亚热带流域氮磷排放与养殖业环境承载力实例研究

畜禽养殖业粪便排放已经成为我国农村地区主要的农业面源污染源之一,也是制约养殖业良性发展的主要瓶颈.本文以湖南省长沙县典型亚热带流域为研究单元,基于流域水环境定位观测、耕地氮(N)磷(P)消纳能力以及养殖业调查和土壤分析资料,初步分析了亚热带丘陵区的面源污染现状及畜禽养殖业的环境承载力.结果表明,研究区金井河流域134.4 km2范围内N、P年负荷分别为N 2.72 t·km-2和P0.11t·km-2,其中养殖粪便对水体总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)负荷的贡献率分别约为42.2％和62.0％.区内平均畜禽养殖密度为3.46 AU·hm-2(相当于流域内年出栏生猪24.39万头),显著高于现有化肥用量条件下流域的实际承载力1.13 AU·hm-2(相当于流域内年出栏生猪6.35万头),因此养殖密度过高是导致研究区水体NP负荷较高的主要原因.区内N、P盈余量分别为N 35.8 kg·hm-2、P 18.61 kg·hm-2.研究区基本不施用化肥条件下畜禽养殖业的最大环境承载力为7.26 AU·hm-2,在有机肥占合理施肥量30％条件下,当地畜禽养殖业的环境承载力为2.74AU·hm-2(相当于流域内年出栏生猪19.50万头).降低养殖密度、调整养殖业空间布局以及提高养殖废弃物的资源化利用率是防治当前面源污染的有效途径.     

基于GIS的东北农田畜禽粪便施用适宜性分析

东北三省是我国重要的粮食生产和工业基地.近年来,随着经济发展增速加快和产业结构调整力度加大,畜禽养殖业发展迅速,畜禽粪便产生量也快速增加.如何合理处置和利用畜禽粪便对东北三省的农业生产和环境保护都具有重要意义.本研究基于GIS平台,从自然、环境、社会和经济等多方面对东北三省畜禽粪便农田施用的适宜性进行了定量分析和评价.结果表明,东北三省78.9%的耕地适宜施用畜禽粪便,总面积为211942.7km2,主要分布在黑龙江和吉林省的大部分地区.总体来看,与居民区、水体和道路之间的禁施距离,是限制东北三省畜禽粪便耕地施用的关键因子,降雨量差异是影响耕地施用畜禽粪便适宜性地区差异的主要因子.结合适宜施用畜禽粪便的耕地面积和现有畜禽养殖水平,以畜禽粪便排放P2O5为评价指标,36个城市的养殖可发展潜力从四平市超出耕地负荷181.3万头到齐齐哈尔市1120.3万头的盈余,差异较大.从区域分布看,东部区域还有284.2万头的养殖发展空间,西部地区的辽宁中部和吉林中部近一半城市畜禽养殖量已经超过耕地可承载能力,而典型山区林区的养殖业进一步发展的空间相对较小(25.2万头的盈余量),应该适度控制和调整养殖业的发展.     

吉林省畜禽养殖量区域差异及环境风险评价

利用吉林省"十二五"环境统计数据,通过计算畜禽单元密度、耕地总氮（磷）负荷、耕地猪氮（磷）密度、耕地总氮（磷）污染风险等指标,分析了吉林省畜禽养殖量区域差异,并评价其环境风险。结果表明:1）吉林省各地区畜禽养殖量呈现出中部地区较多,西部地区次之,而东部及东南部地区最少的分布特点;2）研究区畜禽养殖总氮（磷）产生量分别为23.18万,26.07万t,其中,图门地区总氮（磷）产生量均最低,而位于中部的长春、农安地区总磷产生量最高;3）各地区耕地总氮污染总体上较轻,只存在无污染、低污染和中污染现象,而总磷污染较严重,较高和高风险所占比重较高,其研究结果可为吉林省畜禽养殖业布局调整、环境污染治理和畜禽粪便资源化利用等决策提供支持。     

规模化养殖畜禽粪便量估算及环境影响研究

利用规模化养殖的空间信息,结合面积比例法,获取畜禽养殖统计数据.在此基础上,进行了畜禽粪便量和纯养分估算及对土壤环境影响研究,辅以土壤耕层和亚耕层中有效磷含量及变化来阐释畜禽粪便对土壤环境污染的影响.以北京市大兴区为例,对该区规模养殖畜禽粪便量进行估算,评估了其对环境的影响,验证了该方法的准确性、合理性.结果表明,大兴区2005年耕地畜禽粪便磷养分负荷为93.72kg/hm2,其中规模化养殖耕地畜禽粪便磷养分负荷为57.56kg/hm2.耕层及亚耕层的有效磷含量远高于背景值,且变异系数分别为72.66%和79.12%,富集系数(耕层/亚耕层)为2.31,变异系数和富集系数进一步说明了规模化养殖畜禽粪便对土壤环境污染影响程度.     

兰州市农村畜禽污染以及对水体影响的研究

以兰州市农村作为研究区域,对2003-2007年畜禽养殖污染的现状和趋势进行了研究,得出了安宁区、城关区等三县五区的畜禽污染情况,其中安宁区和红古区属于较重污染区,农村地区畜禽污染又逐年加重的趋势,后者与当地耕地的逐年减少有密切的关系;同时,根据各区(县)畜禽粪便污染物COD、TN、TP的值,测算了各区(县)污染物流失进入水体的COD、,IN、,IP的等标排放量,比较得知5年中TP的等标排放率均超过了56%,TN超过了34%.区域水体中TP污染的源头与农村地区畜禽污染又直接的联系.因此农村地区畜禽养殖环境管理的落实将对从源头治理农村水体的污染起到重要作用,也是当及今后农村小康环保行动的重要战略之一.     

洪湖流域半封闭池塘河蟹养殖氮磷污染负荷研究

选取洪湖流域半封闭池塘河蟹养殖区域为调查样本,针对一个养殖周期内6个监测点位(1个背景点,3个养殖水体点,2个纳污水体点)TN、TP值进行监测分析。监测结果表明,养殖准备期(12月～1月),养殖水体TN、TP值与同期背景值没有明显差异;养殖中后期(3月～10月),养殖水体和纳污水体TN、TP均明显高于同期背景值,大部分为劣Ⅴ类水质。按5～10月份养殖水体TN、TP实测值进行化学分析法估算,一个养殖周期内养殖水体TN、TP污染负荷为27.61kg/hm2、7.33kg/hm2,则洪湖流域半封闭池塘河蟹养殖排放的TN、TP污染负荷约为269.11t/a、71.46t/a。另据对样本区域养殖生产过程的调查,按物料平衡法估算的TN、TP污染负荷为57.61kg/hm2、11.60kg/hm2,而洪湖流域半封闭池塘河蟹养殖TN、TP污染负荷约为561.51t/a、113.06t/a。     

安徽省畜禽粪便污染耕地、水体现状及其风险评价

以安徽省耕地、水体的环境保护为出发点,依据2001～2009年安徽省畜禽养殖数据,采用排泄系数法估算畜禽粪便量,在此基础上计算安徽省各地畜禽粪便耕地污染负荷及水体等标污染负荷指数,并对各地区畜禽粪便对耕地和水环境的污染现状进行风险评价.结果表明,2008～2009年安徽省平均产生0.67亿t粪便,畜禽粪便耕地污染负荷及纯N、纯P耕地负荷量平均值分别为16.2 t.hm-2、83.8 kg.hm-2和34.5 kg.hm-2;耕地污染指数为0.36,处于Ⅰ级预警级别范围;水环境等标污染负荷指数为7.03,各地区畜禽粪便对耕地和水环境污染存在较大差异.2008～2009年与2001～2002年相比污染状况有不同程度下降,但其中P素污染比例有上升的趋势;2008～2009年畜禽粪便对耕地、水体造成双重污染的地区为合肥、宿州、蚌埠,这些地区的环境问题应引起注意.     

2004～2013年安徽省县域畜禽养殖环境风险时空特征及调控规划

为掌握安徽省近十年来畜禽养殖业对生态环境的潜在污染影响,本文基于2004～2013年安徽省县域畜禽养殖统计数据及耕地数据,以耕地畜禽粪便氮、磷负荷为评价指标,对安徽省县域畜禽养殖环境风险时空特征进行评估,并对高环境风险县市区进行调控规划研究。结果表明,安徽省各县市区的耕地畜禽粪便氮、磷负荷结果相互之间差异较大; 2004～2013年安徽省大部分区域都属于无环境风险区域,高环境风险区域主要集中在合肥市的市辖区、肥西县、长丰县等县市区,低环境风险区域主要集中在灵璧县、全椒县等县市区;十年间存在环境风险的县市区数量以2005年最多,为28个;其次是2006和2013年,为26个;数量最少的年份是2007年,为11个;安庆市太湖县、合肥市长丰县、宣州市广德县等6个县市区的畜禽粪便能在其所属地级市的范围内进行畜禽养殖产业转移消化,以达到减排的目的。宿州市砀山县、蚌埠市固镇县、六安市寿县等5个县市区的畜禽粪便中的氮也能进行畜禽养殖产业转移实现消化减排,但部分磷无法通过产业转移实现消化减排。研究结果可为该省畜禽养殖业持续健康发展提供科学依据。     

2004~2013年安徽省县域畜禽养殖环境风险时空特征及调控规划

为掌握安徽省近十年来畜禽养殖业对生态环境的潜在污染影响,本文基于2004~2013年安徽省县域畜禽养殖统计数据及耕地数据,以耕地畜禽粪便氮、磷负荷为评价指标,对安徽省县域畜禽养殖环境风险时空特征进行评估,并对高环境风险县市区进行调控规划研究。结果表明,安徽省各县市区的耕地畜禽粪便氮、磷负荷结果相互之间差异较大;2004~2013年安徽省大部分区域都属于无环境风险区域,高环境风险区域主要集中在合肥市的市辖区、肥西县、长丰县等县市区,低环境风险区域主要集中在灵璧县、全椒县等县市区;十年间存在环境风险的县市区数量以2005年最多,为28个;其次是2006和2013年,为26个;数量最少的年份是2007年,为11个;安庆市太湖县、合肥市长丰县、宣州市广德县等6个县市区的畜禽粪便能在其所属地级市的范围内进行畜禽养殖产业转移消化,以达到减排的目的。宿州市砀山县、蚌埠市固镇县、六安市寿县等5个县市区的畜禽粪便中的氮也能进行畜禽养殖产业转移实现消化减排,但部分磷无法通过产业转移实现消化减排。研究结果可为该省畜禽养殖业持续健康发展提供科学依据。     

海南省畜禽粪便分布特征及耕地负荷研究

通过利用国内较通用的经验系数计算以及利用耕地负荷分级方法,了解海南省畜禽粪便分布特征及耕地负荷情况。海南省畜禽粪便产生量最多的市县是海口市和儋州市、文昌市,分别达到244.45万t/a和214.89万t/a、211.26万t/a;畜禽粪便耕地负荷量最大的是文昌市、琼海市,分别为61.29 t/(hm.2a)、61.19 t/(hm.2a),属于对环境威胁严重;有3个市县畜禽粪便耕地负荷量属于对环境威胁较严重,7个市县属于对环境有威胁,4个市县对环境稍有威胁,2个市县对环境无威胁。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.