试析我国湿地的退化、保护与恢复

湿地是地球表层最具独特的生态系统和过渡性景观,是地球表层系统最重要的"物种基因库",又是人类重要的经济、文化、科学和生活资料库.世界保护大纲将湿地与森林、海洋一起并列为全球三大生态系统.20世纪70年代以来,全球性的湿地消失和退化危机引发了严重的生态环境和社会问题,直接威胁到区域、国家乃至全球的可持续发展.本文从湿地的界定开始,分析了我国湿地的退化、保护与恢复,相信在我国政府和人民的共同努力下,我国湿地一定会恢复往日的景象.     

殡仪馆环境污染物分析

殡仪馆存在的环境污染问题日益受到公众和环保工作者的重视,其中以空气中存在的致病菌和遗体火化产生的废气为主.监测殡仪馆环境中存在的细菌总数以及遗体火化所排放的NOx,SO2,CO等污染物,并对采取控制措施前后的监测值进行对比,为治理殡仪馆环境污染,保护殡葬职工和死者家属的健康提供了科学依据.     

工艺安全警示灯

要知道该什么时候撤离 1995年4月,美国新泽西州,一家制造厂正在制备一种混合型的产品,它包括固体状的连二亚硫酸钠、铝粉、碳酸钾以及少量的苯甲醛液体.混合工序在一个容积为6 m3的搅拌器里完成.可能是因为混进了水,搅拌器内发生了放热反应.员工们因此从建筑物内撤离出来,但是随后几名员工返回现场,试图清空搅拌器.正当他们操作时,搅拌器发生了爆炸,导致5人死亡,另有4人受伤.     

保卫湖泊

今年四五月以来,太湖、滇池、巢湖等国内几个湖泊连续暴发蓝藻"水华",甚至严重地影响了周边城市的供水安全.湖泊--这一由陆地洼地积水而成的、水域比较宽广、换流缓慢的水体,其生态环境保护受到了前所未有的关注.     

让不堪重负的江河湖泊休养生息

让江河湖泊休养生息,就是要实行最为严格的污染物排放总量控制制度,以水环境容量确定发展方式和发展规模;就是要尊重自然规律,充分发挥水生态系统自我修复能力,逐步改变环境恶化状况;就是要综合运用工程的、技术的、生态的方法,加大治理水环境的力度,促进水生态系统尽快步入良性循环的轨道;就是要充分运用法律、经济和必要的行政手段,既要形成严格排放、合理开发的强大压力,又要形成主动治理水环境的积极动力,用高效的办法解决长期积累的环境问题.     

浅谈环保行政执法证据的收集、制作

在环境案件调查处理过程中,证据具有重要作用.收集、制作有效的执法证据是环保部门作出具体行政行为的基础.只有掌握充分确凿的证据,才能保证正确认定案件事实,也才能正确适用法律,避免出现行政复议变更或行政诉讼败论情况的发生.在此,根据环境案件的执法的特征和特点阐述了收集、制作证据的方法和要求.     

苯酚泄漏污染事件的应急监测与处理

苯酚泄漏污染事件发生后,经过挖沟、筑堤、回收、吸附、防渗、焚烧、清理、填埋、覆土、防雨覆膜等紧急处理,土壤中苯酚得到较彻底清除.     

发挥新闻媒体在环境保护中的作用

环境宣传的对象是社会各阶层的公众而新闻媒体是向公众传播环境文化、传递环境保护信息的重要载体.通过新闻媒体宣传党和国家的环境保护方针政策、法律法规、科普知识以及动员公众参与环境保护的各项活动,将保护环境、改善生态、合理利用与节约各种资源的意识和行动渗透到公众的理念中具有十分重要的作用.引导公众积极参与环保公益活动,不断提高公众的环境意识是环境宣传的基本任务.     

近年胶州湾陆源SGD及其营养盐输送

根据青岛市胶州湾周边的水文地质条件及地下水位、水质动态特征,运用断面法计算了2001～2003年该区地下水及其N、P、Si无机营养盐向海湾的输送量.研究表明近年该区地下水向海湾的输送量分别为(1.87～2.41)×106m3,其中白沙河平原输送量占95%以上.地下水向海湾的NO 2、NH 4、PO3-4输送量较少,而NO 3和可溶性SiO2的输送量较大,分别达(4.3～6.6)×106 mol/a、(0.6～1.1)×106 mol/a,分别占河流输送量的20%和1.3%,白沙河平原地下水NO 3输送量占研究区地下水总输送量的99%.     

遥感监测沙尘暴的研究进展及趋势

沙尘暴是一种气象灾害,也是严重的生态环境问题.它对自然环境和经济社会的危害已越来越引起人类的重视.随着环境遥感的发展,运用遥感技术对沙尘暴进行监测是最有效的方法之一.文章通过对中国沙尘暴遥感监测研究的现状的概述以及对当前遥感应用的技术水平的分析,展望了未来遥感监测沙尘暴的发展趋势.     

Sensitivity analysis of surface ozone to emission controls in Beijing and its neighboring area during the 2008 Olympic Games

The regional air quality modeling system RAMS (Regional Atmospheric Modeling System)-CMAQ (Community Multi-scale Air Quality modeling system) is applied to analyze temporal and spatial variations in surface ozone concentration over Beijing and its surrounding region from July to October 2008. Comparison of simulated and observed meteorological elements and concentration of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ozone at one urban site and three rural sites during Olympic Games show that model can generally reproduce the main observed feature of wind, temperature and ozone, but NOx concentration is overestimated. Although ozone concentration decreased during Olympics, high ozone episodes occurred on 24 July and 24 August with concentration of 360 and 245 μg/m³ at Aoyuncun site, respectively. The analysis of sensitive test, with and without emission controls, shows that emission controls could reduce ozone concentration in the afternoon when ozone concentration was highest but increase it at night and in the morning. The evolution of the weather system during the ozone episodes (24 July and 24 August) indicates that hot and dry air and a stable weak pressure field intensified the production of ozone and allowed it to accumulate. Process analysis at the urban site and rural site shows that under favorable weather condition on 24 August, horizontal transport was the main contributor of the rural place and the pollution from the higher layer would be transported to the surface layer. On 24 July, as the wind velocity was smaller, the impact of transport on the rural place was not obvious.     

High-resolution modeling and evaluation of ozone air quality of Osaka using MM5-CMAQ system

High-resolution modeling approach is increasingly being considered as a necessary step for improving the monitoring and predictions of regional air quality. This is especially true for highly urbanized region with complex terrain and land-use. This study uses Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model coupled with MM5 mesoscale model for a comprehensive analysis to assess the suitability of such high-resolution modeling system in predicting ozone air quality in the complex terrains of Osaka, Japan. The 1-km and 3-km grid domains were nested inside a 9-km domain and the domain with 1-km grid covered the Osaka region. High-resolution Grid Point Value-Mesoscale Model (GPV-MSM) data were used after suitable validation. The simulated ozone concentrations were validated and evaluated using statistical metrics using performance criteria set for ozone. Daily maxima of ozone were found better simulated by the 1-km grid domain than the coarser 9-km and 3-km domains, with the maximum improvement in the mean absolute gross error about 3 ppbv. In addition, 1-km grid results fared better than other grids at most of the observation stations that showed noticeable di erences in gross error as well as correlation. These results amply justify the use of the integrated high-resolution MM5-CMAQ modeling system in the highly urbanized region, such as the Osaka region, which has complex terrain and land-use.     

High-resolution modeling and evaluation of ozone air quality of Osaka using an MM5-CMAQ system

High-resolution modeling approach is increasingly being considered as a necessary step for improving the monitoring and predictions of regional air quality.This is especially true for highly urbanized region with complex terrain and land-use.This study uses Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model coupled with MM5 mesoscale model for a comprehensive analysis to assess the suitability of such high-resolution modeling system in predicting ozone air quality in the complex terrains of Osaka,Japan.The 1-km and 3-km grid domains were nested inside a 9-km domain and the domain with 1-km grid covered the Osaka region.High-resolution Grid Point Value-Mesoscale Model μgPV-MSM) data were used after suitable validation.The simulated ozone concentrations were validated and evaluated using statistical metrics using performance criteria set for ozone.Daily maxima of ozone were found better simulated by the 1-km grid domain than the coarser 9-km and 3-km domains,with the maximum improvement in the mean absolute gross error about 3 ppbv.In addition,1-km grid results fared better than other grids at most of the observation stations that showed noticeable differences in gross error as well as correlation.These results amply justify the use of the integrated high-resolution MM5-CMAQ modeling system in the highly urbanized region,such as the Osaka region,which has complex terrain and land-use.     

夏季长三角地区臭氧非线性响应曲面模型的建立及应用

2013年8月上旬,长三角地区发生了一次大范围高浓度臭氧污染事件.本研究基于WRF-CMAQ空气质量模型系统,结合长三角地区大气污染物排放清单,构建了臭氧与其前体物之间的非线性响应曲面模型(Response surface modeling,RSM).基于RSM探讨了长三角地区O_3化学的敏感性特征,分析了上海市O_3的来源并预测不同情景下O_3的变化,提出O_3污染的最优控制方案.研究结果表明,长三角地区夏季O3主控因素区域差别较大,上海环科院、杭州卧龙桥、南京玄武湖等城区点位属于VOC控制型;徐州铜山、合肥肥西、丽水青田等郊区属于NOx控制型.O_3的敏感性特征在不同浓度水平下也呈现较大差异,随着O_3浓度水平的升高,各地区NOx敏感性均有所增加.从区域来源来看,远距离传输对平日上海O_3贡献较大,占50%以上;而在O_3污染日,本地及区域贡献为72.1%,而远距离传输贡献下降至27.9%.快速预测了110组减排情景,表明在本地及区域前体物均减排70%的情况下,2013年8月上海O_3浓度能完全达标.     

Strong ozone production at a rural site in theNorth China Plain: Mixed effects of urban plumesand biogenic emissions

Regional ozone (O₃) pollution has drawn increasing attention in China over the recent decade, but the contributions from urban pollution and biogenic emissions have not been clearly elucidated. To better understand the formation of the regional O₃ problem in the North China Plain (NCP), intensive field measurements of O₃ and related parameters were conducted at a rural site downwind of Ji'nan, the capital city of Shandong province, in the summer of 2013. Markedly severe O₃ pollution was recorded, with the O₃ mixing ratios exceeding the Chinese national ambient air quality standard on 28?days (a frequency of 78%) and with a maximum hourly value of 198 ppbv. Extensive regional transport of well-processed urban plumes to the site was identified. An observation-constrained chemical box model was deployed to evaluate in situ photochemical O₃ production on two episodes. The results show that the in situ formation accounted for approximately 46% of the observed O₃ accumulation, while the remainder (~ 54%) was contributed by regional transport of the O₃-laden urban plumes. The in situ ozone production was in a mixed controlled regime that reducing either NOx or VOCs would lead to a reduction of ozone formation. Biogenic VOCs played an important role in the local ozone formation. This study demonstrates the significant mixed effects of both anthropogenic pollution from urban zones and biogenic emission in rural areas on the regional O₃ pollution in the NCP region, and may have general applicability in facilitating the understanding of the formation of secondary pollution over China.     

生态NMHC对臭氧和PAN影响的数值模拟研究

利用数值模拟方法结合GEIA生态源排放清单，研究了夏季我国东部生态系统排放非甲烷烃（NMHC）对臭氧和过氧乙酰硝酸脂（PAN）的影响，阐明了生态NMHC在大气化学系统中的重要作用。研究结果表明，生态NMHC使我国东部大部分地区臭氧和PAN增加，最大平均增量分别为9ppb和0．6ppb；白天最大平均增量分别达到21ppb和1．2ppb，最大增量地区位于长江三角洲的浙江、上海附近地区。模拟结果与实测值有好的一致性，研究结果表明对于区域和城市臭氧的模拟及其控制应该充分考虑生态源的作用。     

上海市近地面臭氧污染的健康影响评价

根据2008年上海市环境保护部门的每日24h近地面臭氧监测数据,以每日最大8h(11:00～18:59)的臭氧浓度均值作为上海市居民的平均暴露水平,以该年上海市的全部常住人口作为臭氧暴露人口,计算近地面臭氧污染对上海市居民的健康影响和相关的健康经济损失.2008年上海市近地面臭氧每日最大8h的年平均水平为88μg/m3,其中市区为78μg/m3,市郊区为96μg/m3.结果表明,近地面臭氧污染可以导致上海市居民1892(95%CI:589～3540)例早逝和26049(95%CI:13371～38499)例住院,全年的归因健康经济损失为32.42(95%CI:10.80～59.23)亿元,其中由早逝引起的损失占总健康经济损失的88.12%.提示近地面臭氧污染已对上海市居民产生了较大的健康损失和经济损失.     

我国典型钢铁工业城市夏季臭氧污染来源解析研究

邯郸与其周边城市相比,臭氧(O₃)污染最为严重.基于观测数据分析夏季邯郸O₃浓度的时空特征,结果显示:观测期间邯郸O₃超标天数比率为86.7%,各区县O₃浓度分布存在差异,高温、低湿和偏南贴地气团传输是此次O₃连续污染的主要成因.继而,以CAMx-OSAT模型模拟方法进行O₃来源解析,溯源分析显示:邯郸O₃污染具有明显区域性特征,本地源对市域O₃贡献为43.9%,对主城区贡献明显增加(46.5%),但对O₃污染最严重郊县成安却有所下降(37.4%),来自河南地区的贡献占有重要比例;O₃污染过程中,本地源对主城区贡献显著升高(54.0%).本地源排放中,移动源对月均O₃贡献最高,而钢铁源是O₃污染过程最大贡献源.邯郸主城区光化学O₃生成主要受VOCs敏感区控制;O₃污染过程在NO_x敏感区内生成的O₃占比相对月均情况有所升高.     

夏季局地环流对北京下风向地区O3输送的影响

于2007年6~9月,北京地区环流背景属于局地“山谷风”环流期间,在沿主导风向路径分布的4个代表性测点开展了地面O3浓度观测,并采用Models-3/CMAQ模式对典型个例进行模拟,以研究城市对下风向地区O3输送的影响.结果表明,城市下风向测点上甸子本底站O3平均浓度、超标率最高,上风向测点超标率最低,O3小时极大值出现在城区站,为271.56×10-9;不同测点O3浓度日变化规律一致,但浓度日峰值出现时间呈现自城市至下风向地区逐渐滞后的规律;各测点主导风向下O3浓度分布具有沿输送路径逐渐升高的趋势,且两主导风向下的浓度差值也具有沿西南输送路径逐渐升高的趋势;本底地区O3的浓度受来自清洁地区和城市污染地区不同气流影响,观测资料估算得出城市对区域背景地区的输送贡献为36.7×10-9;模拟结果验证了北京地区城市对下风向地区O3的输送影响.     

上海市大气挥发性有机物化学消耗与臭氧生成的关系

本研究基于夏季上海3个不同功能站点臭氧(O3)及其前体物的观测结果,分析了上海不同地区O3及其前体物的污染特征及空间差异;采用参数化的方法估算了VOCs的大气化学消耗水平.结果表明,观测期间上海市区VOCs浓度约为20×10-9,高于西部郊区的17×10-9;两个地区VOCs最大增量反应活性(以O3/VOCs计)的平均值比较接近,约为5.0mol·mol-1.但是,市区VOCs的大气消耗水平(4.0×10-9)不足西部郊区VOCs消耗水平(8.3×10-9)的一半,这是西部郊区O3污染更重的重要原因;东部沿海郊区O3浓度的变化主要是由于区域输送.不同地区VOCs消耗水平与O3生成浓度的比值接近,说明不同地区VOCs消耗生成O3的效率接近;烯烃和芳香烃是最主要的VOCs消耗物种,二者对VOCs消耗量的总贡献高达90%.VOCs的消耗水平在正午达到最大,夜间消耗水平最低,日分布曲线与O3生成的日变化曲线相似,但O3峰值出现时间略晚于VOCs消耗水平峰值出现的时间.