乌鲁木齐市区机动车污染物排放特征研究

选择乌鲁木齐市125条道路调研测试得来的数据分析了乌鲁木齐市在用机动车的行驶分布的规律、污染物的排放特点和机动车道路的行驶特点。然后使用COPERT本地化模型计算CO、NMVOC、NOx和PM的排放因子,并计算了2012年CO、NMVOC、NOx和PM的排放量。通过估算得到2012年乌鲁木齐市机动车CO、NMVOC、NOx和PM的排放量分别为94 087,17 886,25 079,1 489 t。柴油机动车对NOx、PM的排放分担比率较大,而柴油机动车的保有量的贡献比率偏低;柴油汽车的CO、NMVOC的保有量的贡献比率跟它的排放分担率相比,贡献率要大;占保有量22.3%的国Ⅰ、国Ⅰ前标准的机动车辆对机动车CO、NMVOC、NOx、PM的排放分担比率分别为50.5%、41.0%、51.5%和55.0%;占保有量64.3%的国Ⅲ、和国Ⅳ车辆对CO、NMVOC、NOx和PM的贡献率分别为35.2%、42.7%、35.6%和33.9%。     

珠三角地区机动车排放清单建立与来源分析

文章建立了珠三角地区2012年10种污染物的机动车排放清单,并分不同车辆类型、不同排放标准以及不同城市分析了各污染物排放特征。结果表明:(1)不同车型的机动车排放贡献率存在着一定的差异,其中轻型客车、摩托车和大型客车所占排放比例较高;(2)CO、VOC、CH4、NMVOC主要来源于轻型客车和摩托车,NOx、PM2.5、EC、OM主要来源于大型客车,NH3主要来源于轻型客车,SO2主要来源于大型客车和轻型客车;(3)国0和国Ⅰ标准机动车是主要排放贡献源;(4)广州、深圳排放量所占珠三角整体排放量比重较大,其次为佛山、东莞、江门,珠海、中山、肇庆、惠州所占排放比例较小。     

珠江三角洲机动车污染物排放特征及分担率

建立了2006年珠江三角洲(以下简称为珠三角)地区机动车排放清单,获得了该地区分车型、区域以及燃料类型的机动车排放分担率.结果表明:①珠三角地区不同车型的机动车污染排放分担率有显著差别,其中柴油大货车、汽油小客车和柴油小货车是机动车排放NOx的主要来源,摩托车、汽油小货车和汽油小客车是机动车排放VOCs的主要来源,柴油大货车、柴油大客车和柴油小货车是机动车排放PM10的主要来源;②广州、佛山、东莞和深圳等经济发达和快速发展地区的机动车污染物排放量均较大,这4个城市机动车NOx,VOCs和PM10的排放量之和分别占珠三角地区机动车排放总量的79.7%,69.8%和77.9%;③机动车燃油比例对污染排放影响显著.汽油车(含摩托车)对VOCs的排放分担率较大(约为93.8%),而柴油车对NOx和PM10的排放分担率较大(分别为61.5%和84.0%).     

珠江三角洲地区机动车源排放特征

建立了2009年珠三角地区机动车SO2、NOx、PM10、THC和CO等五项典型污染物的排放清单,分析了该地区分车型、分城市的机动车排放特征。     

珠江三角洲非道路移动源排放清单开发

根据收集到的珠江三角洲非道路移动源活动水平数据,采用适合各类非道路移动源污染物排放量的估算方法和排放因子,建立了珠江三角洲地区2006年非道路移动源排放清单.结果表明,珠江三角洲地区2006年非道路移动源排放SO2为6.52×104t,NOx为1.24×105t,VOC为4.54×103t,CO为2.67×104t,PM10为4.51×103t.其中船舶为最大的SO2、NOx、CO和PM10排放贡献源,分别占非道路移动源排放总量的96.4%、73.8%、39.4%和50.5%.在船舶排放源中,SO2、NOx、VOC、CO和PM10排放量的89.8%、81.8%、77.3%、79.5%和81.7%来自货轮和散装干货船.非道路移动源已成为该地区第三大SO2和NOx排放贡献源,分别占珠江三角洲大气污染源SO2和NOx排放总量的8.6%和13.5%.     

佛山市发展公交车尾气削减潜力分析

采用COPERTⅣ模型计算佛山市公交车、摩托车和小型客车排放因子,结合保有量、年平均行驶里程计算其排放量,对佛山市公交车出行环境效果及尾气削减潜力进行情景分析。结果表明:2011年佛山市公交车CO、VOC、NOx和PM的排放量为804.57、283.85、3 365.32和73.00 t。单人单次公交车出行CO和VOC的排放量较摩托车和小型客车低,但NOx则较高。公交车载客人数从17人上升至25、35、45人,单人单次出行每公里排放量分别下降32.00%、51.43%和57.50%。佛山市低排放标准的柴油公交车全部更换成国Ⅳ排放标准柴油车,CO、VOC、NOx和PM的年排放量分别削减611.66、151.6、1 231.18和58.39 t。EEV标准天然气公交车替代柴油公交车可减少NOx和PM的排放,但对VOC的削减并无优势。佛山市现有柴油公交车更换成EEV标准天然气公交车,CO、NOx和PM的年排放量分别削减293.71 t、2 086.87 t和70.34 t,但VOC的年排放量升高228.01 t。     

基于情景分析的北京市机动车污染排放控制研究

为了研究未来北京市机动车排放控制措施的减排效果,本文基于情景分析法,以2010年为基准年,通过设置3类控制措施情景,估算2011~2020年不同情景下北京市机动车常规污染物排放量,并在基准情景基础上,估算污染物减排量,分析控制措施对不同类型机动车的减排贡献.结果表明,尽管未来北京市机动车保有量会有较大增长,实施机动车排放控制措施仍可取得显著的减排效果.单一措施中,淘汰高排放车减排量最大.其中,淘汰轻型客车可有效减少CO的排放,减排贡献率为89.4%;淘汰重型客车可对NOx、HC和PM10达到有效削减,其贡献率分别为65.5%、55.8%、93.4%.实施新的排放标准对重型柴油车的排放也有明显控制效果,且4种污染物都能得到有效削减.综合实施各种措施的效果最为显著,2020年对CO、NOx、HC、PM10的削减效果分别达到46.4%、42.1%、8.6%和50.6%.     

泉州市"十二五"期间机动车污染物排放特征研究

建立了泉州市"十二五"期间机动车排放清单,获得了不同机动车排放贡献率.结果表明:摩托车和小型客车占总机动车保有量的比例最大,成为泉州市机动车排放的主要来源;污染物排放量排序:CO>NOx>HC>PM;甲醛>苯>乙醛>1,3-丁二烯>氨;CO2>N2O>CH2;不同车型对机动车污染物的排放贡献率有显著不同,小型客车对于CO和HC排放贡献最大,NOx、PM的主要排放源为重型货车;摩托车、小型客车、中型货车对有毒有害物的贡献率最大;小型客车对温室气体的贡献率最大.     

武汉市2020年机动车常规污染物排放预测及减排潜力分析研究

采用情景分析方法预测武汉市"十三五"期间不同情景下机动车保有量和主要污染物(NOx、CO、VOCs、PM10和PM2.5)排放量,同时进行减排潜力的初步核算.结果表明:在不淘汰黄标及老旧车辆的情况下,预计2020年武汉市机动车保有量将增长至352.5万辆,机动车排放NOx、CO、VOCs、PM10和PM2.5约为6.6万吨、13.5万吨、4.0万吨、0.2万吨和0.2万吨."十三五"期间采取结构减排、工程减排及管理减排方案措施后,2020年机动车排放NOx、VOCs、CO、PM10和PM2.5可在2015年的排放基础上分别减排0.51%、43.17%、40.74%、38.99%和38.45%.     

杭州市区机动车污染物排放特征及分担率

选取杭州市区绕城高速、快速路、主干道和民用支路4种典型道路进行工况测试,建立了2010年机动车CO、HC、NOx和PM10排放清单,获得了分车型、燃料类型、排放标准以及道路类型的机动车污染物排放分担率.结果表明,杭州市机动车的污染物排放分担率差别显著,乘用车、出租车和公交车是CO和HC排放的主要来源,重型货车和公交车是NOx和PM10排放的主要来源,且乘用车的NOx排放分担率也较大;柴油车的NOx和PM10的排放分担率远大于其保有量的贡献率,是其排放的主要来源,汽油车是CO和HC排放的主要来源;占保有量30%的国0和国I车辆,对CO、HC、NOx和PM10排放分担率分别为67%、69%、58%和82%;主干道是机动车CO、HC和NOx排放的主要来源,其排放分担率分别为66%、65%和64%,民用支路是PM10排放的主要来源,分担率为55%.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.