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1.
棕碳(吸光性有机物)气溶胶对地表太阳辐射平衡有重要影响,溶剂萃取法是测量其光学性质的主要手段之一,但是该方法的结果很大程度上取决于所采用的溶剂.本研究分别采用甲醇和有机混合溶剂(乙腈:二氯甲烷:正己烷=2:2:1)提取大气总悬浮颗粒物样品(TSP)中的棕碳组分,并通过长光程(0.94 m)液芯波导毛细管流通池/紫外 —?可见分光光度计测量了两种溶剂所提取棕碳的吸收光谱(250—?600 nm).结果表明:300—?600 nm甲醇提取棕碳的吸收系数均值是混合溶剂的(1.8±0.1)倍.而对于质量吸收效率,在280—?600 nm甲醇提取的棕碳稍高于混合溶剂((1.2±0.1)倍),在250—?280 nm混合溶剂提取的棕碳则明显高于甲醇((1.4±0.5))倍.为了研究这两种溶剂萃取棕碳光学性质的差异,本研究对比了两种溶剂对有机化合物的提取效率以及主要发色团组分(硝基芳香族化合物和多环芳烃类物质)在两种溶剂中的吸收光谱.实验结果表明:甲醇和混合溶剂所萃取棕碳的吸收光谱出现差异的主要原因包括以下三个方面:(1)与混合溶剂相比,甲醇对有机物提取效率更高.甲醇的提取效率为63.1% ±3.4%,混合溶剂为42.9% ±3.6%;(2)甲醇和混合溶剂所萃取棕碳的化学组成存在差异;(3)部分棕碳类物质(如硝基芳香族化合物)在两种溶剂中的吸收光谱存在差异.  相似文献   

2.
沉积物中有机氯农药超声提取分析方法研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
应用超声提取沉积物中的有机氯农药(OCPs),GC-ECD进行定量分析.研究了不同提取溶剂、提取时间、提取次数以及不同极性的毛细管色谱柱对沉积物中11种OCPs(六氯苯,α-HCH,γ-HCH,七氯,艾氏剂,δ-HCH,β-HCH,p,p'-DDE,o,p'-DDT,p,p'-DDD和p,p'-DDT)提取效率的影响,确定了沉积物中OCPs超声提取的最优条件:用正己烷,二氯甲烷(体积比为1:1)作提取溶剂,提取60 min,提取1次,采用DB-1701毛细管色谱柱,GC-ECD定量测定可以得到较好的效果,提取效率均高于70%,满足美国环境保护局(USEPA)的要求.利用最优条件分析了辽东湾沉积物中的OCPs含量.结果表明.辽东湾沉积物中六氯苯,α-HCH,γ-HCH,七氯,δ-HCH,β-HCH,p,p'-DDE,o,p'-DDT,p,p'-DDD和p,p'-DI)T均被检出;DDTs类以p,p'-DDT"含量最高,且以DDE为主要的降解产物;HCHs以δ-HCH含量最高.与其他湖泊河流沉积物相比,辽东湾HCHs,DDTs及六氯苯含量相对较高.  相似文献   

3.
松叶中有机氯农药HCH、DDT的研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
 利用气相色谱-电子捕获检测(GC-ECD)方法对我国华北、华东、华南和西南地区松叶中六六六(HCH)和滴滴涕(DDT)的残留量进行了测定,结果表明,松叶中HCH 4种异构体(a,b,g,d)的含量以b-HCH为最高,占HCH总量的38%~46%.HCH、DDT和滴滴伊(DDE)的含量范围分别为24.7~35.5ng/g干重,2.4~7.0ng/g干重,2.4~2.8ng/g干重.DDE的含量趋势为华北>华东>华南>西南.总HCH为华东>华北>华南>西南.华北和华东地区DDE/DDT>1,华南和西南地区DDE/DDT<1,这表明在华南和西南地区大气中新近有DDT的输入.  相似文献   

4.
红枫湖钻孔沉积物中滴滴涕的沉积记录   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
采用GC/MS方法分析了红枫湖钻孔沉积物中滴滴涕的垂直分布状况,并对其来源和生态风险进行了分析和评估.红枫湖钻孔沉积物中滴滴涕的含量介于7.6~23.7ng/g之间,且从底层至表层基本上呈下降的趋势.其中,1981~1983年间有一个急剧下降的过程,随后基本上呈缓慢下降的趋势.沉积物中滴滴涕的组成以p,p′-DDTs(p,p′-DDT、p,p′-DDE和p,p′-DDD的总和)为主,p,p′-DDTs与o,p′-DDTs(o,p′-DDT、o,p′-DDE和o,p′-DDD总和)的比值在5.1~8.4之间,说明沉积物中的滴滴涕主要来源于农药滴滴涕的残留.又因为沉积物中残留的滴滴涕是以它的代谢产物为主,DDT/(DDD+DDE)的比值为0.31~0.84,所以沉积物中的滴滴涕主要源于历史的残留.此外,DDT/(DDD+DDE)和DDE/DDD比值的垂直变化特征显示,尽管我国1983年就禁止了滴滴涕在农业上的使用,但直至1990年前后,红枫湖流域内仍存在滴滴涕使用的可能.风险评价的结果显示,红枫湖表层沉积物中DDE、DDD、DDT和DDTs的含量均介于ERL和ERM值之间,可能造成潜在的生态风险,因此红枫湖沉积物中滴滴涕的污染仍值得密切关注.  相似文献   

5.
不同溶剂提取芦竹化感物质对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响   总被引:11,自引:2,他引:9       下载免费PDF全文
研究并比较了3种极性不同的有机溶剂(甲醇、乙酸乙酯、正己烷)提取的芦竹(Arundo donax Linn.)化感物质对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响.通过跟踪观察藻细胞形态,测定藻细胞密度和细胞大小,发现3种溶剂提取物对铜绿微囊藻均有抑制作用.抑藻作用出现早晚次序:甲醇提取物<乙酸乙酯提取物<正己烷提取物.随作用时间的延长,投加低浓度甲醇提取物藻细胞生长恢复明显,高浓度抑藻效果较乙酸乙酯提取物及正己烷提取物弱.高浓度乙酸乙酯提取物、正己烷提取物在分别作用2 d、 4 d 后,抑藻效果均接近100%.各溶剂提取物的半效应质量浓度(EC50,6 d)分别为甲醇提取物0.17  g·L-1,乙酸乙酯提取物0.05 g·L-1,正己烷提取物0.08 g·L-1.研究同时发现,投加甲醇提取物藻细胞空洞化,投加乙酸乙酯提取物藻细胞空洞化、破碎以及部分抱团,投加正己烷提取物藻细胞出现褶皱及聚团现象.各溶剂提取物均引起铜绿微囊藻细胞体积减小,其中乙酸乙酯提取物的效果最强.  相似文献   

6.
本研究以处理葡萄糖废水的活性污泥为研究对象,考察了细胞破壁方法、油脂萃取溶剂及甲酯化方案对制备生物柴油的影响,并提出适用于活性污泥制备生物柴油的方法,以期为实现剩余污泥资源化、降低生物柴油生产成本提供技术支持.实验采用了盐酸加热、盐酸加热-超声、超声及液氮冷冻4种细胞破壁方法,选用二氯甲烷-甲醇和正己烷-甲醇-丙酮两种油脂萃取溶剂组合,使用油脂萃取-甲酯化(两步法)和原位甲酯化(一步法)两种方案,以降解含糖废水的活性污泥为原料,制取生物柴油.研究结果表明,盐酸加热破壁配合二氯甲烷-甲醇提取油脂的两步法获得的生物柴油产量最高,每克污泥(干重)的生物柴油产量达(60.4±3.5)mg·g-1.超声破壁一步法虽产量偏低((45.5±3.2)mg·g-1,以SS计),但步骤相对简单,化学试剂用量少.通过GC-MS分析发现,不同甲酯化方案所制备的脂肪酸甲酯(FAMEs)在组分上差别不大,除了含有月桂酸甲酯、肉豆蔻酸甲酯、棕榈油酸甲酯、棕榈酸甲酯、油酸甲酯、硬脂酸甲酯,还含有5种带甲基支链的脂肪酸甲酯及两种单不饱和脂肪酸甲酯,这可能对改善生物柴油的低温流动性有一定的帮助.  相似文献   

7.
府河和白洋淀沉积物中DDTs的分布特征和风险评估   总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1  
利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)检测了府河和白洋淀共计19个表层沉积物样品中的w(DDTs)及其分布特征. 结果表明,w(DDTs)为1.74~51.33 ng/g (以干质量计),平均值为11.01 ng/g,其分布特征呈现从府河到白洋淀逐渐递减的趋势. 与国内其他地区沉积物相比,府河和白洋淀地区DDTs的污染处于中等偏低的水平. 在所有沉积物样品中,p,p′-DDT所占比例较大,是最主要的异构体. 大部分样品中w(DDD)/w(DDE)大于1,而w(DDT)/w(DDE+DDD)小于1,说明研究区DDT处于厌氧环境条件,且没有新的DDT输入. 该地区DDTs主要来源于农田土壤侵蚀及工业废水排放. 潜在风险评估表明,府河和白洋淀的表层沉积物中DDTs对周围环境具有一定的影响,应引起相关部门的重视.  相似文献   

8.
概要以不同的溶剂系统,包括丙酮、苯、环己烷、二氯甲烷、甲醇、丙酮与二氯甲烷的混合物及苯与环己烷及甲醇的混合物,通过振摇从大气尘粒中提取有机物质。溶剂提取物通过Ames实验进行致突变性的测定。丙酮和环己烷的提取物分别显示出最高和最低的致突变性。重复提取则更能说明问题,因为绝大多数大气尘粒中的致突变物不能被环己烷所提取。用丙酮再以二氯甲烷进行连续提取,比只用丙酮或丙酮与二氯甲烷联合提取的致突变响应更好。通过不同的溶剂量进行实验表明,每毫克大气尘粒用1毫升丙酮提取可使致突变物的重现性达到最大值。使用致突变试验来鉴别复杂的混合物对健康潜在的危险的可行性曾经通过不同的化学和生物学过程进行了测定。这些研究包括采样和分离及接下来的化学及(或)生物学活性的试验。普遍的致突变试验通常是由Ames等(1975)创立的组氨酸回复试验,这  相似文献   

9.
刘翠英  蒋新  杨兴伦  宋洋 《环境科学》2010,31(5):1352-1358
采用温室盆栽实验,选择红壤性水稻土和乌栅土,分别设定对照及添加1%和2%有机肥的处理,评价水稻根系对土壤中六氯苯(HCB)及其主要降解产物五氯苯(PeCB)的吸收富集能力,并比较水稻根中富集的HCB或PeCB量与4种溶剂(体积比3/1的正己烷/丙酮、乙醇、正己烷、水)提取的土壤中HCB或PeCB量的相关性,以评价土壤中HCB和PeCB对水稻根的生物有效性.结果表明,红壤性水稻土和乌栅土中,水稻根富集的HCB浓度平均分别为364.1和306.0ng/g,水稻根中PeCB浓度平均分别为12.7和28.7ng/g,主要原因是HCB在红壤性水稻土中的降解效率低于乌栅土.2种土壤中添加1%和2%的有机肥抑制HCB降解,因此降低水稻根中PeCB的浓度.水稻根中HCB和PeCB与4种溶剂提取的土壤中HCB和PeCB量的相关系数大小次序均为:乙醇正己烷/丙酮正己烷水,表明采用乙醇提取的土壤中HCB和PeCB量对评价其对水稻根生物有效性的效果最佳.4种溶剂中,仅乙醇提取的土壤中HCB与水稻根中HCB量呈显著正相关,而除水以外的其它3种溶剂提取的土壤中PeCB与水稻根中PeCB量均显著正相关.本研究表明,采用加速溶剂萃取法,通过选择合适的提取溶剂,评价土壤中HCB和PeCB对水稻根的生物有效性具有可行性.  相似文献   

10.
氟啶虫胺腈在不同有机溶剂中的光化学降解   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
利用液质联用和气相色谱(HPLC-Mass和GC),研究了氟啶虫胺腈在两种不同光源下于4种不同溶剂(正己烷、甲醇、乙腈、丙酮)中的光化学降解.结果表明,以氙灯为光源,1.0、5.0、20.0mg·L-1的氟啶虫胺腈在4种溶剂中的降解半衰期分别为11.62、8.33、10.80h(正己烷),5.30、5.81、7.05h(甲醇),1.72、1.99、2.79h(乙腈),83.49、37.46、64.77h(丙酮).以紫外灯为光源,1.0、5.0、20.0mg·L-1的氟啶虫胺腈在4种溶剂中的降解半衰期分别为5.29、4.25、5.49min(正己烷),2.19、2.97、5.88min(甲醇),0.86、1.99、1.13min(乙腈),330、365、198min(丙酮).氟啶虫胺腈的降解反应主要为还原、水解反应,影响其降解速率的主要因素是光源和溶剂的种类,氟啶虫胺腈的浓度对其降解速度也有一定影响.  相似文献   

11.
Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP 1,6- quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that (1) the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; (2) the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; (3) the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% (w/v), concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.  相似文献   

12.
Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.  相似文献   

13.
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.  相似文献   

15.
Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.  相似文献   

16.
Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene (PS) bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as "purge and trap" and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.  相似文献   

17.
In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato (Solanum tuberosum) and brinjal (Solanum melongena), for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.  相似文献   

18.
UNITANK is a biological wastewater treatment process that combines the advantages of traditional activated sludge process and sequencing batch reactor, which is divided into Tank A, B and C. In this study, the sludge distribution and its impact on performance of UNITANK were carried out in Liede Wastewater Plant (WWTP) of Guangzhou, China. Results showed that there was a strong affiliation between Tank A and B of the system in sludge concentration distribution. The initial sludge concentration in Tank A could present the sludge distribution of the whole system. The sludge distribution was mainly influenced by hydraulic condition. Unsteady sludge distribution had an impact on variations of substrates in reactors, especially in decisive reactor, and this could lead to failure of system. Settler could partially remove substrates such as COD and NO3-N, but there was adventure of sludge deterioration. The rational initial sludge concentration in Tank A should be 4000-6000 mg/L MLSS.  相似文献   

19.
RemovalofheavymetalsfromsewagesludgebylowcostingchemicalmethodandrecyclinginagricultureWuQitang,NyirandegePascasie,MoCehuiF...  相似文献   

20.
Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.  相似文献   

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