Variability of soil organic carbon reservation capability between coastal salt marsh and riverside freshwater wetland in Chongming Dongtan and its microbial mechanism

Two representative zones in Chongming Dongtan which faced the Yangtze River and East China Sea respectively were selected to study the variability of soil organic carbon (SOC) reservation capability between coastal wetland and riverside wetland in the Chongming Dongtan wetland as well as its mechanism by analyzing soil characteristics and plant biomass. The results showed the SOC content of riverside wetland was only 48.61% (P = 0.000 < 0.05) that of coastal wetland. As the organic matter inputs from plant litter of the coastal wetland and riverside wetland were approximately the same, the higher soil microbial respiration (SMR) of riverside wetland led to its lower SOC reservation capability. In the riverside wetland, the high soil microbial biomass, higher proportion of β-Proteobacteria, which have strong carbon metabolism activity and the existence of some specific aerobic heterotrophic bacteria such as Bacilli and uncultured Lactococcus, were the important reasons for the higher SMR compared to the coastal wetland. There were additional differences in soil physical and chemical characteristics between the coastal wetland and riverside wetlands. Path analysis of predominant bacteria and microbial biomass showed that soil salinity influenced β-Proteobacteria and microbial biomass most negatively among these physical and chemical factors. Therefore the low salinity of the riverside area was suitable for the growth of microorganisms, especially β-Proteobacteria and some specific bacteria, which led to the high SMR and low SOC reservation capability when compared to the coastal area.     

西藏高原草原化小嵩草草甸生长季土壤微生物呼吸测定

以西藏当雄县草原化小嵩草草甸生态系统为研究为对象,利用Li6400-09对生长季土壤微生物异养呼吸进行了测定。土壤异养呼吸R(h)动态与土壤温度T()变化趋势一致,尤其与5cm地温相关性最强,说明5cm地温是土壤微生物异养呼吸的主要限制因子。在生长季中土壤异养呼吸与5cm土壤温度呈现不同的函数关系:在降水比较集中的雨季(6～8月),函数关系是Rh=0.106exp0.133T;在降水相对较少的旱季(5月,9～10月),函数关系是Rh=0.18exp0.0833T。在生长季中,雨季土壤日异养呼吸量为2.4g CO₂.m-2,雨季异养呼吸总量为219.6g CO₂.m-2,Q 10为3.8;旱季日异养呼吸量为1.8g CO₂.m-2,呼吸总量为160.2gCO 2.m-2,Q 10值为2.3。结果表明,土壤异养呼吸在降水集中的雨季对土壤温度反应更敏感,在生长季不同时期由于降水格局的影响,土壤水分对土壤微生物异养呼吸对温度的响应有调节作用。2004年生长季(5～10月)土壤异养呼吸总量达379.8gCO₂.m-2。     

中国陆地生态系统土壤异养呼吸变异的影响因素

土壤异养呼吸是生态系统碳平衡估算中的关键因子之一.通过文献调研,收集了中国陆地生态系统中土壤异养呼吸的观测数据,同时收集整理了试验地点气候资料(年总降水量和年平均气温)和环境因子(如树木生长年龄)指标.结果表明,异养呼吸与土壤呼吸的关系可用幂函数方程描述,异养呼吸随土壤呼吸的增大而增大,该幂函数方程可解释异养呼吸73%(R2=0.730,P<0.001)的变异.异养呼吸与年总降水量以及年平均气温的关系均可用一元线性方程描述.异养呼吸占土壤呼吸的比例与年总降水量、年平均气温的关系均可用对数回归方程描述,异养呼吸占土壤呼吸的比例随年总降水量的增大和年平均气温的升高而减小.异养呼吸占土壤呼吸的比例随树龄的增大而增大,两者之间的关系可用幂函数方程描述.进一步的结果表明,经验模型模拟得到的异养呼吸模拟值与实际样地观测结果之间呈显著的线性回归关系,采用的经验统计模型可较好地模拟异养呼吸的变异.     

陆地生态系统土壤呼吸时空变异的影响因素研究进展

土壤呼吸是碳循环中的1个重要过程,土壤呼吸作用的过程及其影响因子对理解陆地碳循环极为关键.本文对迄今为止国内外关于土壤呼吸时空变异性影响因素的一些研究进行综述,分析了气候、植被、土壤因素对土壤呼吸变异性的影响规律.以往的研究表明,气候因素中对土壤呼吸具有重要影响的因子为气温和降水,植被因素中对土壤呼吸具有重要影响的因子...     

Organic carbon accumulation capability of two typical tidal wetland soils in Chongming Dongtan, China

We measured organic carbon input and content of soil in two wetland areas of Chongming Dongtan (Yangtze River Estuary) to evaluate variability in organic carbon accumulation capability in di erent wetland soils. Observed di erences were investigated based on the microbial activity and environmental factors of the soil at the two sites. Results showed that the organic carbon content of wetland soil vegetated with Phragmites australis (site A) was markedly lower than that with P. australis and Spartina alterniflora (site B). Sites di erences were due to higher microbial activity at site A, which led to higher soil respiration intensity and greater carbon outputs. This indicated that the capability of organic carbon accumulation of the site B soils was greater than at site A. In addition, petroleum pollution and soil salinity were di erent in the two wetland soils. After bio-remediation, the soil petroleum pollution at site B was reduced to a similar level of site A. However, the culturable microbial biomass and enzyme activity in the remediated soils were also lower than at site A. These results indicated that greater petroleum pollution at site B did not markedly inhibit soil microbial activity. Therefore, di erences in vegetation type and soil salinity were the primary factors responsible for the variation in microbial activity, organic carbon output and organic carbon accumulation capability between site A and site B.     

黄河口典型潮沟土壤碳氮分布特征规律

为探究黄河三角洲盐沼土壤碳氮含量在潮沟水系中的时空分布特征,选取黄河口一条典型的潮沟系统,采集一、二、三级潮沟表层土壤,探寻土壤有机碳、总氮与土壤容重、盐度、pH等理化因子的相关关系。结果表明：土壤有机碳和总氮在时空尺度上表现出极大的异质性特征。时间尺度上,土壤有机碳和总氮出现先上升后下降的趋势。空间尺度上,一级潮沟土壤有机碳和总氮平均值（2.9 g·kg^-1、0.36 g·kg^-1）大于二级（1.4 g·kg^-1、0.18 g·kg^-1）、三级（1.6 g·kg^-1、0.21 g·kg^-1）潮沟。相关分析表明,土壤有机碳和总氮与盐度呈显著正相关（P<0.01）,与容重呈显著负相关（P<0.01）。盐沼湿地土壤碳氮含量受土壤水盐条件的影响,而潮沟水系的树状结构对水盐条件的影响是导致土壤碳氮含量时空差异分布的重要因素。     

长江口潮滩土壤呼吸季节变化及其影响因素

采用静态箱-气相色谱法,于2007年7月至2008年5月对长江口潮滩土壤呼吸通量进行了观测,同时对潮滩气温、土壤温度、近岸水体盐度等环境参数进行了观测.结果表明,长江口潮滩上壤是大气CO2的排放源.土壤呼吸速率具有明妊的季节变化规律,呈单峰形变化.并于7～8月出现排放峰值.气温和各层土壤温度与士壤呼吸速率作用之间具有显...     

基于组分区分的亚热带湿地松人工林土壤呼吸对氮添加的响应

氮沉降在很大程度上会对土壤呼吸产生扰动,进而影响到生态系统碳收支.以我国亚热带湿地松人工林为研究对象,通过定位模拟氮沉降控制试验,定量研究根系呼吸和微生物呼吸对氮添加的响应差异,并通过土壤环境的同步监测,初步探讨影响上述过程的生物地球化学与微生物学机理.结果表明:不同氮素添加水平下土壤呼吸速率及其组分总体上都呈现出单峰曲线特征,峰值出现在7月或8月,氮添加对土壤呼吸的季节模式没有明显影响.CK（0,对照）、LN〔60 kg/（hm2·a）,低氮〕和HN〔120 kg/（hm2·a）,高氮〕处理下土壤总呼吸速率的年均值分别为3.91、2.30和1.73 μmol/（m2·s）,各组根系呼吸速率年均值分别为1.41、0.87和0.66 μmol/（m2·s）,各组微生物呼吸速率年均值分别为2.50、1.44和1.07 μmol/（m2·s）.施氮后土壤总呼吸及其组分都受到明显抑制,并且随着施氮水平的提高,土壤总呼吸及其组分明显减小.与对照样地微生物呼吸占比65.2%相比,低氮和高氮处理下微生物呼吸占比显著降低,降幅分别为62.6%和62.1%,说明氮素添加对微生物呼吸的抑制作用大于根系呼吸.施氮后一年,氮素输入对土壤呼吸的抑制在消退.施氮对表层土壤w（TOC）（TOC为总有机碳）、w（NH₄+）、w（NO₃-）、w（DOC）（DOC为可溶性有机碳）、w（DON）（DON为可溶性有机氮）、w（MBC）（MBC为微生物生物量碳）和w（MBN）（MBN为微生物生物量氮）都没有显著影响.氮素添加主要是通过降低土壤pH、加速湿地松人工林土壤酸化,对影响土壤有机质转化的土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性产生显著抑制,从而影响到土壤微生物活性,导致土壤微生物呼吸降低,这可能是土壤呼吸对氮添加响应的关键机制.      

硝基苯、苯胺对湿地土壤微生物和脲酶活性的影响

通过室内培养试验研究不同w(硝基苯)和w(苯胺)下,湿地土壤w(微生物量碳),土壤呼吸强度和脲酶活性的变化特征.结果表明,输入硝基苯和苯胺后,前期w(微生物量碳)明显降低.w(硝基苯)和w(苯胺)分别为10和100mg/kg的处理前期对土壤呼吸表现为促进作用,后期表现为抑制作用; 随处理浓度的提高,作用强度和作用时间有所加剧和延长.w(硝基苯)和w(苯胺)均为100 mg/kg,处理7 d后,前者对土壤呼吸的抑制作用大于后者; 而w(硝基苯)为1mg/kg的处理对土壤呼吸几乎无影响.不同w(硝基苯)的处理对土壤脲酶活性影响不显著,处理5 d后均表现为弱的激活作用;w(苯胺)为1和10 mg/kg的处理对脲酶活性一直表现为弱的激活作用;w(苯胺)为100 mg/kg的处理表现为抑制作用.      

喀斯特高原退化湿地草海土壤微生物群落碳源代谢活性研究

为了揭示土壤微生物群落功能多样性对湿地退化过程的响应及其与环境因子的关系,采用BIOLOG-ECO微平板法对喀斯特高原湿地草海不同植被演替阶段根际土壤微生物的碳源代谢活性进行了研究.结果表明,沿湿地植被演替梯度,根际土壤微生物群落碳源代谢强度逐渐增加,原生湿地竹叶眼子菜(Comm.Potamogeton malaianu)根际土壤微生物碳源利用能力最低,碳源代谢类型单一;草甸灯芯草(Juncus effusus L.)群落利用能力最强,碳源代谢类型丰富;Shannon指数(H')和Mc Intosh指数(U)均沿植被演替梯度逐渐升高,这可能与地上植物和土壤理化环境变化有关;主成分分析(PCA)提取的3个主成分累计贡献率为92.85%,能够很好解释不同阶段碳源利用的分异,醇类和氨基酸类是引起碳源利用分异的主要基质;冗余分析(RDA)表明,环境因子对微生物碳源代谢活性具有重要影响,p H、DOC是引起碳源利用分异的主要环境因子.土壤微生物群落碳源代谢活性影响湿地碳循环功能.     

Performance and microbial response during the fast reactivation of Anammox system by hydrodynamic stress control

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation （Anammox） has become a promising method for biological nitrogen removal. However, this biotechnology application is always limited due to the low growth rate and biomass yield of Anammox bacteria. This study investigated the process of fast reactivation of an Anammox consortium idled for 2 years uia hydrodynamic stress control. The results showed that the Anammox system was efficiently and quickly reactivated by shortening of the hydraulic retention time （I-IRT） of the reactor from 12 to 6 hr within 68 days of operation. Moreover, at a 4-hr HRT with an influent total nitrogen loading rate of 1.2 kg N/（m3.day）, the reactor maintained high biological performance with an ammonium removal loading rate of 0.52 kg N/（m3.day） and a nitrite removal rate of 0.59 kg N/（m3.day）. In the reactivated Anammox reaction, the stoichiometric coefficients of NH4-N to NOE-N and NH4-N to NO4-N were 1：1.04± 0.08 and 1：0.31 ± 0.03, respectively. The specific Anammox activity and hydrazine oxidoreductase activity, both of which represent the degree of Anammox bacteria present, increased as the hydrodynamic stress increased and were maximally （125.38 ± 3.01 mg N/（g VSS.day） and 339.42 ± 6.83 μmol/（min.g VSS）, respectively） at 4-hr HRT. Microbial response analysis showed that the dominant microbial community was obviously shifted and the dominance of Anammox bacteria was enhanced durinR the hydrodynamic selection.     

广东海丰湿地生态恢复进程中不同生境的土壤微生物特征分析

土壤微生物能够敏感反应湿地生态系统质量变化及功能演变.为了探索土壤微生物在生态恢复措施下的变化及响应机制,采用高通量测序技术研究了广东海丰湿地在生态恢复进程中4种不同生境(植被恢复区、乡土植被区、潮沟和光滩)的土壤微生物群落结构与多样性特征及其影响因素.结果表明,4种不同生境土壤理化性质差异显著,表现为潮沟土壤TC、TN、TOC和TK含量最高,且植被恢复区土壤的TC、TN和TP含量显著高于光滩.潮沟和光滩上EC值显著高于植被恢复区和乡土植被区.细菌在潮沟中多样性指数和丰度最高,且植被恢复区土壤细菌丰度和多样性显著高于光滩;古菌群落结构在潮沟中比其他3种生境显著复杂,多样性与丰度更高;而真菌在乡土植被区的多样性指数和丰度显著高于其他生境,群落结构也最为复杂.TN和TC是影响细菌群落的主要因素;TN和EC是影响古菌群落的主要因素,而pH、TP和TN是影响真菌群落关键性因素.由此可见,在生态恢复过程中,光滩上植被的定植增加了土壤微生物群落多样性和丰富度,生态恢复初见成效,研究结果可为光滩生态修复策略的选择提供理论依据.     

内蒙古羊草草原根呼吸和土壤微生物呼吸区分的研究

利用根生物量回归法对内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原根呼吸和土壤微生物呼吸进行了区分.结果表明,根呼吸占土壤呼吸的比例在13%~52%之间,平均为(24±3)%;土壤微生物呼吸占土壤呼吸的比例在48%~87%之间,平均为(76±3)%.土壤呼吸与根生物量的线性相关性不稳定.根呼吸活力与根冠比具有负指数相关关系(R2=0.661,P=0.20),与0~10、10~20、20~30和30~40 cm土壤含水量均有极显著的正指数相关关系(P<0.000 1).根呼吸与根呼吸活力具有极显著的指数相关关系(R2=0.848,P=0.01),根呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献量与根呼吸活力具有显著的指数相关关系(R2=0.818,P=0.01).     

崇明东滩湿地土壤生物固氮沿潮滩水淹梯度的特征

以长江口崇明东滩为研究区,研究了植被和裸滩表层（0~5cm）土壤固氮速率（BNF）、固氮功能基因（nifH）丰度和理化性质.土壤BNF随着水淹频率增加而降低,即由高潮滩向低潮滩表现出显著的差异（P<0.05）.土壤BNF表现为夏季大于冬季,植被覆盖土壤高于裸滩.夏季植被和裸滩土壤BNF分别为0.61~17.90,1.41~12.10μmol N/（kg·h）,冬季分别为0.64~3.54,0.47~2.60μmol N/（kg·h）植被和裸滩土壤nifH丰度分别为（1.28~4.61）×10⁷copies/g和2.56×10⁷~12.3×10⁸copies/g.土壤nifH丰度水平与BNF呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）.此外,土壤BNF还受到土壤盐度、硝酸盐、Fe³⁺和总磷的影响.研究结果表明,河口潮滩湿地水淹梯度的变化通过改变土壤微生物和理化性质,进而影响土壤BNF和氮的生物地球化学循环.     

不同温度下的土壤微生物呼吸及其与水溶性有机碳和转化酶的关系

为研究不同温度下的土壤微生物呼吸及其与水溶性有机碳(DOC)和转化酶的关系,设置了室内培养实验.采集南京市周边老山、紫金山、宝华山的土壤,研究不同土壤的微生物呼吸对温度升高的响应规律,并分析土壤DOC含量及转化酶活性.结果表明,不同土壤的累积微生物呼吸与土壤温度之间的关系均可用指数方程描述,其P值均达到极显著水平(P0.001),不同地点土壤的微生物呼吸温度敏感系数(Q10值)在1.762~1.895之间变异.累积土壤微生物呼吸的Q10值随着土壤温度升高表现出降低的趋势.培养后27 d土壤微生物呼吸的Q10值与培养后1 d的Q10值无显著差异(P0.05),这表明难分解有机质的温度敏感性与易分解有机质的温度敏感性一致.对于所有土壤而言,累积土壤微生物呼吸与DOC含量之间存在极显著(P=0.003)的线性回归关系,DOC可以解释累积土壤微生物呼吸31.6%的变异性.无论是单独分析不同土壤还是综合所有土壤的测定结果,累积微生物呼吸与土壤转化酶活性均存在极显著(P0.01)的一元线性回归关系,由此说明转化酶活性是衡量土壤微生物呼吸大小的一个较好的指标.     

Soil resource availability impacts microbial response to organic carbon and inorganic nitrogen inputs

Impacts of newly added organic carbon （C） and inorganic nitrogen （N） on the microbial utilization of soil organic matter are important in determining the future C balance of terrestrial ecosystems. We examined microbial responses to cellulose and ammonium nitrate additions in three soils with very different C and N availability. These soils included an organic soil（ 14.2% total organic C, with extremely high extractable N and low labile C）, a forest soi1（4.7% total organic C, with high labile C and extremely low extractable N）, and a grassland soil（1.6% total organic C, with low extractable N and labile C）. While cellulose addition alone significantly enhanced microbial respiration and biomass C and N in the organic and grassland soils, it accelerated only the microbial respiration in the highly-N limited forest soil. These results indicated that when N was not limited, C addition enhanced soil respiration by stimulating both microbial growth and their metabolic activity, New C inputs lead to elevated C release in all three soils, and the magnitude of the enhancement was higher in the organic and grassland soils than the forest soil. The addition of cellulose plus N to the forest and grassland soils initially increased the microbial biomass and respiration rates, but decreased the rates as time progressed. Compared to cellulose addition alone, cellulose plus N additions increased the total C-released in the grassland soil, but not in the forest soil. The enhancement of total C- released induced by C and N addition was less than 50% of the added-C in the forest soil after 96 d of incubation, in contrast to 87.5% and 89.0% in the organic and grassland soils. These results indicate that indigenous soil C and N availability substantially impacts the allocation of organic C for microbial biomass growth and/or respiration, potentially regulating the turnover rates of the new organic C inputs.     

荧光假单胞菌对洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤碳氮生理类群和微生物活性的影响

为探讨功能微生物对洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤环境质量的影响,以从洞庭湖湿地植物蒌蒿体中分离获得的荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)Y5为对象,通过室内培养试验研究其对洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤碳氮生理类群和微生物活性的影响。结果表明菌株Y5可明显增加洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤的氨化菌、硝化菌、好氧性自生固氮菌、好氧性纤维素分解菌的数量,明显提高洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤的脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,显著增加土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN),明显降低土壤基础呼吸及代谢墒,从而有利于改善洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤的营养状况和环境质量。     

三江平原典型湿地类型土壤微生物特征与土壤养分的研究

为探讨不同湿地类型土壤微生物数量和酶活性的分布特征及其与土壤养分的关系,本研究选择了三江平原洪河湿地保护区4种典型湿地类型(小叶章+沼柳湿地、小叶章湿地、毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地)的土壤为研究对象.结果表明4种湿地类型在0~30 cm土层内:1土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷均随土层深度的增加而减少,速效钾、速效磷和速效氮则未表现出有规律的变化,且不同湿地类型土壤养分含量差异显著.2土壤微生物数量为细菌放线菌真菌,3种微生物菌落数量均随土层深度的增加而减少.土壤微生物总数量以小叶章湿地最多,毛苔草湿地最少.3土壤蔗糖酶和纤维素酶活性均随土层深度的增加而减少,而土壤过氧化氢酶活性未表现出有规律的变化.小叶章+沼柳湿地和小叶章湿地中3种酶活性显著性高于毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地(P0.05).4相关性分析表明,土壤细菌、真菌和纤维素酶与土壤养分各指标均呈极显著或显著正相关,放线菌和蔗糖酶与速效钾、过氧化氢酶与速效钾、速效磷无显著相关性关系.因此,土壤微生物和酶活性是反映土壤养分状况的重要指标.     

黄河三角洲不同类型湿地土壤盐分的剖面分异特征

为探究高强度人为干扰是否改变滨海湿地土壤盐分的剖面特征,采集黄河三角洲典型自然湿地和人为干扰湿地不同植物群落下的土壤剖面样品,进行实验室测定。运用单因素方差分析、非参数检验、聚类分析等方法,对土壤剖面含盐量及理化性状进行统计分析。结果显示：由陆向海湿地土壤从轻度盐渍化向盐土过渡,盐分剖面特征受人为活动影响显著,同时人为影响因植被类型而异。总体而言,人为干扰湿地土壤盐渍化程度高于自然湿地。土壤盐分剖面类型可划分为表聚型、震荡型和均匀型三种,空间上由海向陆土壤盐分剖面类型由表聚型、震荡型向均匀型转变。人为干扰湿地中的柽柳（Tamarix chinensis）群落和裸地土壤盐分表聚特征明显,属于表聚型剖面,表聚系数为63%,均匀型剖面占比最高,达到2/3。当地人为筑坝修路等建设活动,通过直接阻断或改变地形等方式削弱了湿地潮汐的水文连通过程,进而改变土壤含水率、容重等生境要素,可能成为影响盐分剖面特征的重要因素。通过闸阀调控、生态补水工程等水文连通恢复措施,改善湿地土壤盐碱化问题,有助于推动黄河三角洲滨海湿地的可持续发展与管理。     

Optimized production of a novel bioflocculant M-C11 by Klebsiella sp. and its application in sludge dewatering

The optimized production of a novel bioflocculant M-C11 produced by Klebsiella sp. and its application in sludge dewatering were investigated. The optimal medium carbon source,nitrogen source, metal ion, initial pH and culture temperature for the bioflocculant production were glucose, NaNO3, MgSO4, and pH 7.0 and 25°C, respectively. A compositional analysis indicated that the purified M-C11 consisted of 91.2% sugar, 4.6% protein and 3.9% nucleic acids（m/m）. A Fourier transform infrared spectrum confirmed the presence of carboxyl, hydroxyl,methoxyl and amino groups. The microbial flocculant exhibited excellent pH and thermal stability in a kaolin suspension over a pH range of 4.0 to 8.0 and a temperature range of 20 to 60°C.The optimum bioflocculating activity was observed as 92.37% for 2.56 mL M-C11 and 0.37 g/L CaCl2 dosages using response surface methodology. The sludge resistance in filtration（SRF）decreased from 11.6 × 1012 to 4.7 × 1012m/kg, which indicated that the sludge dewaterability was remarkably enhanced by the bioflocculant conditioning. The sludge dewatering performance conditioned by M-C11 was more efficient than that of inorganic flocculating reagents,such as aluminum sulfate and polymeric aluminum chloride. The bioflocculant has advantages over traditional sludge conditioners due to its lower cost, benign biodegradability and negligible secondary pollution. In addition, the bioflocculant was favorably adapted to the specific sludge pH and salinity.