2007年中国大陆地区生物质燃烧排放污染物清单

采用排放因子法计算了中国2007年间CH4、SO2、NOx、NH3、EC、OC、NMVOC、CO、CO2、TSP、PM10、PM2.5的排放总量,建立了生物质燃烧污染物排放清单,计算了各污染物总排放量的空间分布及不同生物质燃烧类型对各污染物总排放量的贡献率,重点完善了各省市生物质燃烧排放不同粒径颗粒物清单.结果显示,2007年我国大陆生物质燃烧排放CH4、SO2、NOx、NH3、OC、EC、NMVOC、CO、CO2、TSP、PM10、PM2.5排放总量分别分为3332.7, 335.3, 951.3, 7754.9, 783.7, 267.7, 6049.6, 76579.6, 743743.7, 7677.8, 6668.9, 4043.7kt.四川、安徽、广西、山东、河南、江苏等地区生物质燃烧各污染物排放量较高,北京、天津、海南、宁夏、青海和西藏等省区各污染物排放量较少.不同地区排放污染物的主要生物质类型存在较大的差异,单位面积排放强度和人均排放量区域间差异显著.人类活动是生物质燃烧排放污染物的主要影响因素,秸秆和薪柴燃烧是污染物排放量最大的2种生物质,其对各种污染物的贡献率为93.8%~98.7%.     

中国露天生物质燃烧的温室气体排放及秸秆禁燃政策的协同减排效应

露天生物质燃烧是温室气体（CO₂、CH₄、N₂O）的重要排放源之一,这些排放可影响本地、区域和全球的大气化学和气候变化,并带来一系列生态环境问题,进而对人类及其他生物的生存环境产生影响.本研究采用卫星火点排放清单（FINN）,对2010—2019年中国露天生物质燃烧温室气体排放进行研究,并分析秸秆禁燃政策对温室气体排放的影响,对后续秸秆禁燃政策的制定具有重要参考价值.结果表明,我国2010—2019年平均年温室气体排放量为1.53×10⁸ t（将CH₄和N₂O的温室效应换算为同等效应的CO₂当量单位）,总体呈波动性下降趋势.温室气体排放量最大的植被类型是森林（7.43×10⁷ t）和农作物（3.19×10⁷ t）,分别占总排放量的48.7%和20.9%.从月分布来看,露天生物质燃烧排放的温室气体集中在2—6月,3月是高峰值.从空间分布上看,排放主要集中在华南、西南和华东地区,占总排放量的72.9%.从2013年以来,秸秆禁燃政策的加强在一定程度上降低了露天农作物秸秆燃烧排放的温室气体和PM_2.5.从变化量看,28个省份实现了秸秆燃烧排放的温室气体与PM_2.5同步下降.     

中国生物质燃烧大气污染物排放清单

根据2000-2007年各省市生物质燃烧消耗量和排放因子,估算了中国大陆生物质燃烧所导致的NOx、SO2、CO、CO2、CH4、NMHC、PM、BC排放量,并给出了分省区、分生物质类型的排放清单.研究表明,2007年中国生物质燃烧排放的NOx、SO2、CO、CO2、CH4、NMHC、PM和BC排放量分别为109万t,1...     

西宁市生物质燃烧源大气污染物排放清单

本研究根据调查的西宁市生物质燃烧源活动水平数据,采用排放因子方法,建立了 2018年西宁市生物质燃烧源9种大气污染物的排放清单,并分析了清单的时空分布特征和不确定性.结果表明,西宁市2018年生物质燃烧源CO、NOx、SO2、NH3、VOCs、PM2.5、PM10、BC 和OC 的排放量分别为 11 718.34、604.41、167.80、209.72、1 617.97、2 054.04、2 135.04、281.07和 1 224.78 t.秸秆露天焚烧 CO、NOx、VOCs、PM2.5、PM10、BC 和OC 的排放对生物质燃烧源的排放贡献率最高;其中,秸秆露天焚烧NOx、VOCs和CO的贡献率分别为72.35％、63.94％和53.18％.户用生物质炉NH3和SO2的排放对生物质燃烧源的贡献率最大,分别为41.49％和42.05％.生物质燃烧源大气污染物排放地区分布不均衡,主要集中于大通县和湟中区.生物质燃烧源9项污染物的排放量在1、2、3、10、11和12月较大,占比在5％～33％.蒙特卡罗模拟结果表明,在95％置信区间下,不确定度最高的是森林和草原火灾的PM2.5排放,不确定度为-26.71％～29.78％.     

浙江2001—2016年露天生物质燃烧排放污染物时空格局

生物质露天燃烧排放烟气颗粒物对大气环境、生态系统和人类健康有重要影响. 该研究基于MODIS - MCD64A1数据提取2001—2016年浙江省森林、灌丛、草地火灾面积和作物秸秆火点数据,结合植被类型、生物质密度和燃烧效率,运用排放因子法,估算16年间浙江区域露天生物质燃烧排放污染物总量. 结果表明,2001—2016年浙江区域露天生物质燃烧总量为58.78 mt,其中乔木、灌木、草本、水稻、小麦、玉米、豆类和油菜燃烧总量分别为202.18 kt、10.43 kt、300.10 t、46.66 mt、1.94 mt、2.45 mt、3.45 mt和4.06 mt. 森林和秸秆火次数分别为1783次和23257次,森林火灾多集中在浙江南部区域,秸秆火多集中在浙江北部区域. 森林和草地火灾次数主要集中在3月和10月,作物秸秆火点主要集中在5、7和8月份,占全年75%以上. 各污染物CO₂、CO、NO_x、VOCs、PM_2.5、TC、OC和EC排放总量分别为667.20、26.40、1.13、4.92、5.12、2.85、2.59和0.23 mt. 该研究揭示了浙江地区生物质露天燃烧排放污染物的时空变化,为深入揭示生物质燃烧对区域环境影响提供数据支持.     

成都平原土壤—蔬菜系统N2O 排放特征

 2005 年4 月11 日~2006 年5 月8 日,利用静态箱/气相色谱法对成都平原蔬菜地N₂O 排放进行定位观测,分析了蔬菜地N₂O 排放特征及氮肥、土壤湿度、土壤温度及蔬菜生长对N₂O 排放的影响,为准确估算蔬菜地N₂O 排放提供基础数据.结果表明,土壤-蔬菜系统在不施氮和施氮(200kg/hm2)情况下,N₂O平均排放通量分别为(58.7±13.9),(83.8±16.2)µg/(m²·h).施氮引起的N₂O排放量占施氮量的0.38%.施氮蔬菜生长期N₂O 排放呈双峰型季节变化趋势.休闲期N₂O 排放波动较小,但土壤翻耕导致出现1 周左右的突跃性高排放.施氮增加N₂O 排放量的效应随不同蔬菜生长期间单位时间施肥强度的增加而增大.蔬菜生长期和休闲期N₂O 排放通量与土壤水分(WFPS)呈显著负相关(P<0.05).土壤温度与春季蔬菜生长期N₂O 排放通量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),但与冬季蔬菜和休闲期土壤N₂O 排放的相关性不显著.同时,不施氮情况下,蔬菜地N₂O 排放通量高于水稻-油菜轮作系统,施氮蔬菜地N₂O 排放系数也稍高于水稻-油菜系统,表明成都平原蔬菜地N₂O排放强度高于大宗粮食作物农田的排放强度.     

不同政策调控下的水泥行业CO2排放模拟与分析

 从水泥行业CO₂排放的响应行为入手,采用系统动力学方法,构建水泥行业CO₂排放的系统动力学仿真模型,并进行验证;识别和分析水泥行业CO₂排放的主要驱动力,并设置了基准情景、产业政策调控情景、环境政策强化调控情景进行预测与分析.结果表明,3种情景下水泥消费将在2008年达到饱和点后,转入缓慢增长时期.基准情景下CO₂的直接排放量与水泥消费具有相同的规律,而产业政策情景及环境政策强化调控情景下水泥行业CO₂的直接排放量将在2008年达到最高点后,出现缓慢下降并逐渐平稳的趋势.水泥消费达到饱和点之前,3种情景下CO₂的直接排放都呈现快速增长的态势.政策变量中水泥熟料比重对CO₂的直接排放影响最大.在产业结构调整的同时,应尽快降低新型干法水泥的电耗水平,避免CO₂的直接排放由热能消耗转移到电能消耗上.     

北京市能源利用对空气质量的影响分析和预测

 为评价能源消耗对未来北京市空气质量的影响,以2000年为基准年,2008年为目标年,建立了北京市城八区能源利用相关的一次PM₁₀、SO₂和Nox的排放清单,采用空气质量模型,模拟城八区内各污染物浓度的时空分布,分析其排放和浓度分布特征及行业分担率,并预测2008年的空气质量.结果表明,对于能源消耗排放的一次PM₁₀和SO₂,工业排放对其浓度的贡献率在40%以上;机动车排放对Nox浓度的贡献率在65%左右;按照现行的政策和发展趋势,2008年北京市城八区的空气质量将有所好转,与能源利用相关的一次PM₁₀、SO₂和NO₂在各监测点的年日均浓度分别约为25,50,51μg/m³.     

放牧对内蒙古草原温室气体排放的影响

 静态箱-气相色谱法用于测定内蒙古典型草原温室气体排放.禁牧草原及放牧草原吸收CH₄、排放N₂O和CO₂各自有其相对固定的季节变化形式,草原和大气交换温室气体通量的季节变化形式主要受年度气候变化所控制,而土壤、植被类型、降雨量等禁牧因素和放牧强度等人为因素仅影响排放强度.与禁牧草原相比,自由放牧降低了羊草草原对CH4的吸收和对N₂O的排放,但大大增加了CO₂的排放量.随着放牧强度的增加,草原温室气体排放强度呈线性迅速增长.     

我国西部农村地区固体燃料燃烧污染物排放因子测定及分布特征

排放因子是估算污染物排放量的重要参数,为获取可靠的、有区域特征的固体燃料排放因子,2018年在我国西部9个省/自治区利用稀释采样系统入户收集了226个固体燃料燃烧样本,获得了薪柴、秸秆和煤在不同类型炉具中燃烧排放CO₂、CO、OC、EC、PM_2.5的排放因子。结果表明,秸秆类较易燃烧的燃料有较高的OC、EC、PM_2.5排放因子,煤有较高的CO₂、CO排放因子。炉灶类型对薪柴的OC、PM_2.5的排放因子影响稍大,薪柴在炕中燃烧的OC、PM_2.5排放因子比在砖灶和铁炉高约2—3.1倍,但秸秆在不同炉具中的排放因子差异较小。受不同区域燃料和炉灶类型以及操作习惯差异的共同影响,排放因子呈现明显的区域性差异,高CO₂排放因子分布在以煤作为主要燃料的区域,高OC、EC、PM_2.5排放因子分布在以生物质作为主要燃料的区域,并且CO、OC和PM_2.5排放因子的区域分布呈现一定的相关性。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.