西安市2013年空气质量状况分析

本文收集西安市2013年环境监测站发布的空气质量指数（AQI）及环境空气状况与监测月报资料,对空气质量等级、AQI变化情况、主要污染物浓度变化趋势及采暖期和非采暖期浓度比较进行分析.研究结果表明：西安市2013空气质量二级以上的达标率为37.8％,年均AQI值为151,SO2、NO2、PM10和PM2.5的月监测浓度变化趋势无显著意义,采暖期平均浓度均显著高于非采暖期平均浓度,PM2.5采暖期均值是非采暖期均值的3.09倍.由此可见控制SO2、NO2、PM10和PM2.5的排放是改善西安市空气质量的重点工作.     

乌鲁木齐市非采暖期环境空气质量变化特征分析

通过对乌鲁木齐市2013年至2014年非采暖期主要大气污染物的浓度变化进行比较,分析了乌鲁木齐市非采暖期PM10的浓度的变化特征,为非采暖期扬尘污染的治理提供了数据基础,并提出有效治理建议。     

乌鲁木齐采暖期、非采暖期中学教室室内空气质量的监测分析

本文以乌鲁木齐市65中教室为研究对象,对采暖期和非采暖期教学环境空气质量进行了监测和分析,鉴于新疆地区的气候特征、民族组成特征及学校教学环境现状,本文对影响教学环境舒适性的4项指标:二氧化碳(CO_2)、苯系物、总挥发性有机物(TVOC)和可吸入颗粒物(PM10)进行了监测,监测结果显示:在采暖期和非采暖期,TVOC均超过中小学教室卫生标准限制,其他指标均未超限,采暖期4项指标均高于非采暖期,采暖期CO_2、苯系物、TVOC和PM10四项指标监测平均值分别是899ppm、0.055mg/m~3、0.7 mg/m~3和0.1 mg/m~3。24h监测值显示除了苯系物浓度与教学时段和非教学时段没有明显的差异性,其他3项指标在教学时间明显升高。     

抚顺市2014年环境空气质量污染特征及原因分析

根据抚顺市环境空气质量监测数据,对2014年抚顺市空气质量污染特征及原因进行了分析。结果表明:抚顺市空气中首要污染物为细颗粒物,在时间分布上主要污染指标PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2浓度采暖期高于非采暖期,夏季O3污染最重;在空间上西部望花区污染最重,东部的水库污染相对较轻。     

天气类型对天津大气PM_(10)污染的影响分析

对天津地区出现的天气系统进行分类,利用后向轨迹模型对到达天津地区的气团轨迹进行模拟,并按照不同天气类型进行聚类,分析不同天气类型下到达天津地区的气团传输路径.结果表明,到达天津地区的气团主要来自西北和东南方向.对采暖期和非采暖期不同天气类型的出现频率及其对大气中ρ(PM10)的影响进行了研究.结果表明,天气类型是影响天津地区ρ(PM10)变化的重要因素.2008年采暖期的有利天气类型出现频率为84.2%,比非采暖期(66.9%)多17.3%;同期不利天气类型出现频率为15.8%,比非采暖期(32.2%)低16.4%.虽然采暖期颗粒物排放源强有所增加,但是有利天气类型出现频率明显高于非采暖期,而不利天气类型出现频率较低,这是2008年采暖期ρ(PM10)比非采暖期略低的重要原因.     

北京城区可吸入颗粒物分布与呼吸系统疾病相关分析

可吸入颗粒物(PM10)已成为北京市首要空气污染物,严重影响城市环境质量及居民健康.本研究采集了北京市2008～2009年非采暖期与采暖期两个不同时期不同粒径(0.3、0.5、3.0和5.0μm)的大气颗粒物浓度,利用空间分析方法研究其分布规律;同时收集同期患呼吸系统疾病的病人数据,对其进行统计分析;再在回归分析的基础上,运用灰色关联模型探讨可吸入颗粒物与呼吸系统疾病的相关性.结果表明,细颗粒的空间分布情况相异,而粗颗粒物分布规律大致相同.呼吸系统疾病与可吸入颗粒物浓度有一定的关联,采暖期是呼吸系统疾病的高发期,可吸入颗粒物在采暖期对呼吸系统疾病的发病率影响相对较高.无论在采暖期还是非采暖期,细颗粒物的浓度均高于粗颗粒物,且细颗粒物对呼吸系统疾病的影响较大.     

北京城区2007~2012年细颗粒物数浓度时空演化

为反映近年来北京城区细颗粒物数浓度时空演化过程,利用MODEL 3886GEO-α手持式激光粒子计数仪连续采集了2007~2012年北京城区93个采样点 6月上旬~7月上旬(非采暖期)和12月上旬~次年的1月上旬(采暖期)细粒径颗粒物PM (0.3、0.3~0.5、0.5~1.0) 的粒子数浓度数据,然后在地统计和空间分析方法的基础上,探究了北京城区细颗粒物数浓度的时空演化特征.结果表明,PM0.3在采暖期的数值均高于其在非采暖期的浓度值,而PM0.3~0.5和PM0.5~1.0在两个不同的采样期浓度值有高有低;采暖期不同下垫面细颗粒浓度差异较明显,而非采暖期下垫面类型对细颗粒浓度的影响相对较弱;非采暖期,北京城区南部的丰台区和东部的朝阳区细颗粒物污染最严重,市中心次之,而北部的海淀区和西部的石景山区污染相对较轻;采暖期,北京城区细颗粒物污染主要集中在朝阳区的东部和东南部,以及市中心及其周边区域.     

榆林市环境空气质量变化趋势及相关性分析

从榆林市2007—2012年环境空气中SO2、NO2和PM10的变化趋势可以看出,SO2和PM10浓度总体有下降趋势,2012年较2007年水平降低了约25%,而NO2浓度总体呈上升趋势,2012年较2007年水平增加了约80%;在月际变化中,NO2和PM10采暖期浓度增幅约在30%以上,而SO2采暖期浓度甚至达到非采暖期的4倍,可见,采暖期燃煤锅炉污染控制仍是降低大气污染物浓度的关键,而加强脱硝工程的实施也是当前较为迫切的任务。     

郑州市采暖期与非采暖期PM2.5中重金属来源及潜在健康风险评价

为了研究郑州市PM_(2.5)中部分金属元素在采暖期与非采暖期的来源、污染特征并进行相应的生态风险及健康风险评价,于2016年春季非采暖期和冬季采暖期在河南郑州设置采样点,采集有效膜样本105个.测定PM_(2.5)质量浓度及其中Zn、Pb、Cu、As、Cd、Co、Mn、Fe共8种金属元素含量,郑州2016年非采暖期PM_(2.5)质量浓度日均值为113.41μg·m~(-3)、采暖期为216.99μg·m~(-3),采暖期中Cu、Zn、As、Cd这4种元素的浓度分别是非采暖期的2.3、2.0、1.9、1.5倍,季节性差异明显.富集因子分析显示郑州地区Cd元素富集程度最高已超过1000,受人为影响严重.PMF源解析表明燃煤源及机动车源是郑州采暖期重金属主要来源,贡献率为48.00%和34.95%;扬尘源及交通污染源在非采暖期的贡献率为55.92%和31.08%.健康风险评价显示3种致癌元素As、Cd、Co的致癌风险值均小于10~(-4),Mn的非致癌风险值最高为0.9,可能存在一定的非致癌风险.     

大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源识别

研究了北京市2000年采暖期和非采暖期2个典型代表月(6月和12月)不同粒径颗粒物的质量浓度特征以及不同粒径颗粒物中ρ(PAHs)分布特征,并同时利用比值法和化学质量平衡(CMB)受体模型对可吸入颗粒物(PM₁₀)中PAHs的来源进行识别和解析.研究结果表明:北京市采暖期ρ(颗粒物)明显高于非采暖期;采暖期和非采暖期不同粒径颗粒物的比例有差别,采暖期、非采暖期ρ(PM₁₀)分别约占ρ(TSP)的0.662和0.734;PAHs具有更明显富集于细颗粒物中的特征;源解析结果表明燃煤污染和机动车污染是PM₁₀中PAHs的最主要来源.      

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.