Microbial community variation in phytoremediation of triazophos by Canna indica Linn. in a hydroponic system

Phytoremediation of triazophos (O,O-diethyl-O-(1-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-base) sulfur phosphate, TAP) pollution by Canna indica Linn. in a hydroponic system has been well studied, whereas the microbial mechanism on TAP degradation is still unknown. The variation in microbial community compositions was investigated by analyzing phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) profiles in microbes under TAP exposure. The TAP exposure resulted in an increase in proportions of fatty acid 16:0 and decrease in fatty acid 18:2ω9,12c, indicating that TAP may stimulate the reproduction of microorganisms and inhibit the growth of fungi to some degree. Significant correlation was found between the ratio of fungi to bacteria and TAP removal (r 2 = 0.840, p 0.01). In addition, the microbial community in the phytoremediation system with C. indica was dominated by Gram negative bacteria, which possibly contributed to the degradation of TAP. These results indicated that TAP might induce the colonization of bacteria in the hydroponic system planted with C. indica, and lead to a discrimination of microbial community, which might be one of the mechanisms on TAP dissipation in phytoremediation system.     

Contaminant removal from low-concentration polluted river water by the bio-rack wetlands

The bio-rack is a new approach for treating low-concentration polluted river water in wetland systems. A comparative study of the efficiency of contaminant removal between four plant species in bio-rack wetlands and between a bio-rack system and control system was conducted on a small-scale (500 mm length × 400 mm width × 400 mm height) to evaluate the decontamination effects of four different wetland plants. There was generally a significant difference in the removal of total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and total phosphorus (TP), but no significant difference in the removal of permanganate index (COD_Mn) between the bio-rack wetland and control system. Bio-rack wetland planted with Thalia dealbata had higher nutrient removal rates than wetlands planted with other species. Plant fine-root (root diameter ≤ 3 mm) biomass rather than total plant biomass was related to nutrient removal efficiency. The study suggested that the nutrient removal rates are influenced by plant species, and high fine-root biomass is an important factor in selecting highly effective wetland plants for a bio-rack system. According to the mass balance, the TN and TP removal were in the range of 61.03--73.27 g/m² and 4.14--5.20 g/m² in four bio-rack wetlands during the whole operational period. The N and P removal by plant uptake constituted 34.9%--43.81% of the mass N removal and 62.05%--74.81% of the mass P removal. The study showed that the nitrification/denitrification process and plant uptake process are major removal pathways for TN, while plant uptake is an effective removal pathway for TP.     

Evaluation of antioxidant enzymes activities and identification of intermediate products during phytoremediation of an anionic dye (C. I. Acid Blue 92) by pennywort (Hydrocotyle vulgaris)

The potential of pennywort(Hydrocotyle vulgaris)for phytoremediation of C.I.Acid Blue 92(AB92)was evaluated.The efects of various experimental parameters including pH,temperature,dye concentration and plant weight on dye removal efciency were investigated.The results showed that the optimal condition for dye removal were pH 3.5 and temperature 25°C.Moreover,the absolute dye removal enhanced with increase in the initial dye concentration and plant weight.Pennywort showed the same removal efciency in repeated experiments(four runs)as that obtained from the first run(a 6-day period).Therefore,the ability of the plant in consecutive removal of AB92 confirmed the biodegradation process.Accordingly,a number of produced intermediate compounds were identified.The efect of treatment on photosynthesis and antioxidant defense system including superoxide dismutase,peroxidase and catalase in plant roots and leaves were evaluated.The results revealed a reduction in photosynthetic pigments content under dye treatments.Antioxidant enzyme responses showed marked variations with respect to the plant organ and dye concentration in the liquid medium.Overall,the increase in antioxidant enzyme activity under AB92 stress in the roots was much higher than that in the leaves.Nevertheless,no significant increase in malondialdehyde content was detected in roots or leaves,implying that the high efciency of antioxidant system in the elimination of reactive oxygen species.Based on these results,pennywort was founded to be a capable species for phytoremediation of AB92-contaminated water,may be efective for phytoremediation dye-contaminated polluted aquatic ecosystems.     

Relationship between electrogenic performance and physiological change of four wetland plants in constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells during non-growing seasons

To find suitable wetland plants for constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells(CW-MFCs),four commonly used wetland plants, including Canna indica, Cyperus alternifolius L., Acorus calamus, and Arundo donax, were investigated for their electrogenic performance and physiological changes during non-growing seasons. The maximum power output of12.82 mW/m~2 was achieved in the A. donax CW-MFC only when root exudates were being released. The results also showed that use of an additional carbon source could remarkably improve the performance of electricity generation in the C. indica and A. donax CW-MFCs at relatively low temperatures(2–15°C). However, A. calamus withered before the end of the experiment, whereas the other three plants survived the winter safely, although their relative growth rate values and the maximum quantum yield of PSII(Fv/Fm) significantly declined, and free proline and malondialdehyde significantly accumulated in their leaves.On the basis of correlation analysis, temperature had a greater effect on plant physiology than voltage. The results offer a valuable reference for plant selection for CW-MFCs.     

Mercury uptake and effects on growth in Jatropha curcas

The use of metal-accumulating plants for the phytoremediation of contaminated soils is gaining more attention. Mercury(Hg)-contaminated soils from historical gold mines represent a potential risk to human health and the environment. Therefore, Jatropha curcas plant, that has shown its tolerance to these environments, is a species of particular interest to implement phytoremediation techniques in gold mining sites. In this work, the behavior of J. curcas was assessed in different hydroponic cultures fortified with Hg at concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 μg Hg/mL(T5, T10, T20, T40 and T80, respectively). After exposure,plant growth, net photosynthesis, leaf area, and Hg accumulation were determined and variables such as net Hg uptake, effective Hg accumulation, translocation and bioaccumulation factors were calculated. Accumulation of Hg in root and leaf tissues increased with respect to the Hg concentrations in the hydroponic culture, with statistically significant differences(p 0.05) among treatments. Moreover, Hg concentration in roots was 7 and 12-fold higher in average than in plant leaves and shoots, respectively. Many effects were found in the development of plants, especially related with loss of biomass and leaf area,with significant growth inhibition related to control values( 50% with treatment T5).Moreover, percentage of inhibition was even higher( 60%) with same treatment for net photosynthesis. Finally, it should be highlighted that for T40 and T80 treatments, plant growth and photosynthesis were almost completely depleted(88%–95%).     

Performance of different macrophytes in the decontamination of and electricity generation from swine wastewater via an integrated constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell process

Plants constitute a major element of constructed wetlands(CWs).In this study,a coupled system comprising an integrated vertical flow CW(IVCW) and a microbial fuel cell(MFC) for swine wastewater tre atment was developed to research the effects of macrophytes commonly employed in CWs,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica,on decontamination and electricity production in the system.Because of the different root types and amounts of oxygen released by the roots,the rates of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and ammonium nitrogen(NH_4~+-N) removal from the swine wastewater differed as well.In the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,the COD removal rates were 80.20%,88.07%,84.70%,and 82.20%,respectively,and the NH_4~+-N removal rates were 49.96%,75.02%,70.25%,and 68.47%,respectively.The decontamination capability of the Canna indica system was better than those of the other systems.The average output voltages were 520±42,715±20,660±27,and 752±26 mV for the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,respectively,and the maximum power densities were 0.2230,0.4136,0.3614,and0.4964 W/m~3,respectively.Ipomoea aquatica had the largest effect on bioelectricity generation promotion.In addition,electrochemically active bacteria,Geobacter and Desulfuromonas,were detected in the anodic biofilm by high-throughput sequencing analysis,and Comamonas(Proteobacteria),which is widely found in MFCs,was also detected in the anodic biofilm.These results confirmed the important role of plants in IVCW-MFCs.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Assessment of sunflower germplasm for phytoremediation of lead-polluted soil and production of seed oil and seed meal for human and animal consumption

Phytoremediation is a valuable technology for mitigating soil contamination in agricultural lands, but phytoremediation without economic revenue is unfeasible for land owners and farmers. The use of crops with high biomass and bioenergy for phytoremediation is a unique strategy to derive supplementary benefits along with remediation activities. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a high-biomass crop that can be used for the phytoremediation of polluted lands with additional advantages (biomass and oil). In this study, 40 germplasms of sunflower were screened in field conditions for phytoremediation with the possibility for oil and meal production. The study was carried out to the physiological maturity stage. All studied germplasms mopped up substantial concentrations of Pb, with maximum amounts in shoot?>?root?>?seed respectively. The phytoextraction efficiency of the germplasm was assessed in terms of the Transfer factor (TF), Metal removal efficiency (MRE) and Metal extraction ratio (MER). Among all assessed criteria, GP.8585 was found to be most appropriate for restoring moderately Pb-contaminated soil accompanied with providing high biomass and high yield production. The Pb content in the oil of GP.8585 was below the Food safety standard of China, with 59.5% oleic acid and 32.1% linoleic acid. Moreover, amino acid analysis in meal illustrated significant differences among essential and non-essential amino acids. Glutamic acid was found in the highest percentage (22.4%), whereas cysteine in the lowest percentage (1.3%). Therefore, its efficient phytoextraction ability and good quality edible oil and meal production makes GP.8585 the most convenient sunflower germplasm for phytoremediation of moderately Pb-contaminated soil, with fringe benefits to farmers and landowners.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Phytoremediation of levonorgestrel in aquatic environment by hydrophytes

Adsorption and degradation of levonorgestrel （LNG） by two hydrophytes, Cyperus alternfolius （CA） and Eichhornia crassipes （EC）, were investigated under light-shielding conditions in the water column. Variations of LNG concentrations in water, plant root epidermis, root, stem and leaf of the plants were analyzed. The results indicated that the removal efficiency of LNG by hydrophytes over the period of 50 days was significantly greater than the blank control （p 〈 0.05）, with the removal rates of 79.80%± 3.10% and 78.86% ± 2.55% for CA and EC, respectively. Compared with bio-adsorption, bio-conversion of LNG was found to be the dominant elimination pathway, evidenced by relatively high conversion rates （77.31% ±2.68% for CA and 77.82% ± 2.95% for EC）, while the adsorption rates were lower （1.77% ± 0.90% for CA and 1.05% ± 0.40% for EC）. The bio-adsorption and conversion of LNG showed no significant differences between the two hydrophytes. Additionally, the mineralization on root epidermis played an important role in the reduction of LNG in water.     

挺水植物对城市河流中典型污水印记药物的去除

以AZM（阿奇霉素）、STZ（磺胺噻唑）、IBU（布洛芬）、DCF（双氯芬酸）、PRC（扑热息痛）、ATL（阿替洛尔）、CLF（氯贝酸）、CBM（卡马西平）和CAF（咖啡因）共9种WWMPs（wastewater-marking pharmaceuticals,污水印记药物）为目标物,采用HPLC-MS/MS检测方法,通过室内河流模拟系统,研究3种挺水植物组合（旱伞草+灯芯草、菖蒲+灯芯草、旱伞草+菖蒲）的人工生态系统在不同介质（水相、泥相、水生植物）中WWMPs的变化特性及对常规污染物（如COD_Cr、NH₃-N、TP、TN）的去除效果,并运用物料衡算等手段计算目标物的实际去除率.结果表明:3种挺水植物组合的人工生态系统对4种常规污染物的去除效果较为明显,COD_Cr、NH₃-N、TP、TN去除率范围分别为39.7%~47.8%、88.2%~99.4%、39.1%~58.1%和49.1%~58.5%;与无植物系统相比,挺水植物组合的人工生态系统对水相中药物有明显的去除效果,尤其是对CBM、IBU和DCF,最大去除率均在54.0%以上;旱伞草+菖蒲组合的人工生态系统对水相中CAF、CBM、CLF、DCF、IBU和STZ的去除效果较好,去除率为51.6%~87.7%;3种挺水植物组合的人工生态系统对泥相中WWMPs的去除效果大小依次为菖蒲+灯芯草>旱伞草+菖蒲>旱伞草+灯芯草;不同挺水植物组合的人工生态系统对WWMPs的富集特性不同,9种WWMPs吸收效果大小依次为CBM > CLF > CAF > IBU > DCF > ATL > PRC > AZM > STZ;3种挺水植物组合的人工生态系统对WWMPs的实际总去除率大小依次为菖蒲+灯芯草>旱伞草+菖蒲>旱伞草+灯芯草.研究显示,挺水植物组合的人工生态系统可以有效地去除城市河流中WWMPs及常规污染物,能作为净化水质、改善城市河流水环境的一种有效手段.      

多种湿地植物组合对污水中氮和磷的去除效果

通过室内静水实验,研究了再力花(Thalia dealbata)、鸢尾(Iris tectorum)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus)、茭白(Zizania aquatica)、睡莲(Nymphaea tetragona Georgi)、大聚藻(Myriophyllum aquaticum)、马蹄莲(Zantedeschia aethiopica Spreng)7种不同生态型的湿地植物进行镶嵌组合后各组合对水体中氮、磷的去除效果.结果表明,不同生态型的湿地植物组合对污水中氮和磷的去除效果较好,8种组合中对总氮和氨氮去除效果最好的组合为睡莲+再力花(S+Z)和睡莲+马蹄莲+茭白+菖蒲(S+M+J+C),最大去除率分别为92.29%和95.50%.对总磷的去除效果最好的组合为睡莲+再力花+鸢尾(S+Z+Y),较无植物对照组的最大净化率提高了43.73%.不同水生植物组合后对氮、磷的净化效果差异较小,种湿地植物组合对总氮、氨氮和磷的去除率范围分别为83.19%～92.29%、86.50%～95.50%和85.67%～99.87%.运用隶属函数进行综合评价,筛选出对污水中氮和磷净化能力较强的组合为:睡莲+再力花(S+Z)、睡莲+马蹄莲+茭白+菖蒲(S+M+J+C)、睡莲+再力花+鸢尾(S+Z+Y)及睡莲+再力花+茭白+菖蒲(S+Z+J+C).     

Piriformospora indica confers cadmium tolerance in Nicotiana tabacum

Piriformospora indica, a root-colonizing endophytic fungus of Sebacinales, promotes plant growth and confers resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. In order to confirm the influence of P. indica on growth, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), chlorophyll, and cadmium (Cd) amounts in Nicotiana tabacum under Cd stress, hydroponics, pot and field trials were conducted. The results showed that P. indica can store Cd in plant roots and reduce leaf Cd content, reduce the concentration of MDA, and increase the proline and chlorophyll content and the activities of catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase under hydroponic Cd stress. RT-PCR analysis showed that the relative expression level of genes Gsh2, TaPCS1, oas1, GPX, and Hsp70 in colonized plants was 4.3, 1.4, 2.9, 1.7, and 6.9 fold higher than in un-colonized plants respectively. Cd exposure significantly reduced un-colonized plants'' agronomic traits compared to P. indica-colonized ones. Our results suggested that P. indica can sequester Cd in roots, so that much less cadmium was transported to leaves, and the increased concentrations of antioxidant enzymes, pigments and proline contents, as well as the higher expression of stress-related phytochelatin biosynthesis genes in P. indica-inoculated plants, may also serve to protect N. tabacum plants against oxidative damage, enhancing Cd tolerance.     

南京市铅锌矿采矿场土壤重金属污染评价及优势植物重金属富集特征

为了筛选可用于修复土壤重金属污染的植物材料,测定了南京市某铅锌矿采矿场土壤及样地内14种优势植物中Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb、Zn的含量,并分析了采矿场土壤重金属的污染状况和14种植物对这6种重金属元素的富集和转运能力.结果表明,矿区土壤中Cd、Mn、Zn、Pb的污染最为严重,单因子污染指数分别达到了45.71、11.68、10.40和4.46;样地的内梅罗综合污染指数为33.45,也达到重度污染级别.尽管各种重金属的含量不同,14种优势植物均表现出了较强的重金属耐受能力,其中井栏边草(Pteris multifida)和络石(Trachelospermum jasminoides)对6种重金属均表现出很高的富集能力.所有植物体内Zn含量均超出了正常范围,但仅马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)对Zn的生物富集系数大于1,其他植物的重金属生物富集系数均小于1.14种植物对重金属的生物转移系数较高,其中菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)和野菊(Dendranthema indicum)对6种重金属的生物转移系数均大于1.根据植物对重金属的吸收机制,可将14种植物分为3类:富集型植物,如菊芋(H.tuberosus)、野菊(D.indicum)、垂序商陆(Phytolacca americana)、爵床(Justicia procumbens)、马唐(D.sanguinalis)、山莴苣(Sonchus brachyotus)、龙葵(Solanum nigrum)和狗尾草(Setaria viridis);根部囤积型植物,如井栏边草(P.multifida)和络石(T.jasminoides);规避型植物,如一枝黄花(Solidago decurrens)、蛇莓(Duchesnea indica)、青绿苔草(Carex breviculmis)和贯众(Cyrtomium fortunei).     

五种水生植物对水中铀的去除作用

采用水培实验,研究了浮叶植物野生水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes)、漂浮植物浮萍(Lemna minor L)、满江红(Azolla imbircata)、沉水植物菹草(Potamogeton crispus)、挺水植物空心莲子草(Alligator Alternanthera Herb)在初始铀浓度分别为0.15、1.50和15.00 mg·L^-1水中的生长状况及它们对水中铀的去除能力.结果表明,在21 d的水培试验期内,满江红对铀表现出了最强的抗性,0.15、1.50和15.00 mg·L^-1的铀对满江红的生长抑制率分别只有4.56%、2.48%和6.79%,而满江红对水中铀的去除率分别达到了94%、97%和92%.进一步的试验表明,每1 L水中种植7.5 g满江红,可以获得最大的铀去除率,将初始铀浓度为1.25、2.50、5.00和10.00 mg·L^-1的水体降至国家排放标准(GB 23727—2009)规定值(0.05 mg·L^-1)以下分别需要17、19、23和25 d.研究结果为进一步开展铀污染水体植物修复的研究打下了基础.     

湖南下水湾铅锌尾矿库优势植物重金属含量及富集特征

矿区废弃地优势植物调查与筛选是植物修复研究的重点.通过研究湖南下水湾铅锌尾矿库区土壤重金属含量,以及库区优势植物对Pb、Zn、Cd、Mn、Cu等重金属的富集能力与转移特征,筛选出适应该地区生态修复的先锋植物.结果表明,库区发现高等植物40种,40属22科,并筛选出15种优势植物.其中地枇杷地上部分Pb含量为正常含量上限值的4.01倍,转运系数达到3.91,富集系数达到14.4,可见地枇杷对Pb具有很强的转运能力与富集能力,因此地枇杷对库区污染土壤修复具有巨大潜力,需对其Pb富集能力作进一步研究.除地枇杷外,其余14种优势植物对尾矿库区重金属污染有较好的耐性,可作为下水湾尾矿库区生态修复的先锋植物.     

芘胁迫对5种羊茅属植物根系分泌的几类低分子量有机物的影响

根系分泌物与有机污染物的植物修复过程密切相关,研究胁迫条件下不同修复潜力植物根系分泌物的释放特征有助于揭示植物修复的内在机制.借助根际袋土培试验研究了芘胁迫(10~160 mg·kg~(-1))下5种羊茅属植物在不同胁迫期(30~70d)时根系分泌物中几种低分子量有机物的释放特征.结果表明:1芘胁迫促进了根系对可溶性糖的分泌:随着胁迫水平的升高、胁迫期的延长,其分泌量呈"先升后降"变化趋势,胁迫水平为C3(40.36 mg·kg~(-1))、胁迫期为40 d时达到最大值;修复潜力越大,趋势越明显.2芘胁迫增强了根系对低分子量有机酸的释放,修复潜力越大,释放高峰值出现时的胁迫浓度越高,且主要以草酸、乙酸、乳酸和苹果酸为主(98.15%),但修复潜力较强物种的根系分泌物中也检测到微量反丁烯二酸.3芘胁迫对氨基酸的种类影响不大,但对分泌量影响较大:苏氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸的分泌量随着胁迫水平的升高而剧增;脯氨酸、羟脯氨酸和天冬氨酸对芘胁迫的响应近乎以功能群的形式参与植物修复过程,参与的组分越多,修复潜力越强.可见,芘胁迫下根系分泌物中可溶性糖、低分子量有机酸以及氨基酸的释放特征与植物自身的修复潜力有关;修复潜力越强,释放量越多且成分越复杂,并表现出更强的环境适应性及生理可塑性.     

Responses of butachlor degradation and microbial properties in a riparian soil to the cultivation of three different plants

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the biodegradation dynamics and related microbial ecophysiological responses to butachlor addition in a riparian soil planted with different plants such as Phragmites australis, Zizania aquatica, and Acorus calamus. The results showed that there were significant differences in microbial degradation dynamics of butachlor in the rhizosphere soils among the three riparian plants. A. calamus displays a significantly higher degradation efficiency of butachlor in the rhizosphere soils, as compared with Z aquatica and P. australis. Half-life time of butachlor degradation in the rhizospheric soils of P. australis, Z aquatica, and A. calamus were 7.5, 9.8 and 5.4 days, respectively. Residual butachlor concentration in A. calamus rhizosphere soil was 35.2% and 21.7% lower than that in Z aquatica and P. australis rhizosphere soils, respectively, indicating that A. calamus showed a greater improvement effect on biodegradation of butachlor in rhizosphere soils than the other two riparian plant. In general, microbial biomass and biochemical activities in rhizosphere soils were depressed by butachlor addition, despite the riparian plant types. However, rhizospheric soil microbial ecophysiological responses to butachlor addition significantly (P < 0.05) differed between riparian plant species. Compared to Z aquatica and P. australis, A. calamus showed significantly larger microbial number, higher enzyme activities and soil respiration rates in the rhizosphere soils. The results indicated that A. calamus have a better alleviative effect on inhibition of microbial growth due to butachlor addition and can be used as a suitable riparian plant for detoxifying and remediating butachlor contamination from agricultural nonpoint pollution.     

四种不同植物湿地对不同C/N比生活污水的净化效果与季节动态

进水浓度、C/N比、植物种类是影响垂直流型人工湿地对生活污水净化效果的重要因素.本文主要研究了菖蒲(Acorus calamus)、香蒲(Typha orientalis)、千屈菜(Lythrum salicaria)和水葱(Scirpus Validus)等4种植物湿地在不同碳添加及C/N比处理条件下对模拟生活污水的净化效果和季节动态.结果表明,4种湿地植物在不同C/N比(2.5∶1、5∶1和10∶1)进水条件下均能正常生长.在一个生长季内4种湿地植物对主要污染物的平均去除效率为:COD 63.41%~78.02%,TN 33.19%~52.86%,TP 52.64%~73.16%.当C/N为5∶1时,香蒲湿地的COD和TP去除效果最佳,而当C/N为2.5∶1时,菖蒲湿地的TN去除率最高.夏末秋初(7—9月)人工湿地的净化效果较好,而冬季(11月—翌年1月)去除效果明显下降.总体而言,合理地调控进水浓度、C/N比,选择最佳的湿地植物,可显著提高垂直流型人工湿地对生活污水的净化效果.