Greenhouse gas emissions from oilfield-produced water in Shengli Oilfield, Eastern China

Greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions from oil and gas systems are an important component of the GHG emission inventory. To assess the carbon emissions from oilfield-produced water under atmospheric conditions correctly, in situ detection and simulation experiments were developed to study the natural release of GHG into the atmosphere in the Shengli Oilfield,the second largest oilfield in China. The results showed that methane(CH4) and carbon dioxide(CO2) were the primary gases released naturally from the oilfield-produced water.The atmospheric temperature and release time played important roles in determining the CH4 and CO2emissions under atmospheric conditions. Higher temperatures enhanced the carbon emissions. The emissions of both CH4 and CO2from oilfield-produced water were highest at 27°C and lowest at 3°C. The bulk of CH4 and CO2was released from the oilfield-produced water during the first release period, 0–2 hr, for each temperature, with a maximum average emission rate of 0.415 g CH4/(m3·hr) and 3.934 g CO2/(m3·hr), respectively. Then the carbon emissions at other time periods gradually decreased with the extension of time. The higher solubility of CO2 in water than CH4 results in a higher emission rate of CH4 than CO2over the same release duration. The simulation proved that oilfield-produced water is one of the potential emission sources that should be given great attention in oil and gas systems.     

The role of CH4 and N2O emission reductions in the cost-effective control of the greenhouse gas emissions from Finland

The reduction of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions may be quite expensive and it is necessary to consider reduction measures for other anthropogenic greenhouse gases, such as methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) as well. Their contribution to the total GHG emission from Finland is about 15–20%. In Finland most of the CH₄ emissions are due to waste management, agriculture and burning processes. N₂O emissions originate from burning processes, agriculture, industry and atmospheric deposition of nitrogen. The cost-effective reduction of the Finnish GHG emissions has been studied with the EFOM-ENV model, which is a quasi-dynamic linear energy system optimisation model. The target function to be minimised is the total discounted cost for the modelled system. In this study the model has been expanded to cover all well-known anthropogenic CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O sources and reduction measures. The results indicate it is economic to reduce the emissions of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O in Finland. It is profitable to exploit the economic reduction potential of CH₄ and N₂O, because then the abatement of CO₂ emissions does not need to be as extensive as when the reduction is aimed only at CO₂ emissions. The inclusion of CH₄ and N₂O decreases the annual reduction costs about 20% in the year 2010.     

Response of gaseous carbon emissions to low-level salinity increase in tidal marsh ecosystem of the Min River estuary, southeastern China

Although estuarine tidal marshes are important contributors to the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, the relationship between carbon dioxide(CO_2), methane(CH_4)emission, and environmental factors, with respect to estuarine marshes, has not been clarified thoroughly. This study investigated the crucial factors controlling the emission of CO_2 and CH_4from a freshwater marsh and a brackish marsh located in a subtropical estuary in southeastern China, as well as their magnitude. The duration of the study period was November 2013 to October 2014. Relevant to both the field and incubation experiments, the CO_2 and CH_4emissions from the two marshes showed pronounced seasonal variations. The CO_2 and CH_4emissions from both marshes demonstrated significant positive correlations with the air/soil temperature(p 0.01), but negative correlations with the soil electrical conductivity and the pore water/tide water Cl-and SO_4~(2-)(p 0.01). The results indicate no significant difference in the CO_2 emissions between the freshwater and brackish marshes in the subtropical estuary, whereas there was a difference in the CH_4 emissions between the two sites(p 0.01). Although future sea-level rise and saltwater intrusion could reduce the CH_4 emissions from the estuarine freshwater marshes, these factors had little effect on the CO_2 emissions with respect to an increase in salinity of less than 5‰. The findings of this study could have important implications for estimating the global warming contributions of estuarine marshes along differing salinity gradients.     

河流CO2与CH4排放研究进展

河流作为连接海-陆两大碳库的主要通道,其水-气界面二氧化碳(CO_2)与甲烷(CH_4)排放构成全球碳循环的重要环节,对全球气候变暖的贡献不容小觑.明确河流水体CO_2与CH_4产排过程、时空特征以及控制因素是认识河流生态学功能以及其对变化环境响应的重要内容.基于当前河流CO_2与CH_4排放研究进展,构建河流碳排放动力学概念框架(内源代谢、陆源输入),并从全球尺度、区域尺度、流域尺度综述了河流碳排放时空变异性特征以及存在的研究不足.在理解碳排放动力学概念框架和时空变异特征的基础上,构建了河流CO_2与CH_4动力学控制因子分层框架(内部因子:有机质、温度、营养盐;外部因子:水文、地貌、人类活动),深入探讨了河流碳排放的关键影响因素.最后,根据当前研究中存在的不足,提出河流碳排放应将纳入区域陆地碳平衡过程,今后研究重点应包括流域尺度上河流CO_2与CH_4内源产生与陆源输入相对贡献的量化研究、不同界面CO_2与CH_4产生与排放过程研究、高时空分辨率的监测数据的补充以及变化环境与人类活动干扰下河流碳排放的响应过程等,为理解河流生态学过程及生态系统功能提供基础,同时为我国进一步深入开展相关研究提供借鉴.     

中国城镇污水处理厂温室气体排放时空分布特征

城镇污水处理厂由于运行过程中能够大量产生二氧化碳(CO_2)、甲烷(CH_4)和氧化亚氮(N_2O),而被视为重要的人为温室气体释放源.采用基于污染物削减量的排放因子法建立了2014年中国城镇污水处理厂温室气体(CO_2、CH_4和N_2O)排放清单,并分析温室气体排放的时空分布和影响因素.结果表明,2014年中国城镇污水处理厂温室气体排放总量(以CO_2-eq计)为7 348.60 Gg,CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放量分别为6 054.57 Gg、27.47 Gg(769.08 Gg,以CO_2-eq计)和1.98 Gg(524.95 Gg,以CO_2-eq计);各省份间排放量差异明显,华东地区排放量较高,西北地区排放量较低,西藏几乎没有排放,2005~2014年这10年间中国通过城镇污水处理厂排放的温室气体总量增长了229.4%,CO_2、CH_4和N_2O的涨幅分别为217.9%、217.9%和520.3%;地区经济的发展水平和污水处理量与当地城镇污水厂温室气体释放量相关性最大,人均蛋白质供应量与城镇污水厂N_2O产生量密切相关.     

模拟酸雨对福州平原水稻田温室气体排放的影响

农田生态系统是温室气体的重要排放源,研究酸雨对水稻田温室气体排放及其综合增温潜势的影响,对我国酸雨背景下农田生态系统固碳减排具有重要的现实意义.本文以福州平原水稻田为研究区,通过模拟酸雨探讨其对水稻田CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放通量及其综合增温潜势的影响.结果表明:模拟酸雨并未显著改变早、晚稻田CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放的季节变化规律,但降低了其排放通量.与对照组相比,pH=4.5酸雨作用下,早稻田CO_2、CH_4和N_2O平均排放通量依次降低11.54%、133.33%和22.22%,晚稻田CO_2和N_2O平均排放通量依次降低39.53%、156.00%,而CH_4平均排放通量与对照组差异不显著;pH=3.5酸雨作用下,早稻田CO_2、CH_4和N_2O平均排放通量分别降低10.82%、75.00%、54.00%,晚稻田平均排放通量分别降低17.32%、20.00%和197.67%.综合增温潜势表明,CO_2的增温潜势显著高于CH_4和N_2O,是稻田生态系统中温室效应的主要温室气体,在pH=4.5和pH=3.5的酸雨作用下,早、晚稻田生态系统温室气体综合增温潜势均降低.     

江西赣州站大气CO2和CH4浓度变化特征研究

通过分析2018年12月—2019年11月江西赣州站大气CO₂和CH₄浓度高精度在线观测资料,对其CO₂和CH₄浓度变化特征进行了研究,分析了区域大气输送的影响以及潜在排放源区分布特征.结果表明：研究期内赣州站CO₂和CH₄的平均浓度分别为433.1×10^-6和2142.5×10^-9.赣州站CO₂和CH₄浓度日变化均表现为日间低、早晚高,CO₂浓度日振幅在夏季最大,为29.7×10^-6,冬季最小,为6.9×10^-6.CH₄浓度日振幅在秋季最大,为145.1×10^-9,冬季最小,为41.4×10^-9.CO₂本底浓度季节变化表现为4—8月迅速下降,8—11月逐渐上升,最大值出现在1月,最小值出现在8月,季节振幅为26.2×10^-6.CH₄本底浓度季节变化表现为1—7月逐渐下降,7—9月逐渐上升,最大值出现在1月,最小值出现在7月,季节振幅为79.5×10^-9,基本可代表江西赣州地区混合均匀大气的CO₂和CH₄季节变化状况.与南昌站对比分析表明,赣州站各季节CO₂和CH₄本底浓度均低于南昌站.赣州地区CO₂和CH₄潜在源区主要分布在江西北部、湖北东部、安徽南部和珠江三角洲地区.     

碳底物含量对厌氧条件下水稻土N2、N2O、NO、CO2和CH4排放的影响

理解底物碳氮对厌氧条件下水稻土排放氮素气体——氮气(N2)、氧化亚氮(N2O)和一氧化氮(NO)以及二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)的影响,有助于制定合理的温室气体减排措施,定量了解反硝化产物组成对碳底物水平的依赖性,也有助于氮转化过程模型研发中制定正确的关键过程参数选取方法或参数化方案.本研究采用粉砂壤质水稻土为研究对象,设置对照(CK)和加碳(C+)两个处理,前者的初始硝态氮和可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量分别为~50 mg·kg-1和~28 mg·kg-1,后者的分别为~50 mg·kg-1和~300 mg·kg-1.采用氦环境培养-气体及碳氮底物直接同步测定系统,研究了完全厌氧条件下碳底物水平对上述气体排放的影响.结果表明,CK处理无CH4排放,而C+处理可观测到CH4排放;C+处理的综合增温潜势显著高于CK处理(P<0.01);NO、N2O和N2排放量占这3种氮素气体排放总量的比重,在CK处理分别约为9%、35%和56%,在C+处理分别约为31%、50%和19%,处理间差异显著(P<0.01).由此表明,碳底物水平可显著改变所排放氮素气体的组成;对于旱地阶段硝态氮比较丰富的水稻土,避免在淹水前或淹水期间施用有机肥,有利于削减温室气体排放.     

瓦里关气相色谱法大气CO_2和CH_4在线观测数据处理分析

加强我国本底站温室气体数据资源的科学管理与共享,首先应保证观测全流程的标准化和规范化,确立数据处理和质量控制方法.我国青海瓦里关全球本底站自1994年开始了气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器法(GC-FID)大气CO2和CH4在线观测,本文详细讨论了该系统原始资料采集、数据信息合并、时间序列检查、观测员级质量控制和专家级质量控制等流程.利用局部近似回归法对大气CO2和CH4数据进行本底值筛分,获得CO2本底数据百分比约占有效数据的72%、CH4占44%.在线观测的CO2和CH4月平均浓度与同期瓶采样分析结果基本一致,相对偏差均在±0.5%以内.经流程化处理和质控的瓦里关大气CO2和CH4本底浓度变化资料已进入全球同化数据库(Globalview-CO2、Globalview-CH4),报送世界温室气体数据中心(WDCGG)并应用于世界气象组织(WMO)温室气体公报和联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)评估.     

微生物在生物煤层气形成中的作用及影响因素研究进展

在当今能源紧缺和环境污染严重的前提下,煤层气作为一类非常规天然气,越来越受到人们的重视。传统观点认为煤层甲烷多由高温热解产生,但是根据甲烷的同位素特征来判断,世界很多地方(包括我国鄂尔多斯、淮南等地)的煤层气多属生物成因或者生物和热成因混合。同时,越来越多的生物学证据也表明种类多样的产甲烷相关微生物广泛存在于煤层伴生地层水中或者煤层样品中。这也说明生物成因的煤层气仍然在不断地产生,这也为利用生物方法促进煤层气产生和利用提供了良好的契机。本文将介绍产甲烷微生物种群构成与功能、产气途径、影响产气速率的因素,探讨我国微生物强化产煤层气并实现产业化的应用前景。     

Modeling the impact of mitigation options on methane abatement from rice fields

The enhanced concentration of methane (CH₄) in the atmosphere is significantly responsible for the ominous threat of global warming. Rice (Oryza) paddies are one of the largest anthropogenic sources of atmospheric CH₄. Abatement strategies for mitigating CH₄ emissions from rice fields offer an avenue to reduce the global atmospheric burden of methane and hence the associated menace of climate change. Projections on population growth suggest that world rice production must increase to meet the population’s food energy demand. In this scenario, those mitigation options are advocated which address both the objectives of methane mitigation and increased production of rice simultaneously. In this paper, we have formulated a nonlinear mathematical model to investigate the effectiveness and limitations of such options in reducing and stabilizing the atmospheric concentration of CH₄ while increasing rice yield. In modeling process, it is assumed that implementation rate of mitigation options is proportional to the enhanced concentration of atmospheric CH₄ due to rice fields. Model analysis reveals that implementation of mitigation options not always provides “win-win” outcome. Conditions under which these options reduce and stabilize CH₄ emission from rice fields have been derived. These conditions are useful in devising strategies for effective abatement of CH₄ emission from rice fields along with sustainable increase in rice yield. The analysis also shows that CH₄ abatement highly depends on efficiencies of mitigation options to mitigate CH₄ emission and improve rice production as well as on the implementation rate of mitigation options. Numerical simulation is carried out to verify theoretical findings.     

The adequacy of GWPs as indicators of damage costsincurred by global warming

This article looks at the ability of Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) towork as indicators of equivalence for temperature development and damagecosts. We look at two abatement scenarios that are equivalent when using100-year GWPs: one scenario reduces short-lived gases, mainly methane(CH₄); the other scenario reduces carbon dioxide (CO₂).Despite their equivalence in terms of CO₂ equivalents, the scenariosdo not result in equal rates or levels of temperature change. The disparitiescontinue as we move further down the chain of causality toward damagecosts, measured either in terms of rate of climate change or level of climatechange. Compared to the CH₄ mitigation scenario, the CO₂mitigation scenario gives present value costs 1.3 and 1.5 times higher forlevel- and rate-dependent damage costs, respectively, assuming a discountrate of 3%. We also test the GWPs for other time horizons and theconclusions remain the same; using GWP as an index to reflect equivalentclimate effects and damage costs from emissions is questionable.     

炉渣与生物炭施加对稻田温室气体排放及其相关微生物影响

为了减少稻田温室气体排放通量,本研究对稻田土壤进行炉渣和生物炭单一施加和混合施加处理,并测定了早、晚稻拔节期和乳熟期CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放通量及相关微生物(细菌、真菌、硝化细菌、反硝化细菌)的数量.结果表明,稻田施加废弃物可以减少温室气体的排放通量.在早、晚稻的拔节期,施加生物炭显著降低了CO_2和N_2O的排放通量(p0.05),混合施加显著降低了CO_2和CH_4的排放通量(p0.05),施加炉渣条件下3种温室气体的排放通量与对照组相比没有差异.施加炉渣或生物炭都显著降低硝化细菌的数量(p0.05),混施处理显著降低细菌、硝化细菌、反硝化细菌数量(p0.05),但显著提高了稻田土壤真菌/细菌比值(p0.05).在早、晚稻的乳熟期,炉渣、生物炭、混施处理能显著降低CH_4排放通量(p0.05),而生物炭处理显著降低N_2O排放通量(p0.05).炉渣处理显著降低细菌、硝化细菌、反硝化细菌数量(p0.05),生物炭处理显著降低细菌、反硝化细菌数量(p0.05),混施处理显著降低细菌、硝化细菌数量,并显著提高真菌/细菌比值(p0.05).温室气体排放与微生物数量之间的相关性分析结果表明,CO_2、CH_4排放通量与细菌数量呈显著正相关,与真菌/细菌比值呈显著负相关;而N_2O排放通量则与硝化细菌、反硝化细菌数量呈显著正相关.     

厌氧条件下砂壤水稻土N2、N2O、NO、CO2和CH4排放特征

了解厌氧条件土壤反硝化气体(N2、N2O和NO)、CO2和CH4排放特征,是认识反硝化过程机制的基础,并有助于制定合理的温室气体减排措施.定量反硝化产物组成,可为氮转化过程模型研发制定正确的关键过程参数选取方法或参数化方案.本研究选取质地相同(砂壤土)的两个水稻土为研究对象,通过添加KNO3和葡萄糖的混合溶液,将培养土壤的初始NO-3和DOC含量分别调节到50 mg·kg-1和300 mg·kg-1,采用氦环境培养-气体及碳氮底物直接同步测定方法,研究完全厌氧条件下土壤N2、N2O、NO、CO2和CH4的排放特征,并获得反硝化气态产物中各组分的比率.结果表明,在整个培养过程中,两个供试土壤的N2、N2O和NO累积排放量分别为6~8、20和15~18 mg·kg-1,这些气体排放量测定结果可回收土壤NO-3变化量的95%~98%,反硝化气态产物以N2O和NO为主,其中3种组分的比率分别为15%~19%(N2)、47%~49%(N2O)和34%~36%(NO);但反硝化气体产物组成的逐日动态均显现为从以NO为主逐渐过渡到以N2O为主,最后才发展到以N2为主.以上结果说明,反硝化气体产物组成是随反硝化进程而变化的,在以气体产物组成比率作为关键参数计算各种反硝化气体产生率或排放率的模型中,很有必要重视这一点.     

Sectoral emission inventories of greenhouse gases for 1990 on a per country basis as well as on 1°×1°

A set of global greenhouse gas emission inventories has been compiled per source category for the 1990 annual emissions of the direct greenhouse gases CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O, as well as of the indirect greenhouse gases (ozone precursors) CO, NO_x and NMVOC, and of SO₂. The inventories are available by sector, both on a per country/region basis and on a 1°×1° grid. Developed by TNO and RIVM for constructing the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) Version 2.0, in co-operation with the Global Emission Inventory Activity (GEIA) of IGAC/IGBP, the inventories meet the needs of both policy-makers and atmospheric modellers. The data sources for activity data, emission factors and grid maps are discussed with the focus on anthropogenic sources of primarily CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O. The estimates of a standard group of anthropogenic sources are presented for each compound per world region.     

河流氧化亚氮产生和排放研究综述

氧化亚氮(N2O)是仅次于二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)的重要温室气体.由于人类活动对土地的影响导致河流系统中氮的可利用性增加,河流生态系统的N2O排放量正日益增长.本文对国内外河流水体N2O溶存浓度和饱和度、水-气界面排放通量及沉积物-水界面交换通量等数据进行了收集,并总结和分析了河流生态系统中N2O的产生机制及主要影响因子.     

我国城市生活垃圾处理温室气体排放特征

CH₄和CO₂是大气中主要的温室气体,研究我国城市生活垃圾处理过程中二者的排放情况,对制订温室气体减排政策和应对气候变化有着至关重要的意义. 利用IPCC(政府间气候变化专门委员会)提供的废弃物处理排放CH₄和CO₂的计算方法,对1979—2011年我国城市生活垃圾处理CH₄和CO₂排放量(不含港澳台数据)进行统计分析. 结果表明:①2011年我国城市生活垃圾人均清运量为0.46 t,比2000年增加了53.3%. ②1979—2011年,我国城市生活垃圾处理仍以填埋为主,焚烧和堆肥处理方式相对较少,但近年来焚烧处理量呈逐年增加趋势,其中2011年焚烧处理量是2001年的16.8倍. ③我国城市生活垃圾处理产生的CH₄和CO₂排放量均呈逐年增长趋势,至2011年,二者分别达到7 024.03×104 (以CO₂当量计,下同)和706.22×104 t;其中,2011年CH₄排放量是1990年的20.0倍,CO₂排放量是2001年的16.8倍. ④城市生活垃圾产生的温室气体排放具有明显的地域特性,其中华东地区CH₄和CO₂排放总量高达2 570.98×104 t;西北地区最小,仅为482.3×104 t. 该差异与城市发展规模、人们生活习惯和城市化进程等影响因子紧密相关.      

氮输入对沼泽湿地碳平衡的影响

以小叶章沼泽化草甸为对象,利用静态箱-气相色谱法,在三江平原进行野外原位试验,研究氮输入对沼泽湿地碳平衡及其各分量的影响.氮素输入后,沼泽湿地生态系统总初级生产力提高,生物量增大,分别比对照处理增加了10%和26.8%.同时,CH₄和生态系统呼吸CO₂排放量提高,而生态系统CO₂净交换(NEE)和净碳(CO₂和CH₄都转化成对应的碳)交换降低,CO₂、CH₄和NEE的季节变化动态未改变.2004年整个生长季氮输入处理的CO₂和CH₄排放量分别比对照处理升高了34%和145%,NEE和净碳交换分别降低了70%和81.6%,但整个生长季2个处理仍然表现为碳的净吸收.氮输入没有改变沼泽湿地碳“汇”的功能,只是减弱了其作为碳“汇”的功能.     

The carbon budget of California

The carbon budget of a region can be defined as the sum of annual fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) greenhouse gases (GHGs) into and out of the regional surface coverage area. According to the state government's recent inventory, California's carbon budget is presently dominated by 115 MMTCE per year in fossil fuel emissions of CO₂ (>85% of total annual GHG emissions) to meet energy and transportation requirements. Other notable (non-ecosystem) sources of carbon GHG emissions in 2004 were from cement- and lime-making industries (7%), livestock-based agriculture (5%), and waste treatment activities (2%). The NASA-CASA (Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach) simulation model based on satellite observations of monthly vegetation cover (including those from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, MODIS) was used to estimate net ecosystem fluxes and vegetation biomass production over the period 1990–2004. California's annual NPP for all ecosystems in the early 2000s (estimated by CASA at 120 MMTCE per year) was roughly equivalent to its annual fossil fuel emission rates for carbon. However, since natural ecosystems can accumulate only a small fraction of this annual NPP total in long-term storage pools, the net ecosystem sink flux for atmospheric carbon across the state was estimated at a maximum rate of about 24 MMTCE per year under favorable precipitation conditions. Under less favorable precipitation conditions, such as those experienced during the early 1990s, ecosystems statewide were estimated to have lost nearly 15 MMTCE per year to the atmosphere. Considering the large amounts of carbon estimated by CASA to be stored in forests, shrublands, and rangelands across the state, the importance of protection of the natural NPP capacity of California ecosystems cannot be overemphasized.     

地膜覆盖对稻-油轮作农田温室气体排放的影响

以位于西南大学农业部重庆紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站内的稻-油轮作为研究对象,采用静态箱/气相色谱法,对覆膜和对照(不覆膜)处理下稻油轮作CO2、CH4和N2O排放特征进行了为期1 a的原位观测.结果表明,稻-油轮作农田CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放通量均呈现出明显的季节变化,且2种处理下这3种温室气体的季节变化模式相似.覆膜处理下稻-油轮作农田全年CH_4排放量为(46. 14±13. 40) kg·hm~(-2),相比于对照处理下的(18. 61±2. 05) kg·hm~(-2),提高了147. 93%(P 0. 05),但覆膜对CO_2和N_2O的排放影响并不显著,覆膜及对照处理下CO2年排放量分别是(-47. 54±2. 11) t·hm~(-2)和(-47. 60±2. 19) t·hm~(-2),N2O年排放量分别是(18. 94±4. 74) kg·hm~(-2)和(23. 14±3. 68) kg·hm~(-2).覆膜和对照处理下GWP值分别为-41. 16 t·hm~(-2)和-40. 95 t·hm~(-2),表现为大气温室气体的吸收汇,但差异并不显著.