土壤和地下水石油污染的生物治理

概述了石油生物降解速率的主要影响因素，烃类的组成与状态，烃类降解微生物，温度与ｐＨ值，Ｏ２和营养。介绍了土壤和地下水石油污染的两种生物治理方法；菌种法和营养物法，认为该法具有安全，经济，无二次污染，不需大型设备，操作简单等优点，但也具有一定的局限性。     

H_2O_2在石油污染土壤微生物治理过程中的作用

为探讨缩短石油污染土壤微生物治理过程的有效途径，采用生物泥浆法，系统地研究了Ｈ２Ｏ２对土壤中烃类污染物微生物降解速度的影响。结果表明，Ｈ２Ｏ２既可直接氧化一部分烃类污染物，又可为微生物的氧化过程提供充足的电子受体，强化它们对烃类污染物的氧化降解作用，通过添加适量的Ｈ２Ｏ２，使土样中石油污染物的去除率增加了近３倍     

微生物降解油田含油污泥中烃类污染物的研究

微生物法治理油污土壤具有成本低、效果好的特点。其原理是微生物利用油烃作为碳源合成自身物质．进行生长繁殖，从而使油烃含量减少。在好氧和厌氧条件下，从油污土壤中分离纯化出4株能降解石油烃类的微生物CH1、CH2、CH3和CH4。经鉴定菌株CH3为假单胞菌属，通过生理特性实验，确定了其生长的最适pH值为7.5，油泥中石油烃类的降解率达85％。按照文中微生物处理舍油污泥的现场施工方案，可使处理后舍油污泥中烃类含量〈1500mg／kg（符合国标GB4284—1984要求）。     

土壤中重金属污染修复的研究进展

首先介绍了土壤重金属污染特点及对环境造成危害的途径,详细论述了各种土壤重金属污染的修复方法,最后提出土壤重金属污染治理技术的发展前景.     

土壤汞污染及修复措施研究进展

土壤汞污染已经严重危害到人类健康和生态环境,成为一个世界性问题,对其治理的各种修复措施也成为当前研究的一个热点。本文对土壤汞污染的来源、危害和修复措施等方面进行综述,指出了当前存在的问题,并对今后治理的研究方向提出了相关建议。     

石油污染生化治理的进展

一、概述在石油生产、贮运、炼制加工及使用过程中,由于事故,不正常操作及检修等原因,都会有石油烃类的溢出和排放,例如:油田开发过程中的井喷事故;输油管线和贮油罐的泄漏事故;油槽车和油轮的泄漏事故;油井清蜡和油田地面设备检修;炼油和石油化工生产装置检修;等。石油烃类大量溢出,应当尽可能予以回收,但有的情况下回收很困难,而即使能回收,终归仍会残留一部分、对环境(主要地土壤、地面和地下水)造成污染。对石油污染的治理方法     

农田土壤汞污染治理技术的应用探讨

简要介绍了几种传统的土壤汞污染治理技术,重点探讨了土壤汞污染植物修复技术的原理、特点和方法,对其发展趋势进行了简单预测,并对麻类作物应用于土壤汞污染治理的可行性进行了探讨。     

汽车尾气和大气中C1—C4烃类分析方法研究

采用熔融性Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＫＣｌ大孔径毛细管柱，用气相色谱直接进样方式，对汽车尾气中的低碳烃类化合物进行了分析监测。在汽车尾气中检出了３２个色谱峰，对其中的１０种烃类化合物进行了定量测定。浓度在２５μｇ／Ｌ－２０ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内与峰面积有良好的线性关系，方法的相对标准偏差小于１０％；样品的回收率为８５．０％－１１５．０％；最低检出浓度为２５μｇ／Ｌ。     

土壤重金属污染该如何治理

摘要：土壤重金属污染是全球都面临的环境问题，治理污染也成为环境科学所研究的难点和热点。本文提出了治理土壤中重金属污染的几种措施。比较分析了各种措施的优缺点。     

土壤重金属污染的探讨

随着工农业的发展，土壤重金属污染日益严重。文章综述了土壤重金属污染的现状、污染迁移途径以及危害，并阐述了土壤重金属污染的治理方法。提出了在众多治理方法中，土壤重金属污染生物修复方法是绿色技术，是未来的发展趋势。     

云南省土壤重金属污染现状及治理技术研究

对云南省土壤重金属污染现状和危害进行了阐述,介绍了目前较为常见的几种土壤修复技术,分析了各技术的优缺点及技术发展方向。植物、微生物修复和联合修复是将来土壤重金属污染修复的方向。     

生物技术在恶臭气体处理中的应用研究

讨论了生物技术在填埋场脱臭中的应用，这些防治技术对各类环境卫生设施，如垃圾收集站、中转站、焚烧场、堆肥厂及粪便处理厂的臭气治理均有借鉴意义。     

采用土地处理系统处理城市生活污水的实验室模拟研究

土地处理系统作为一种生态处理技术,以其设备简单、投资少、操作简便、能耗低以及净化效果良好而具有广阔的发展前景。实验采用赣南典型红土作土地处理系统的土样,采用间歇方式布水处理城市生活污水,其CODCr的去除率达到90%以上。     

Soil erosion induced by land use changes as determined by plough marks and field evidence in the Aksum area (Ethiopia)

The aim of the research presented here was to analyse soil erosion in response to changes in agricultural and soil conservation practices throughout history. The Aksum area (Tigray, northern Ethiopia) presents favourable conditions for the development of a long-term approach for assessing soil conservation techniques that have been applied for centuries (i.e., since the Aksumite kingdom, 400 BC to 800 AD). These techniques have been maintained until the present day, and parts of the terraced systems of the area are still in use. During the 1970s, social and political events led to a remarkable change in land use patterns, and large arable areas were converted into grazing land, resulting in a significant increase in soil loss. The rates of soil erosion were evaluated based on analyses of the deep scratches (plough marks) left on stones in the soil by the maresha, the ard plough pulled by oxen used in agricultural practices of the area, and the patinas, varnishes and weathering rinds exposed by soil loss after the abandonment of the fields. The study results show average rates of soil erosion of 2.8 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ and 65.8 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ for the soil conservation conditions under traditional agriculture (long-term observations) and accelerated erosion after abandonment (short-term observations), respectively. A comparison using recently calibrated erosion evaluation techniques conducted to support the field measurements revealed a close correlation between the calculated and recorded data.     

陕西潼关冶金污染土壤的修复评价及应用潜力

为了科学评估客土法、石灰和磷酸钙作为重金属钝化剂的原位稳定化修复技术在实际重金属污染土壤改良中的应用潜力,以潼关县安乐乡土壤重金属污染修复示范工程为例,从"三小"冶金土壤污染现状、工程修复技术的筛选、稳定化的修复效果以及修复后土壤农业生产安全性评价等角度进行了系统分析.结果表明"三小"冶炼行为对于周边土壤造成了严重的污染,主要污染物为Cd、Pb和Hg,矿渣是主要的污染源.采用潜在生态危害指数法进行评价,该区域潜在生态危害指数(RI)范围为668~10 969,具有很强的生态危害.通过对重度污染和轻度污染土壤分别采用客土法及原位固化的修复方法,土壤中重金属的总量以及有效态含量均有了显著的下降.除Cd外,土壤中重金属的总量均低于土壤二级标准中的限值.尽管土壤稳定化修复取得了一定的效果,但部分农作物中重金属的累积量高于国家食品安全标准中规定的限值,继续种植存在一定的风险.因此,在重金属污染修复后的土壤上不建议立刻进行粮食生产,应改变原有生产模式同时持续监测,在确保粮食安全后再进行生产.     

芥子气消毒技术研究现状及发展趋势研究

芥子气使用后,如不及时进行消毒处理,将会造成水源和土壤长期染毒,对环境和人类的健康构成严重威胁,因此,芥子气消毒技术已成为研究热点,针对传统消毒技术所存在的缺点,研究人员尝试利用不同的消毒技术对芥子气进行高效、无毒、环保消毒.目前主要采用过氧化物、光催化和光化学、纳米金属化合物、高铁酸钾等消毒技术对芥子气实施消毒,这些技术各有缺点和不足,在未来,各种消毒技术的性能改进和联合运用是主要发展趋势.     

稻田土壤砷、镉复合污染阻控技术研究进展

砷（As）和镉（Cd）是稻田土壤中最常见的有毒有害重金属元素,且易从土壤迁移到水稻籽粒中.目前,我国稻田土壤中As和Cd及其复合污染现象普遍,对粮食安全和人体健康均构成了严重威胁.As和Cd在土壤中的环境行为相反,对As-Cd复合污染的同步治理是当前水稻安全生产的关键技术难点.通过综述近年来同步阻控水稻对As和Cd吸收以及转运的若干实用技术,包括水分管理、钝化技术、淋洗技术、电动修复技术、植物修复技术、低累积水稻品种的选取以及叶面阻控技术,归纳并分析了各种技术的处理效果、作用机制和制约因素,提出了主要阻控技术的发展方向,指出构建区域高适配性综合技术模式的重要性,以期为稻田As-Cd复合污染治理和水稻安全生产提供参考.     

土壤气相抽提(SVE)技术研究进展

土壤气相抽提(SVE)是石油类土壤及地下水污染修复工程中广泛采用的原位治理技术。本文主要介绍了SVE技术的影响因素、系统设计、运行机理以及现场监测,阐述了SVE技术及其理论进展。最后展望了该技术的应用前景。     

Current molecular biologic techniques for characterizing environmental microbial community

Microbes are vital to the earth because of their enormous numbers and instinct function maintaining the natural balance. Since the microbiology was applied in environmental science and engineering more than a century ago, researchers desire for more and more information concerning the microbial spatio-temporal variations in almost every fields from contaminated soil to wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). For the past 30 years, molecular biologic techniques explored for environmental microbial community (EMC) have spanned a broad range of approaches to facilitate the researches with the assistance of computer science: faster, more accurate and more sensitive. In this feature article, we outlined several current and emerging molecular biologic techniques applied in detection of EMC, and presented and assessed in detail the application of three promising tools.     

Review of the remediation strategies for soil water repellency

Many regions of the world are predicted to experience water scarcity due to more frequent and more severe droughts and increased water demands. Water use efficiency by plants can be negatively affected by soil water repellency (SWR). It is timely to review existing techniques to remedy SWR. Ideally remediation addresses the origins of a problem. However, the fundamental mechanisms of how and why SWR develops are still poorly understood. In this review it was hypothesized that SWR occurs where the balance of input-decomposition of organic matter is impaired, due to either increased input or decreased decomposition rates of hydrophobic substances. Direct and indirect strategies to remedy SWR were distinguished. While direct remediation aims at abolishing the causes of SWR, indirect strategies seek to manage sites with SWR by treating its symptoms. The 12 reviewed strategies include applying surfactants, clay, slow-release fertilizers, lime, and fungicides, bioremediation of SWR through stimulating earthworms, choosing adapted vegetation, irrigation, cultivation, soil aeration and compaction. Some of the techniques have been applied successfully only in laboratory experiments. Our review highlights that it is not straightforward to cure SWR based on easily measurable and site-specific soil and vegetation properties, and that long-term, large-scale field experiments are required to improve the understanding of the evolution of SWR as cornerstone to develop cost-effective and efficient remediation strategies. We also identified current research gaps around the diagnosis and prevention of SWR.