美国TMDL计划的研究现状及其发展趋势

最大日负荷总量(TMDL)计划是美国环境保护局(EPA)保护流域水质的一项重要管理措施,强调将非点源污染纳入污染物总量控制的同时考虑安全边际。TMDL计划自产生30多年来,在流域水质模拟、安全边际估算等方面积累了宝贵经验,对改善水质、控制污染发挥了重要作用。文章总结美国TMDL计划中热点问题的研究进展基础上,最后分析了美国TMDL计划未来的发展趋势。     

流域水质目标管理技术研究(Ⅰ)——控制单元的总量控制技术

对国内外水污染防治技术体系进行了归纳总结,系统地介绍了美国水质管理技术——TMDL计划的技术框架和特点,指出TMDL对我国水质目标管理的借鉴意义. 在“以人为本,保护水生态”以及“分类、分区、分级、分期”理念的指导下,构建了以保持水生态系统健康为目标的流域水质目标管理技术体系,阐述了该体系的内涵和特点,研究了面向控制单元的总量控制技术方法,对水环境生态分区、水质标准体系的建立、水污染控制单元的选取、实际和允许负荷量的计算、污染负荷分配等关键技术进行了探讨,最后就如何实现流域水质目标管理体系提出了建议.       

我国河流水质目标管理技术的关键问题探讨

河流水质目标管理技术是国际上主流的流域综合管理技术,对水污染治理具有良好的效果。在介绍河流水质目标管理概念和技术框架的基础上,针对中国与欧美国家在水污染治理现状方面的不同,如河流污染普遍严重、水力连通性较差、流域监测资料缺乏等,对其中的关键问题:控制单元划分、水质目标确定、污染负荷核算、污染负荷削减分配、方案的制定和实施在中国的应用现状做了相应的总结。最后对中国未来水质目标管理的方向做了展望,以期有助于该技术体系在中国的应用发展。     

萨凡纳河流域TMDL计划执行案例研究

以美国萨凡纳河流域水质管理模式——最大日负荷量计划TMDL(total maximum daily load)执行案例为研究对象,简要分析了该计划内容、实施情况及效果评估,通过对该流域汞的TMDL计划的分析制定,提出了一些流域内河流汞分配的建议和方法,为今后我国在流域水环境的管理方面提供参考。     

流域水环境污染物总量控制技术应用初探

阐述了水污染物总量控制技术的国内外研究情况,介绍了TMDL技术的概念、目标、基本内容、方法及应用,分析了我国水污染物总量控制研究的发展现状及前景。结合TMDL计划理论框架及我国流域控制单元的总量控制技术体系,建立了一套基于控制单元的水环境污染物总量控制技术实施体系。     

基于水质目标管理的河流治理方案制定方法及其案例研究

针对我国河流污染程度高,污染类型复杂的现状,实施水质目标管理是河流治理的根本选择.我国在水污染总量控制的研究起步比较早,但缺少基于水质目标的治理方案编制方法的系统性研究.本文提出了适合于我国国情的基于水质目标的河流治理方案制定方法,基本框架包括水质问题诊断、目标确定与负荷分配、河流治理任务实施和实施效果评估4个基本部分.该方法以河流容量总量控制为基础,突破了传统了目标总量控制方式,并在滏阳河邢台段进行了实际应用.水环境诊断结果显示,氨氮是滏阳河邢台段主要超标污染物.以国控及省控断面为基础,在滏阳河邢台段设定了4个考核断面,设置氨氮小于10、11、12 mg·L-1,COD小于80、55、50 mg·L-1等多个组合目标情景.划定控制单元13个,核算了各控制单元水环境容量和现状负荷,并按等比例分配的原则将需削减负荷分配到排污口.基于负荷分配结果,提出通过重点工业企业和污水处理场治理控制点源污染,通过农村生活污水治理控制面源污染,通过河岸垃圾治理减少河道负荷存量,通过河流湿地建设增加负荷去除能力等一系列治理措施.     

TMDL计划在污染物总量控制中的应用初探

TMDL（Total Maximum Daily Loads）为最大日负荷总量,是在满足水质标准的条件下,水体能够接受的某种污染物的最大日负荷量。该计划由美国环保局于1972年《清洁水法》中提出,实践表明,TMDL计划对于改善水体质量是行之有效的。本文在总结分析、中国污染物总量控制制度中存在的主要问题的基础上,介绍了美国TMDL计划的成功实施经验,并结合中国水环境管理的现状,讨论分析了TMDL计划在中国实施的技术路线以及需要解决的技术难点。开发研究与中国污染物总量控制制度相结合的TMDL计划,为科学合理地解决污染物允许排放量在点源与非点源、各个污染单位之间分配问题提供了一条行之有效的环境管理途径。     

总量控制模式转型期阿什河排污削减规划研究

经过"十一五"和"十二五"期间的污染减排行动,我国河流污染总量控制处于目标总量控制向容量总量控制的转型阶段。有必要在前期减排的基础上,面向水质目标管理,进行基于流域容量总量控制的排污新规划。这对于污染较为严重的城市内河尤为重要。该研究以松花江流域阿什河支流的综合治理为背景,按照水功能区划分的水质目标,采用WASP模型对阿什河下游哈尔滨段的动态COD纳污能力进行核算,并提出下一阶段污染负荷削减目标。计算结果表明:在90%水文设计保证率下,还需要削减约1万t/a的COD排放量,才能使目标区域安全的控制在Ⅳ类水体。该研究为政府部门执行《水污染防治行动规划》("水十条")提供了技术手段和政策建议参考。     

巢湖西半湖总磷浓度对入湖总磷负荷的响应

巢湖富营养化问题比较严重,蓝藻水华暴发频繁。流域内人类生产及生活活动产生的一部分营养物质,随着降水、径流等方式汇入河道,流入湖泊,影响湖泊水质。通过回归分析探究了流域降雨量与各入湖河流流量关系,并在此基础上,确定入湖河流营养负荷对湖泊水质的影响。研究结果表明,南淝河的总磷入湖负荷与巢湖西半湖总磷浓度的一元线性回归拟合度最高,为0.618。研究总磷浓度对入湖河流总磷负荷的响应一方面为预测蓝藻水华暴发提供数据基础,另一方面也可为流域污染负荷控制和水源地水质管理提供决策依据。     

基流匮乏型城市黑臭河流的治理模式及其主要技术方法——以贾鲁河为例

基流匮乏的重污染城市黑臭河流治理是世界性难题。以郑州市贾鲁河为实例,针对城市黑臭河流天然径流少、河道补给水多为生活及工业废水、河流生态功能基本丧失等污染特征,本文提出了基于废水资源化再生利用与水质目标管理结合的基流匮乏型城市黑臭河流的"三级循环、三级控制、三级标准"治理模式;针对水体黑臭问题成因,研发经济有效的污染控制与治理新技术,实现流域排污总量与环境容量的科学衔接,为解决同类型河流水资源短缺与水质目标的达成提供了切实可行的治理模式与途径,并对我国今后黑臭河流治理提供了建议。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.