Health risks associated with heavy metals in the drinking water of Swat, northern Pakistan

The concentrations of heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were investigated in drinking water sources （surface and groundwater） collected from Swat valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The potential health risks of heavy metals to the local population and their possible source apportionment were also studied. Heavy metal concentrations were analysed using atomic absorption spectrometer and compared with permissible limits set by Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb were higher than their respective permissible limits, while Cu, Mn and Zn concentrations were observed within their respective limits. Health risk indicators such as chronic daily intake （CDI） and health risk index （HRI） were calculated for adults and children separately. CDIs and HRIs of heavy metals were found in the order of Cr 〉 Mn 〉 Ni 〉 Zn 〉 Cd 〉 Cu 〉 Pb and Cd 〉 Ni 〉 Mn 〉 Cr 〉 Cu 〉 Pb 〉 Zn, respectively. HRIs of selected heavy metals in the drinking water were less than 1, indicating no health risk to the local people. Multivariate and univariate statistical analyses showed that geologic and anthropogenic activities were the possible sources of water contamination with heavy metals in the study area.     

Investigation on Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd fractions in the natural surface coating samples and surficial sediments in the Songhua River, China

Natural surface coating samples （NSCSs） from the surface of shingles and surficial sediments （SSs） in the Songhua River, China were employed to investigate the relationship between NSCSs and SSs in fractions of heavy metals （Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd） using the modified sequential extraction procedure （MSEP）. The results show that the differences between NSCSs and SSs in Fe fi＇actions were insignificant and Fe was dominantly present as residual phase （76.22% for NSCSs and 80.88% for SSs） and Fe-oxides phase （20.33% for NSCSs and 16.15% for SSs）. Significant variation of Mn distribution patterns between NSCSs and SSs was observed with Mn in NSCSs mainly present in Mn-oxides phase （48.27%） and that in SSs present as residual phase （45.44%）. Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd were found dominantly in residual fractions （〉48%）, and next in solid oxides/hydroxides for Zn, Pb and Cd and in easily oxidizable solids/compounds form for Cu, respectively. The heavy metal distribution patterns implied that Fe/Mn oxides both in NSCSs and SSs were more important sinks for binding and adsorption of Zn, Pb and Cd than organic matter （OM）, and inversely, higher affinity of Cu to OM than Fe/Mn oxides in NSCSs and SSs was obtained. Meanwhile, it was found that the distributions of heavy metals in NSCSs and SSs were similar to each other and the pseudo-total concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in NSCSs were greater than those in SSs, highlighting the more importance for NSCSs than SSs in controlling behaviours of heavy metals in aquatic environments.     

Factors influencing the contents of metals and As in soils around the watershed of Guanting Reservoir, China

Topsoil samples from 61 sites around the Guanting Reservoir,China,were measured for Cu,Zn,Cr,Ni,Cd,Pb and As concentrations.The mean concentrations of Cu,Zn,Cr,Ni,Cd,Pb and As were 16.8,59.4,37.8,18.3,0.32,20.1 and 8.67 mg/kg dry weight,respectively.Factors that influence the dynamics of these metals in soils around the watersheds of Beijing reservoirs were examined.The influence of atmospheric deposition,land use,soil texture,soil type and soil chemical parameters on metal contents in soils was investigated.Atmospheric deposition,land use and soil texture were the important factors affecting heavy metal residues.Soil type and soil chemical parameters were also involved in heavy metal retention in soils.The data provided in this study are considered crucial for reservoir remediation,especially since the Guanting Reservoir will serve as one of the main drinking water sources for Beijing in the foreseeable future.     

Chemical speciation and mobility of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash

Chemical speciation is a significant factor that govems the toxicity and mobility of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash. Sequential extraction procedure is applied to fractionate heavy metals( Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, and Cr) into five defined groups: exchangeable, carbonate, Fe-Mn oxide, organic, and residual fractions. The mobility of heavy metals is also investigated with the aid of toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. In the fly ash sample, Pb is primarily presented in the carbonate (51%) and exchangeable(20% ) fractions; Cd and Zn mainly exist as the exchangeable(83% and 49% respectively) ; Cu is mostly contained in the last three fractions(totally 87% ) ; and Cr is mainly contained in the residual fraction(62% ). Pb, Zn and Cd showed the high mobility in the investigation, thus might be of risk to the natural environment when municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash is landfilled or reutilized.     

Heavy metals pollution in poultry and livestock feeds and manures under intensive farming in Jiangsu Province, China

The heavy metals pollution in poultry and livestock feeds and manures under intensive farming in Jiangsu Province was investigated. 97 feed and manure samples were sampled from 31 farming plants in 10 major cities of Jiangsu. 14 metals, including Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Mo, Mn, Ba, Co, Sr, Ti, As and Hg, were analyzed after samples acid digestion. The results showed that the most feed samples contained high concentration of metals exceeding National Hygienical Standard for Feeds. Meanwhile, it was found that Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and Cr concentrations in animal manures were also high, for example, Cu concentration in a manure sample reached to as much as 1726.3 mg/kg. Heavy metals loading quantities in soil per year were then calculated when metals contaminated organic fertilizers were applied, and its effects on soil environmental qualitv were further evaluated.     

PM2.5, PM10 and health risk assessment of heavy metals in a typical printed circuit noards manufacturing workshop

A typical Printed Circuit Board（PCB） manufacturer was chosen as the object of this study.During PCB processing, fine particulate matter and heavy metals（Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd and Ni）will be released into the air and dust, which then impact workers＇ health and the environment. The concentrations of total suspended particle（TSP）, PM10 and PM2.5in the off-site were 106.3, 90.0 and 50.2 μg/m3, respectively, while the concentrations of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5in the workshops ranged from 36.1 to 365.3, from 27.1 to 289.8 and from 22.1 to212.3 μg/m3, respectively. Almost all six of the heavy metals were detected in all of the particle samples except Cd. For each workshop, it was obvious that Zn was the most enriched metal in TSP, followed by Cu 〉 Pb（Cr） 〉 Ni 〉 Cd, and the same trend was found for PM10 and PM2.5. In the dust samples, Cu（which ranged from 4.02 to 56.31 mg/g） was the most enriched metal, followed by Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni and Cd, and the corresponding concentrations ranged from 0.77 to 4.47, 0.37 to 1.59, 0.26 to 0.84, 0.13 to 0.44 and nd to0.078 mg/g, respectively. The health risk assessment showed that noncancerous effects are unlikely for Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu, Cd and Ni. The carcinogenic risks for Cd and Ni were all lower than 10-6, except for Cr. This result indicates that carcinogenic risks for workers are relatively possible in the workshops. These findings suggest that this technology is advanced from the perspective of environmental protection in the waste PCB＇s recycling industry.     

Changes in heavy metal contents in animal feeds and manures in an intensive animal production region of China

The 360 feed and manure samples were collected from 150 animal farms in Jiangsu Province, China and analyzed for heavy metals. Concentrations of Zn and Cu in animal feeds were 15.9-2041.8 and undetected-392.1 mg/kg respectively, while Hg, As, Pb, Cd, and Cr in all feeds were below 10 mg/kg. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Cr in animal manures were 8.4-1726, 39.5-11379, and 1.0-1602 mg/kg respectively, while As, Cd, Hg, and Pb were 〈 10 mg/kg. The concentration of Cu, Zn, As and Cr in animal feed and manure were positively correlated （p 〈 0.001）, but the Cd, Hg, and Pb were not statistically correlated between the feed and the manure. Concentrations of Cu and Zn were highest in pig feed and manure, followed by poultry and dairy feeds and manures. During 1990- 2008, Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Cd contents increased by 771%, 410%, 420%, 220%, and 63% in pig manure, 212%, 95%, 200%, 791%, and -63% in dairy manure, and 181%, 197%, 1500%, 261, and 196% in poultry manure. Most of the increases occurred from 2002 to 2008, which reflects the extensive use of feed additives after 2002. In contrast, Pb and Hg in manures continuously decreased from 1990 to 2008. The results suggest that the heavy metal contents in animal manure have been greatly increased over 18 years and the contribution of manures to soil should be considered.     

Competitive adsorption and mobility sequence of heavy metals in urban soils of southeastern China

Heavy metals can be introduced into urban soils at the same time. Therefore, their selective retention and competitive adsorption by the soils become of major importance in determining their availability and movement throughout the soil. In this study, the availability and mobility of six heavy metals in eight urban soils collected from different cities of Zhejiang Province, southeastern China were assessed using distribution coefficients（Kd） and retardation factor（Rf）. The results showed that there were great differences in the Kd and Rfamong the tested soils. The adsorption sequences were Cr〉Pb〉Cu〉Cd〉Zn〉Ni, and the Kd decreased with increasing levels of metal addition. Ni generally has the lowest Rf values followed closely by Cd, and Zn whereas Cr and Pb reached the highest values. The results suggest that Ni and Zn have the highest mobility associated to the lowest adsorption, Cr and Pb present the opposite behavior. Correlation analysis indicates that soil pH, CaCO3 content, and cation exchange capacity （CEC） are key factors controlling the solubility and mobility of the metals in the urban soils.     

Partitioning of heavy metals in the surface sediments of Quanzhou Bay wetland and its availability to Suaeda australis

In order to investigate distributions of heavy metal pollution in Quanzhou Bay wetland, the total concentration and chemical partitioning of a number of heavy metals （Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, Hg） in sediments of three sampling sites of Quanzhou Bay wetland and their availability to Suaeda australis were analyzed. The Geoaccumulation Index （Igeo） values reveal that the sediments of three sampling sites may all be considered as moderately contaminated for Pb and Zn, and all sediments might be strongly contaminated with cadmium. The partitioning analyses revealed the measured heavy metals in three sites are bound to the exchangeable fraction at lower concentrations. The measured metals in a considerable amount are bound to the reducible and oxidizable fractions, and a high proportion of the measured heavy metals were distributed in the residual fraction in the sediment samples. The concentrations of Cd in each chemical phase extracted from the sediments are above natural global background levels and should be further investigated because of its toxicity. Suaeda australis has different accumulation abilities for the measured heavy metals. For the root and stem, the bioaccumulation ability assessed by bioaccumulation factor （BAF） for the measured heavy metals follows the decreasing order as： Cu〉Cr〉 Zn〉Cd, Pb, Hg. In the leaf, stronger bioaccumulation ability for Hg is exhibited. The heavy metal concentrations in Suaeda australis roots have positive correlations with their available fractions, while the exchangeable fraction of Cu and Cd might have be more important to both mature plant roots and seedling roots uptake than other fractions; as for Cr, the oxidizable fraction might make a greater contribution to the plant root uptake; as for Zn, the reducible fraction might make so contribution ; and for Pb, the oxidizable fraction might make a significant contribution to the mature plant root uptake, however, the exchangeable fraction might have a significant contribution to the seedling root uptake.     

Metals in sediment/pore water in Chaohu Lake: Distribution, trends and flux

Nine metals, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, As, Cr, Zn, Fe, and Mn in sediment and pore water from 57 sampling sites in Chaohu Lake (Anhui Province, China) were analyzed for spatial distribution, temporal trends and diffuse flux in 2010. Metals in the surface sediment were generally the highest in the western lake center and Nanfei-Dianbu River estuary, with another higher area of As, Fe, and Mn occurring in the Qiyang River estuary. Metal contamination assessment using the New York sediment screening criteria showed that the sediment was severely contaminated in 44% of the area with Mn, 20% with Zn, 16% with Fe, 14% with As, and 6% with Cr and Ni. An increasing trend of toxic metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, As, Cr, Zn) and Mn with depth was shown in the western lake. Compared with metal content data from the sediment survey conducted in 1980s, the metal content of surface sediment in 2010 was 2.0 times that in the 1980s for Cr, Cu, Zn, and As in the western lake, and less than 1.5 times higher for most of the metals in the eastern lake. Among the metals, only Mn and As had a widespread positive diffuse flux from the pore water to overlying water across the whole lake. The estimated flux in the whole lake was on average 3.36 mg/(m². day) for Mn and 0.08 mg/(m². day) for As, which indicated a daily increase of 0.93 μg/L for Mn and 0.02 μg/L for As in surface water. The increasing concentration of metals in the sediment and the flux of metals from pore water to overlying water by diffusion and other physical processes should not be ignored for drinking-water sources.     

厦门市大气PM_(2.5)中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

用ICP-MS对厦门市夏冬两季城区和郊区PM_(2.5)(当量直径≤2.5 μm的颗粒物)及其中10种重金属(V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Zn、As、Cd、Pb和Cu)含量进行测定,分析其污染特征,并对重金属的健康风险进行评价。结果表明,采样期间厦门市PM_(2.5)中重金属含量水平表现为ZnPbCuMnVAsNiCrCdCo,其中Zn、Pb、As、Cd和Cu富集因子远远大于10,受人为影响较严重。健康风险评价结果表明,PM_(2.5)中重金属的非致癌健康风险可以忽略;几乎所有重金属的致癌健康风险都高于最大可接受风险值10~(-6)。     

珠三角地区大气PM2.5中重金属污染水平及健康风险评价

采集了珠三角地区2014—2015年冬、夏两季的环境空气PM_(2.5)样品,利用电感耦合等离体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定了样品中的重金属含量,并采用US EPA环境健康风险评价模型,对其健康风险进行了评估.结果表明:环境空气中重金属元素Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd、As、Ni、Cr的浓度分别为11.1~183.0、48.5~406.0、110~1218、0.2~14.4、3.5~77.0、0.38~18.90、2.89~93.20 ng·m-3,浓度大小顺序为:ZnCuPbAsCrNiCd;除As外,其余重金属浓度均表现为冬季高于夏季.元素As经皮肤黏滞及口腔摄入的非致癌风险值均在安全范围内,但经呼吸途径暴露存在非致癌风险;Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr经3种途径暴露不存在非致癌风险;元素Pb、As、Cd、Cr经皮肤黏滞及口腔摄入的致癌风险均值尚在安全值范围内,但经呼吸暴露存在致癌风险;元素Ni经3种途径暴露不存在致癌风险.对于综合危害指数(HI),除As外,其他金属元素的HI值均低于安全值,各金属元素的HI值大小顺序为:AsCdNiCr.研究表明,在珠三角区域环境空气PM_(2.5)中,元素As、Cr存在一定的健康风险.     

2011~2012北京大气PM2.5中重金属的污染特征与来源分析

为研究北京PM_(2.5)中重金属污染特征,于2011年夏季~2012年夏季每3 d采集一次PM_(2.5)样品.利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)分析了Li、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Ti、Ga、Ni、Sr、Cd、In、Ba、Tl、Pb、Bi和U的浓度,选取其中Zn、Pb、Mn、Cu、As、V和Cr 7种主要重金属元素进行深入讨论.北京市PM_(2.5)中重金属Zn、Pb、Mn、Cu、As、V和Cr的平均质量浓度分别为(331.30±254.52)、(212.64±182.06)、(85.96±47.00)、(45.19±27.74)、(17.13±19.02)、(4.92±3.38)和(9.04±7.84)ng·m-3.采样期间秋冬季节PM_(2.5)中重金属污染较春夏季节严重,这可能与北京秋冬季节取暖导致煤燃烧增加有关.霾过程会加剧北京PM_(2.5)中主要重金属Zn、Pb、Mn、Cu、As、V和Cr的污染,霾天对重金属污染的增加作用呈现一定的季节变化特征.源分析结果表明北京大气颗粒物中重金属主要来源于扬尘(包括建筑扬尘和道路扬尘)和煤燃烧,少量来自远距离输送和其他工业来源.     

山西省武乡县城大气PM2.5痕量重金属的生态和健康风险分析

为了解山西省武乡县城大气PM_(2.5)污染特征及PM_(2.5)中痕量重金属的生态和健康风险,在分析县城环境空气质量状况的基础上,分别于秋季(2014-10-22~2014-11-19)和冬季(2015-01-12~2015-02-13)在武乡县环境保护局楼顶用中流量采样器采集大气PM_(2.5)样品,每天换膜一次,利用称重法计算PM_(2.5)浓度,运用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定样品中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn 7种元素含量,运用地累积指数法、生态风险指数法、相关性分析和主成分分析、美国环保署暴露模型等表征痕量重金属的污染程度、来源、潜在的生态和健康风险等.结果表明,冬季大气PM_(2.5)浓度是秋季的3倍左右,有65%的天数超过国家环境空气质量二级标准(GB 3095-2012);PM_(2.5)中痕量重金属来源主要包括燃煤和交通等人为源,贡献率分别为58.38%和18.73%,所测重金属浓度顺序为CuZnPbCrAsNiCd,其中Cd、Cu的生态风险指数、Cr的非致癌和致癌暴露风险大于其它金属.冬季燃煤增加和大气扩散条件差是武乡县城大气PM_(2.5)浓度超标以及造成痕量重金属生态和健康风险增大的主要原因.     

天津市春季道路降尘PM2.5中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

为研究天津市春季道路降尘PM_2.5中重金属污染特征及健康风险,于2015年3月22日-5月23日用降尘缸采集天津市主干道、次干道、支路、快速路道路两侧道路降尘样品,利用再悬浮系统将道路降尘中PM_2.5悬浮至滤膜上,并用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定了PM_2.5中7种重金属（Ni、Pb、Cd、As、Mn、Cu和Zn）的质量分数.结果表明:道路降尘PM_2.5中Ni、Pb、Cd、As、Mn、Cu和Zn质量分数平均值分别为37.05、82.50、1.73、25.65、380.18、201.08和736.43 mg/kg;I_geo（地累积指数）显示,Cd属于强污染,Zn和Cu属于中到强污染,Pb属于中度污染,As属于轻度污染,Ni和Mn属于无污染;健康风险评价显示,手-口摄入是道路降尘PM_2.5中重金属进入人体的主要途径,儿童的暴露剂量和非致癌风险均高于成人,总非致癌风险次序为As > Pb > Mn > Cu > Zn > Cd > Ni,其中儿童手-口途径As的暴露风险商（HQ_ing）及非致癌总风险（HI）均为1.23,大于限值（1）,对儿童存在非致癌风险;其他重金属非致癌总风险均低于限值,对人体无非致癌风险;道路降尘PM_2.5中Ni、As和Cd通过呼吸途径对人体均无致癌风险.      

澧水入湖河床沉积物重金属污染特征及评价

利用等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)对澧水入湖段河床沉积物重金属含量进行分析测定,并对沉积物重金属污染程度进行了评价.结果表明,澧水入湖沉积物重金属Cd含量较高,超出土壤背景值3.5~15.6倍,超标率达100%.地累积指数评价结果显示,Cd处于中度污染水平,重金属污染程度从高到低为:CdCuNiMnZnCoPbCrV.潜在生态风险评价结果显示,沉积物Cd的生态风险指数RI值在84.3~230之间,表现出很强的生态风险.重金属生态风险排序为:CdCuNiPbCoCrVMnZn,且沉积物重金属Cd对潜在生态风险指数RI值的贡献率最大.健康风险评价结果显示,重金属Mn、V、Pb、Cr、Cu、Co、Zn、Ni、Cd等均没有显著的非致癌风险,儿童致癌风险比成人大1.3~5.6倍,其中,重金属Cr、Co可对儿童和成人构成潜在致癌风险.重金属Cd、Pb、Zn可能主要来自于工矿排放等人为带入,而V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu等重金属可能主要来自流域基岩的自然风化、侵蚀等地表作用.流域重金属污染防治应主要针对Cd、Cr、Pb、Zn等重金属污染而进行.     

海西城市群PM2.5中重金属元素的污染特征及健康风险评价

采集2010~2011年海西城市群PM_(2.5)样品,用粒子激发-X射线发射技术(PIXE)方法测试样品中痕量重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Mn、Ni、Cr、As)的浓度,分析痕量重金属的污染特征、富集程度和来源,并进行重金属对人体健康风险的评价.结果表明,PM_(2.5)中重金属总浓度的时空分布特征与PM_(2.5)的不一致,这与PM_(2.5)的某些主要贡献源(如建筑尘和扬尘等)并非痕量重金属的贡献源有关.PM_(2.5)中Zn、Cu、Pb、Mn、Ni、Cr、As等重金属的EF值均高于10,呈明显的人为源富集现象.主成分-多元线性回归(PCA-MLR)解析结果显示,PM_(2.5)中痕量重金属主要有3种来源,即燃煤和机动车尾气(70.59%)、混合源(燃煤、燃油和冶炼行业,17.55%)以及其他工业源(11.86%).健康风险评价结果显示,PM_(2.5)中致癌重金属(Ni、Cr、As)的风险值高于非致癌重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Mn)风险值,但均低于一般可接受风险水平(10-6),说明海西城市群大气环境PM_(2.5)中重金属未对人体健康造成危害.     

苏州古城区域河道底泥的重金属污染分布及生态风险评价

本文分析了苏州古城区域20个代表性断面中8种重金属（Cd、Cu、Cr、As、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn）的含量,评价了重金属的污染程度和潜在生态风险并甄别了污染来源.结果表明,苏州古城区域河道底泥中Cd、Cu、Cr、As、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn的平均含量分别为1.1、142.6、90.2、17.2、800.1、63.3、199.1和384.2 mg·kg^-1,超过江苏省土壤背景值的采样点比例分别为100%、100%、65%、95%、70%、100%、95%和100%.利用地累积指数评价发现,8种重金属元素污染程度依次为Pb > Cd > Cu > Zn > Cr > Ni > As > Mn,总体上Pb处于强度污染水平,Cd、Cu、Zn和Cr处于中强度污染水平,Ni和As处于轻度污染水平,Mn处于无污染水平.潜在生态风险指数评价显示,8种重元素的潜在生态风险依次为Cd > Pb > Cu > As > Ni > Zn > Cr > Mn,总体上Cd、Pb和Cu处于中风险水平,其余5种重金属处于低风险水平.古城区域内北部河道和南部河道底泥重金属的平均含量、地累积指数值和潜在生态风险指数值均大于干将河和环城河,水环境重金属治理应重点关注古城区域内部.相关性分析和主成分分析表明,Cd、Cu、Cr、As、Ni、Pb和Zn元素可能源于化肥、路面老化、轮胎磨损和尾气排放等人为因素,Mn则主要源于自然因素.     

云南5城市道路扬尘PM2.5中重金属含量表征及健康风险

为研究云南城市道路扬尘PM_2.5中重金属含量、来源和其健康风险,分别在昆明、保山、文山、昭通和玉溪这5个典型城市区域采集道路扬尘样品,使用颗粒物再悬浮技术将尘样悬浮并采集PM_2.5,利用ICP-MS检测PM_2.5中铬(Cr)、锰(Mn)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、砷(As)、镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)等8种重金属.结果表明,5城市道路扬尘Cr、 Ni、 Cu、 Zn和Pb含量均严重超过云南土壤背景值;富集因子表明,云南5城市道路扬尘PM_2.5中重金属多数表现为中度富集和强烈富集,受人为活动影响较大.相关性分析和主成分分析结果表明,云南省不同类型城市道路扬尘PM_2.5中重金属均受土壤源和交通源影响;其余来源差异性较大：昆明受钢铁冶炼源影响、保山和玉溪受有色金属冶炼源影响、昭通受燃煤源影响.健康风险分析表明：昆明、玉溪和昭通的道路扬尘PM_2.5中Cr、 Pb和As存在儿童非致癌风险,昆明市的Cr还存在终身致癌风险.     

长春市典型高架公路大气环境颗粒物中重金属污染特征

于2014年4—11月对长春市典型高架公路大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)进行采样,对颗粒物中主要重金属元素的浓度进行了分析,并采用变异系数法、地积累指数法和富集因子法对大气颗粒物重金属污染情况进行评价.研究表明,道路施工期间,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中重金属的浓度普遍低于道路运行通车后的浓度,而采暖期重金属的浓度又高于非采暖期的浓度.重金属元素在PM_(2.5)中的含量占PM_(10)中总含量的比例均超过50%,说明颗粒物越细越容易富集重金属.Zn、Fe和Mn的变异系数较小,说明来源稳定,自然源占主导地位.富集因子法表明,Zn的富集程度极强,Mn无富集.Cr和Cd的变异系数较大,受人为活动干扰严重,在道路施工期间二者富集程度较轻,道路通行加之采暖后富集程度加强,主要来源为汽油和煤的燃烧.Pb、Cu和Ni的变异系数在0.56~0.76之间,有一定的人为干扰,Pb和Ni在高架公路施工期富集程度较轻,道路运行及取暖期富集程度显著,主要来源是交通源;Cu富集程度强,主要来源可能是油燃烧、建筑扬尘.