Stable oligonucleotide-functionalized gold nanosensors for environmental biocontaminant monitoring

The global propagation of environmental biocontaminants such as antibiotic resistant pathogens and their antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs) is a public health concern that highlights the need for improved monitoring strategies. Here, we demonstrate the environmental stability and applicability of an oligonucleotide-functionalized gold nanosensor. The mec A ARG was targeted as model biocontaminant due to its presence in clinically-relevant pathogens and to its emergence as an environmental contaminant.mec A-specific nanosensors were tested for antibiotic resistance gene(ARG) detection in ARG-spiked effluent from four wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs). The mec A-specific nanosensors showed stability in environmental conditions and in high ionic strength([MgCl_2] 50 m M), and high selectivity against mismatched targets. Spectrophotometric detection was reproducible with an LOD of 70 pM(≈ 4 × 10~7 genes/μL), even in the presence of interferences associated with non-target genomic DNA and complex WWTP effluent. This contribution supports the environmental applicability of a new line of cost-effective, field-deployable tools needed for wide-scale biocontaminant monitoring.     

Metagenomic insights into the profile of antibiotic resistomes in sediments of aquaculture wastewater treatment system

To meet the rapidly growing global demand for aquaculture products, large amounts of antibiotics were used in aquaculture, which might accelerate the evolution of antibioticresistant bacteria(ARB) and the propagation of antibiotic genes(ARGs). In our research, we revealed the ARGs profiles, their co-occurrence with mobile genetic elements(MGEs), and potential hosts in sediments of a crab pond wastewater purification system based on metagenomic analysis. The residual antibiotic seems to increase ...     

Film mulching reduces antibiotic resistance genes in the phyllosphere of lettuce

Phyllosphere is an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs), but the transfer mechanism of ARGs from soil and air to phyllosphere remains unclear. This study demonstrated that soil-air-phyllosphere was the dominant ARG transfer pathway, and blocking it by film mulching can reduce typical phyllosphere ARGs in lettuce by 80.7%-98.7%(89.5% on average). To further eliminate phyllosphere ARGs in lettuce grown with film mulching, the internal soil-endosphere-phyllosphere transfer pathw...     

Copper stimulates the incidence of antibiotic resistance, metal resistance and potential pathogens in the gut of black soldier fly larvae

The black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have been successfully applied to treat various organic wastes. However, the impacts of heavy metals on antibiotic resistance in the BSFL guts are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of copper (exposure concentrations of 0, 100 and 800 mg/kg) on the antibiotic and metal resistance profiles in BSFL guts. A total of 83 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), 18 mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and 6 metal resistance genes (MRGs) were observed in larval gut samples. Exposure to Cu remarkably reduced the diversity of ARGs and MGEs, but significantly enhanced the abundances of gut-associated ARGs and MRGs. The levels of MRGs copA, czcA and pbrT were dramatically strengthened after Cu exposure as compared with CK (increased by 2.8–13.5 times). Genera Enterococcus acted as the most predominant potential host of multiple ARG, MGE and MRG subtypes. Meanwhile, high exposure to Cu aggravated the enrichment of potential pathogens in BSFL guts, especially for Escherichia, Enterococcus and Salmonella species. The mantel test and procrustes analysis revealed that the gut microbial communities could be a key determinant for antibiotic and metal resistance. However, no significant positive links were observed between MGEs and ARGs or MRGs, possibly suggesting that MGEs did not play a crucial role in shaping the ARGs or MRGs in BSFL guts under the stress of Cu. These findings extend our understanding on the impact of heavy metals on the gut-associated antibiotic and metal resistome of BSFL.     

Fate of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in a full-scale restaurant food waste treatment plant: Implications of the roles beyond heavy metals and mobile genetic elements

Is our food safe and free of the crisis of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance(AR)?And will the derived food waste(FW) impose AR risk to the environment after biological treatment? This study used restaurant FW leachates flowing through a 200 tons-waste/day biological treatment plant as a window to investigate the fate of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistance genes(ARGs) during the acceptance and treatment of FW. Sulfonamides(sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole) and quinolones(ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, ofloxacin) were detected during FW treatment, while tetracyclines, macrolides and chloramphenicols were not observable. ARGs encoding resistance to sulfonamides, tetracyclines and macrolides emerged in FW leachates.Material flow analysis illustrated that the total amount of antibiotics(except sulfamethazine) and ARGs were constant during FW treatment processes. Both the concentration and total amount of most antibiotics and ARGs fluctuated during treatment, physical processes(screening, centrifugation, solid–liquid and oil–water separation) did not decrease antibiotic or ARGs concentrations or total levels permanently; the affiliated wastewater treatment plant appeared to remove sulfonamides and most ARGs concentrations and total amount. Heavy metals Ni,Co and Cu were important for disseminating antibiotics concentrations and MGEs for distributing ARGs concentrations. Humic substances(fulvic acids, hydrophilic fractions), C-associated and N-associated contents were essential for the distribution of the total amounts of antibiotics and ARGs. Overall, this study implied that human food might not be free of antibiotics and ARGs, and FW was an underestimated AR pool with various determinants. Nonetheless, derived hazards of FW could be mitigated through biological treatment with well-planned daily operations.     

A global perspective on microbial risk factors in effluents of wastewater treatment plants

Effective monitoring and management of microbial risk factors in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) effluents require a comprehensive investigation of these risks.A global survey on microbial risk factors in WWTP effluents could reveal important insights into their risk features.This study aims to explore the abundance and types of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs),virulence factor genes (VFGs),the vector of ARG/VFG,and dominant pathogens in global WWTP effluents.We collected 113 metagenomes o...     

Degradation and detoxification of microcystin-LR in drinking water by sequential use of UV and ozone

Microcystins (MCs) produced by cyanobacteria are strong hepatotoxins and classified as possible carcinogens.MCs pose a considerable threat to human health through tainted drinking and surface waters.Herein filtrated water from a waterworks in Harbin,China,was spiked with microcystin-LR (MC-LR) extracted from a toxic scum of microcystis aeruginosa,and the spiked sample waters were treated using UV irradiation with consequent ozonation process (UV/O3),compared with ozonation at a dose range commonly applied in water treatment plants,UV irradiation at 254 nm and UV irradiation combined with ozonation (UV+O3),respectively.The remaining of toxins were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and also determined using a protein phosphatase type 2A inhibition assay,which was utilized to evaluate the reduction in toxicity.Results indicated that in comparison to other three processes (O3,UV,and UV+O3),UV/O 3 process could effectively decrease both the concentration and toxicity of MC-LR at 100 μg/L level after 5 min UV irradiation with consequent 5 min ozonation at 0.2 mg/L (below 1 μg/L),while 0.5 mg/L ozone dose was required for the level below 0.1 μg/L.The addition of an UV treatment step to the existing treatment train may induce significant transformation of micropollutants and breaks down the natural organic matters into moieties unfavorable for ozone decomposition,stabilizing the ozone residual.These findings suggested that sequential use of UV and ozone may be a suitable method for the removal of these potentially hazardous microcystins from drinking water.     

Occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in the sediments of the East China Sea bays

The coastal area of the East China Sea has experienced rapid urbanization and industrialization in China since 1980 s, resulting in severe pollution of its environments.Antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs) are regarded as a kind of emerging pollutant with potential high risk. The sediment samples were collected from Hangzhou Bay(HB),Xiangshan Bay(XB), and Taizhou Bay(TB) to investigate the spatial occurrence and distribution of 27 ARGs and class I integron–integrase gene(intI1) in the coastal area of the East China Sea. The PCR results showed the frequent presence of 11 ARGs and intI1 in the sediments of the three bays. The qPCR results further showed that sulfonamide resistance was the most prevalent ARG type and antibiotic target replacement and protection were the most important resistance mechanisms in the sediments. Regarding the subtype of ARGs, sulI, tetW, and dfrA13 were the most abundant ARGs, in which sulI was higher in TB(based on both the absolute and relative abundances) and dfrA13 was higher in HB(based on the relative abundances). The network analysis revealed that intI1 had significant correlations with tetC, sulI, sulII, and blaPSE-1. Oil was the key connected factor, which had positive connections with sulI, sulII, and blaPSE-1. In addition, the joint effect of heavy metals and nutrients organic pollutants might be crucial for the fate of ARGs in the coastal sediments.     

Treating both wastewater and excess sludge with an innovative process

The innovative process consists of biological unit for wastewater treatment and ozonation unit for excess sludge treatment. An aerobic membrane bioreactor( MBR ) was used to remove organics and nitrogen, and an anaerobic reactor was added to the biological unit for the release of phosphorus contained at aerobic sludge to enhance the removal of phosphorus. For the excess sludge produced in the MBR, which was fed to ozone contact column and reacted with ozone, then the ozonated sludge was returned to the MBR for further biological treatment. Experimental results showed that this process could remove organics, nitrogen and phosphorus efficiently, and the removals for COD, NH3-N, TN and TP were 93.17%, 97.57%, 82.77% and 79.5%, respectively. Batch test indicated that the specific nitrification rate and specific denitrifieation rate of the MBR were 1.03 mg NH3-N/(gMLSS^ h) and 0.56 mg NOx-N/(gMLSS^ h), and denitrification seems to be the rate-limiting step. Under the test conditions, the sludge concentration in the MBR was kept at 5000--6000 rng/L, and the wasted sludge was ozenated at an ozone dosage of 0.10 kgO3/kgSS. During the experimental period of two months, no excess sludge was wasted, and a zero withdrawal of excess sludge was implemented. Through economic analysis, it was found that an additional ozonation operating cost for treatment of both wastewater and excess sludge was only 0. 045 RMB Yuan( USD 0.0054)/m^3 wastewater.     

Amoxicillin effects on functional microbial community and spread of antibiotic resistance genes in amoxicillin manufacture wastewater treatment system

This study aimed to reveal how amoxicillin(AMX) affected the microbial community and the spread mechanism of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs) in the AMX manufacture wastewater treatment system. For this purpose, a 1.47 L expanded granular sludge bed(EGSB) reactor was designed and run for 241 days treating artificial AMX manufacture wastewater. 454 pyrosequencing was applied to analyze functional microorganisms in the system. The antibiotic genes OXA_(-1), OXA_(-2), OXA_(-10), TEM_(-1), CTX-M_(-1), class I integrons(intI1) and 16 SrRNA genes were also examined in sludge samples. The results showed that the genera Ignavibacterium, Phocoenobacter,Spirochaeta, Aminobacterium and Cloacibacillus contributed to the degradation of different organic compounds(such as various sugars and amines). And the relative quantification of eachβ-lactam resistance gene in the study was changed with the increasing of AMX concentration.Furthermore the vertical gene transfer was the main driver for the spread of ARGs rather than horizontal transfer pathways in the system.     

污水处理厂消毒技术对抗生素抗性菌的强化去除

基于消毒技术对污水处理厂出水中总异养菌(total heterotrophic bacteria,HPC)及5种抗生素抗性菌(antibiotic resistant bacteria,ARB):氨苄霉素抗性菌(AMP)、红霉素抗性菌(ERY)、四环素抗性菌(TET)、卡那霉素抗性菌(KAN)、环丙沙星抗性菌(CIP)的去除情况研究,分析消毒技术对ARB的强化去除效果.结果表明,实际污水处理厂的紫外消毒对ARB去除率仅为18.2%~40.9%,且AMP含量最高;另外,消毒技术对ERY有选择性去除效果,对其他4种ARB无明显选择性去除效果(P0.05);最后结合次氯酸钠、臭氧、紫外消毒处理对COD、NH_4~+-N的去除效果,确定强化去除ARB的消毒方式中臭氧,次氯酸钠和紫外的最佳浓度和剂量依次为5.0 mg·L~(-1)、25.0 mg·L~(-1)和45.0 m J·cm~(-2),ARB去除率依次为45.5%~74.5%、66.1%~85.5%、68.6%~85.5%,另外次氯酸钠耦合紫外消毒强化去除ARB的效果更佳.     

Inactivation, reactivation and regrowth of indigenous bacteria in reclaimed water after chlorine disinfection of a municipal wastewater treatment plant

Disinfection of reclaimed water prior to reuse is important to prevent the transmission of pathogens. Chlorine is a widely utilized disinfectant and as such is a leading contender for disinfection of reclaimed water. To understand the risks of chlorination resulting from the potential selection of pathogenic bacteria, the inactivation, reactivation and regrowth rates of indigenous bacteria were investigated in reclaimed water after chlorine disinfection. Inactivation of total coliforms, Enterococcus and Salmonella showed linear correlations, with constants of 0.1384, 0.1624 and 0.057 L/(mg·min) and R² of 0.7617, 0.8316 and 0.845, respectively. However, inactivation of total viable cells by measurement of metabolic activity typically showed a linear correlation at lower chlorine dose (0-22 (mg·min)/L), and a trailing region with chlorine dose increasing from 22 to 69 (mg·min)/L. Reactivation and regrowth of bacteria were most likely to occur after exposure to lower chlorine doses, and extents of reactivation decreased gradually with increasing chlorine dose. In contrast to total coliforms and Enterococcus, Salmonella had a high level of regrowth and reactivation, and still had 2% regrowth even after chlorination of 69 (mg·min)/L and 24 hr storage. The bacterial compositions were also significantly altered by chlorination and storage of reclaimed water, and the ratio of Salmonella was significantly increased from 0.001% to 0.045% after chlorination of 69 (mg·min)/L and 24 hr storage. These trends indicated that chlorination contributes to the selection of chlorine-resistant pathogenic bacteria, and regrowth of pathogenic bacteria after chlorination in reclaimed water with a long retention time could threaten public health security during wastewater reuse.     

石化废水处理厂中耐药菌和耐药基因的分布特征与去除效能解析

抗生素耐药性污染已成为全球新兴环境问题之一.本研究选取某座石化废水处理厂,对耐药菌（ARB）和3种形态耐药基因（ARGs）：细胞内耐药基因（iARGs）、细胞外附着态耐药基因（aeARGs）和游离态耐药基因（feARGs）的分布特征与去除效能开展研究.结果表明,废水处理厂中检出四环素、磺胺和氨苄西林这3类ARB,其绝对浓度为8.45×10²~2.38×10⁵ CFU·mL^-1.厌氧处理可使这3类ARB绝对浓度下降0.04 lg~0.21 lg;曝气和沉淀处理对ARB的影响因其类型而异;出水ARB绝对浓度高出进水水平0.12 lg~0.63 lg.活性污泥中aeARGs和iARGs绝对丰度分别为1.96×10⁷~3.02×10¹⁰ copies·g^-1和5.22×10⁷~4.15×10¹⁰ copies·g^-1;而废水中feARGs绝对丰度为5.90×10⁸~1.01×10¹² copies·L^-1.厌氧处理可去除0.13 lg~0.65 lg aeARGs和0.04 lg~0.28 lg iARGs;曝气和沉淀处理对aeARGs和iARGs的去除效果受ARGs类型和形态影响;出水中feARGs绝对丰度较进水升高0.06 lg~0.81 lg.冗余分析表明,ARB浓度与COD、Cl^-和总氮浓度显著正相关（P<0.05）;aeARGs丰度与COD和总氮浓度显著正相关（P<0.05）;iARGs和feARGs丰度均与重金属浓度显著正相关（P<0.05）.本研究证实了石化废水处理厂具有ARB和不同形态ARGs的富集风险,并为特种工业废水耐药性污染研究与防治提供理论基础.     

不同曝气量和好氧时间下SPNDPR系统处理低C/N城市污水的脱氮除磷性能

以低C/N城市污水为处理对象,采用延时厌氧(180min)/好氧运行的SBR反应器,通过调控曝气量[单位体积的反应器在单位时间内通过的气体的体积,单位为L·(min·L)~(-1).由0. 125 L·(min·L)~(-1)逐渐降低至0. 025 L·(min·L)~(-1)]和好氧时间(由3 h逐渐延长至6 h),考察了SPNDPR系统的深度脱氮除磷性能.结果表明,当曝气量为0. 025 L·(min·L)~(-1)、好氧时间为6 h时,SPNDPR系统出水NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N、NO_3~--N和PO_4~(3-)-P浓度分别为0、8. 62、0. 06和0. 03 mg·L~(-1);出水TN浓度约为9. 22 mg·L~(-1),TN去除率高达87. 08%.当曝气量分别由0. 125 L·(min·L)~(-1)降至0. 100 L·(min·L)~(-1)和由0. 100L·(min·L)~(-1)降至0. 075 L·(min·L)~(-1)时,系统硝化速率均能恢复并稳定维持在0. 16 mg·(L·min)~(-1)左右.但曝气量继续降至0. 050 L·(min·L)~(-1)和0. 025 L·(min·L)~(-1)后,硝化速率分别降至0. 09 mg·(L·min)~(-1)和0. 06 mg·(L·min)~(-1)左右.随着曝气量的降低[由0. 125 L·(min·L)~(-1)依次降至0. 100、0. 075、0. 050、0. 025 L·(min·L)~(-1)]和好氧时间的延长(由3 h延长至6h),SPND脱氮性能逐渐增强,SND率由19. 57%升高至72. 11%,TN去除率逐渐升高(由62. 82%升高至87. 08%).降低曝气量和延长好氧时间后的SPNDPR系统,强化了厌氧段内碳源贮存与好氧段好氧吸磷、反硝化除磷、短程硝化、内源反硝化等过程的进行,实现了低C/N城市污水的深度脱氮除磷.     

紫外线和次氯酸钠对Escherichia coli和Poliovirus的消毒作用

本研究选用大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和脊髓灰质炎病毒(poliovirus)分别作为典型的细菌和病毒,利用培养和定量PCR的检测技术,对比研究紫外线消毒和次氯酸钠消毒对细菌和病毒的作用特点.结果表明:脊髓灰质炎病毒比大肠杆菌更难被灭活,达到1-log所需的氯剂量分别为19.2 mg·L~(-1)·min和10.14 mg·L~(-1)·min;所需的紫外线剂量分别为6.37 m J·cm~(-2)和1.81 m J·cm~(-2).定量PCR方法检测大肠杆菌和脊髓灰质炎病毒达到1-log的核酸损伤所需的紫外线剂量和氯剂量要比培养法高出1~2数量级,紫外线消毒对脊髓灰质炎病毒的RNA损伤量明显大于对大肠杆菌的DNA损伤,病毒的单链RNA对紫外线的敏感性更强,该结果与培养法正好相反.达到1-log核酸损伤脊髓灰质炎病毒所需的紫外线剂量为135 m J·cm~(-2),大肠杆菌所需的剂量为270.3 m J·cm~(-2),核酸损伤需要更多的消毒剂量,可能由于消毒过程微生物进入活性但处于非可培养状态(VBNC),以及灭活对微生物其他分子的损伤和微生物死后核酸的持续性.     

臭氧氧化水溶液中对乙酰氨基酚的机制研究

采用间歇实验的方法,研究了臭氧氧化降解水溶液中对乙酰氨基酚的影响因素和机制.结果表明,臭氧能够有效降解水溶液中的对乙酰氨基酚,降解过程符合伪一级动力学模型(R2>0.992).臭氧浓度、HCO-3和pH值均影响对乙酰氨基酚的降解过程,添加HCO-3、提高pH值和适当增大臭氧浓度均可提高其降解效果.气相色谱/质谱和离子色谱检测结果表明,在对乙酰氨基酚臭氧氧化的过程中,首先生成对苯酚及一系列含有羧基的酸类产物,继而被进一步氧化;依据中间产物,探讨了对乙酰氨基酚可能的降解反应途径.TOC检测仪的检测结果显示,对乙酰氨基酚的最终矿化程度较低.在对乙酰氨基酚的初始浓度为20 mg·L-1及臭氧浓度为9.10 mg·L-1时,反应130 min后,矿化程度仅为16.42%.     

京津冀地区典型印刷企业VOCs排放特征及臭氧生成潜势分析

本研究在京津冀地区选取23家典型印刷企业进行调研,并对其中具备采样条件的企业通过气袋采样-GC-MSD/FID采集及分析系统,获得48组分析结果,定量分析了京津冀地区印刷企业VOCs的排放特征,并估算其臭氧生成潜势.结果表明,各企业排气筒有组织排放的VOCs(以非甲烷总烃表征)浓度差异很大,包装印刷企业VOCs排放浓度范围为29. 9～755. 0 mg·m~(-3),出版物印刷企业VOCs排放浓度范围为3. 3～99. 0 mg·m~(-3);各企业车间印刷工位中,包装印刷企业VOCs排放浓度在129. 7～958. 4 mg·m~(-3)之间,出版物印刷企业VOCs排放浓度范围为19. 1～113. 7 mg·m~(-3);包装印刷企业排放的VOCs浓度普遍高于出版物印刷企业,这与其使用溶剂型油墨有关. VOCs组分构成方面,包装印刷和出版物印刷企业印刷工位排放的VOCs中,含氧VOCs均为首要VOCs种类,占比在32. 6%～99. 4%之间,其次是烷烃.臭氧生成潜势方面,印刷企业臭氧生成潜势(OFP值)平均值为505. 5 mg·m~(-3),其中包装印刷企业为564. 1 mg·m~(-3),出版物印刷企业为52. 9 mg·m~(-3);臭氧生成系数(SR值)平均值为1. 24 g·g-1,其中包装印刷企业为1. 70 g·g-1、出版物印刷企业为0. 89 g·g-1.从OFP值和SR值可以看出,包装印刷企业应作为未来京津冀地区印刷行业VOCs管控的重点.     

厌氧/好氧SPNDPR系统实现低C/N城市污水同步脱氮除磷的优化运行

为了解同步短程硝化内源反硝化除磷(SPNDPR)系统的脱氮除磷特性,以低C/N城市污水为处理对象,采用延时厌氧(180 min)/好氧运行的SBR反应器,通过联合调控曝气量和好氧时间,考察了该系统启动与优化运行特性.结果表明,当系统好氧段曝气量为0. 8 L·min~(-1),好氧时间为150 min时,出水PO_4~(3-)-P浓度约为1. 5 mg·L~(-1)左右,出水NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N浓度由10. 28 mg·L~(-1)和8. 14 mg·L~(-1)逐渐降低至0 mg·L~(-1)和2. 27 mg·L~(-1),出水NO_2~--N浓度逐渐升高至1. 81 mg·L~(-1);当曝气量提高至1. 0 L·min~(-1)且好氧时间缩短至120min后,系统除磷、短程硝化性能逐渐增强,但总氮(TN)去除性能先降低后逐渐升高,最终出水PO_4~(3-)-P、NH_4~+-N分别稳定低于0. 5 mg·L~(-1)和1. 0 mg·L~(-1),好氧段亚硝积累率和SND率分别达98. 65%和44. 20%,TN去除率达79. 78%. SPNDPR系统内好氧段好氧吸磷、反硝化除磷、短程硝化、内源反硝化同时进行保证了低C/N污水的同步脱氮除磷.     

氮掺杂生物炭催化臭氧对于布洛芬的降解特性与机制

系统研究了新型氮掺杂生物炭材料(N-C)催化臭氧对于水中布洛芬(IBP)的氧化降解效能及机制,并深入探究了初始pH、臭氧投加量、催化剂投加量、不同阴离子和背景水质条件对IBP降解效率的影响.结果 表明,相较于一些常见的碳基催化剂(g-C3N4、生物炭、颗粒活性炭)及金属催化剂(MnO2、Fe3O4),N-C催化臭氧体系...     

化学预氧化对苏氨酸生成三氯乙醛的影响

以具有最大比三氯乙醛生成潜能(SCHFP)的苏氨酸为研究对象,分析了次氯酸钠(NaClO)、二氧化氯(ClO_2)、高锰酸钾(KMnO_4)、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、臭氧(O_3)和臭氧过氧化氢(O_3/H_2O_2)等预氧化剂对三氯乙醛(CH)生成的影响,以确定合适的预氧化剂及其适宜投加量,为CH的控制提供指导.结果表明,能够有效去除一天CH生成量(CH1d)的预氧化方式依次为H_2O_2、ClO_2、KMnO_4和NaClO,适宜投加量分别为3、0.5、0.6和0.5mg·L-1,对CH1d相应的去除率分别为61.54%、47.63%、29.77%和10.94%;能够有效去除CH生成潜能(CHFP)的预氧化方式依次为KMnO_4、NaClO、H_2O_2和ClO_2,适宜投加量分别为0.6、0.5、3和0.5mg·L~(-1),对CHFP相应的去除率分别为41.01%、33.38%、8.36%和2.40%;O_3和O_3/H_2O_2预氧化能够使CH1d和CHFP增加,不适用于对CH的控制.