Both biotic and abiotic factors display fundamental importance in mediating mercurial dynamics, i.e., muscle tropism, and salinity, respectively. Consequently, mercurial contamination in aquatic environments affects animal health, especially the risk of extinction species and also on human health, with methylmercury the main mercury species responsible for acute and chronic symptomatology.     

硒对水稻吸收积累和转运锰、铁、磷和硒的影响

采用土壤盆栽法研究硒对水稻吸收积累和转运锰、铁、磷和硒的影响.结果表明,土壤添加Se可导致水稻铁膜、根系、茎叶、谷壳和糙米中Se含量显著提高,水稻茎叶、谷壳和糙米中Mn含量显著降低.当土壤添加0.5 mg·kg-1Se和1.0mg·kg-1Se时,水稻茎叶Mn含量分别比对照处理降低32.2%和35.0%,谷壳Mn含量分别降低22.0%和42.6%,糙米Mn含量分别降低27.5%和28.5%.Se对水稻各部位的P和Fe(除谷壳外)含量影响不大.土壤添加Se对水稻铁膜、根系、茎叶和谷壳向糙米转运P和Fe的影响均不显著,但Se添加可以显著地降低水稻铁膜和根系向糙米中转运Mn的能力.与对照相比,土壤添加1.0 mg·kg-1Se导致Mn由铁膜和根系向糙米中的转运系数分别降低38.9%和37.9%.添加Se对水稻铁膜、根系、茎叶、谷壳和糙米中Mn、Fe、P和Se的分配比率也产生不同程度的影响.研究结果暗示可通过土壤添加Se来减少水稻对Mn的吸收积累和转运,从而降低Mn通过食物链途径对人体健康造成危害.