环境中双酚A污染现状及其对孤独症患儿神经免疫系统的毒性作用研究

孤独症(Autism spectrum disease,ASD)是一种小儿广泛性的发育障碍.尽管ASD病因目前尚无最终定论,普遍接受的观点是,ASD同时受到遗传和环境因素两方面的作用,而近年ASD发病率的爆发式增长已明显偏离了哈代-温伯格平衡,这提示环境污染很可能是导致发病率异常增快的罪魁祸首,是更值得我们关注的因素.针对该问题,综述了新型污染物双酚A在环境中的污染状况以及空气、水与日常食物中双酚A污染的水平,探讨了人体双酚A暴露的途径以及环境中双酚A污染对ASD患儿神经免疫系统的影响.提出了应加强对环境中双酚A污染的调查研究,开展人体双酚A暴露的潜在风险评估,为保证居民尤其是婴幼儿的健康提供科学依据.     

罐头食品又一污染源

据最新的调查表明,超级市场货架上的许多罐头食品含有少量的雌激素类污染物。这种被称为双酚A(BPA)的雌激素类污染物显然是从罐头盒内层涂布的塑料树脂溶滤出来的。由于最近的研究,开始将这种遍地都有的污染物与乳腺癌和生育异常的危险性增高联系起来,故对雌激素类污染物的暴露已越来越引起人们的关注。过去4年,内分泌学家已鉴定出能排出雌激素类成分的两类塑料树脂。     

双酚-A和17β-雌二醇对人乳腺癌细胞生长的影响

 通过MTT-细胞增殖活性测定法和双参数流式细胞光度术研究了双酚-A和17b-雌二醇对人乳腺癌细胞株MCF-7增殖、细胞周期以及核酸和蛋白合成的影响.结果表明,在310^-16～310^-8mol/L范围内,双酚-A和17b-雌二醇都能促进细胞增殖;在310^-14mol/L时,细胞增殖活性达到最高值.当作用浓度为310^-14mol/L时,细胞周期的S期比例增加,细胞总蛋白表达量明显增加.统计结果表明,双酚-A和17b-雌二醇对MCF-7细胞生长特性的雌激素效应非常相似.     

双酚A类似物的雄性生殖毒性研究进展

聚焦BPA类似物对雄性动物的生殖毒性研究,分析双酚S、双酚F、双酚AF、双酚B和双酚E对哺乳类实验动物睾丸及组织结构、附睾重量及组织学结构、激素水平、精子参数等常规指标的影响,考察关于鱼类和两栖类动物的研究.研究发现,不管暴露剂量高低、暴露方式的差异或是动物种属的不同,所有BPA类似物的暴露都显示阳性结果,这与BPA雄性生殖毒性尚有争议的事实形成对比,暗示这些BPA类似物具有比BPA更明显的雄性生殖毒性.总体来看,目前的BPA类似物雄性生殖毒性的数据只局限在有限的几个实验室,且实验的质量控制难以评价.因此,BPA类似物的雄性生殖毒性的数据还需要更多实验室的验证,并且过程中需要严格控制动物实验的质量,以获得更加可靠且可重复的结果.     

二氧化钛光催化降解双酚AF研究

系统研究了双酚AF在二氧化钛溶液中的光催化降解行为。就溶解氧、二氧化钛投加量、氟离子浓度和双酚AF的初始浓度等因素对双酚AF降解的影响进行了详细讨论。研究重点是双酚AF的降解动力学以及在降解过程中所产生的氟离子浓度。当双酚AF的初始浓度是40μmol/L时,经过540 min的光催化降解,反应体系的总有机碳去除率超过97%,此时溶液中氟离子的浓度为0.98 mg/L。双酚AF在二氧化钛溶液中的降解符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学模型,其降解动力学常数是1.21μmol/(L·min)。结果表明,二氧化钛光催化可以有效的去除双酚AF,并且不产生其它二次污染物。     

珠江三角洲地区大气污染对人群健康的影响

在珠江三角洲地区选取广州麓湖等16个典型站点,观测了珠江三角洲地区2006年大气污染物浓度.结果表明,珠江三角洲地区2006年PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2、O3年日均浓度分别达到75,56,57,53,44μg/m3.搜集国内PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2、O3暴露人群健康影响的流行病学研究资料,利用Meta分析方法获取我国人群大气污染物暴露对死亡健康结局影响的暴露-反应关系,并以珠江三角洲地区人群2006年大气污染物暴露浓度为基准,运用泊松回归模型评价珠江三角洲地区大气污染对人群的健康影响.     

基于人体健康风险的水污染事件污染物安全阈值研究

水污染事件急性人体健康风险评估是环境科学的一个新兴研究领域.在简要介绍污染物急性风险评估方法的基础上,建立了水污染事件特征污染物安全阈值的计算模型.根据水污染事件特征污染物安全阈值计算方法,对我国2000～2010年间发生的主要水污染事件特征污染物的急性暴露安全阈值进行研究.结果表明不同水污染事件特征污染物的急性暴露安全阈值:氰化钠、镉、甲醛、氨氮、甲苯、硝基苯、微囊藻毒素-LR分别为0.1、0.6、8、20、6、0.07、0.004 mg.L-1.比较了急慢性安全阈值计算方法,其差异性在于污染物毒理学范围不同、饮用水暴露比例不同、暴露敏感人群不同.     

溴代阻燃剂TBBPA最新研究进展

四溴双酚A是使用量较大的一种溴代阻燃剂,具有生物毒性,是最近十几年的热门研究污染物。对最近三年(2013—2015年)来四溴双酚A的最新研究进展进行了综述,主要从环境中分布、检测分析研究,毒性、毒理研究,降解、去除技术研究等3方面进行阐述,总结了研究中存在的问题与新的发展方向。     

我国近岸海域优先控制有机污染物的筛选

针对当前我国海洋环境中有机污染现状和监测评价的需求,本文借鉴国内外研究经验,以我国近岸海域有机污染物的环境分布浓度、污染物的急慢性毒性和理化性质为评价赋值指标,建立了基于环境暴露指数和环境效应指数为基础的优先控制有机污染物定量筛选方法.利用本筛选方法,尝试性的提出了我国近岸海域优先控制有机污染物名单,以此为海洋管理部门...     

国内空气污染暴露水平评价方法研究进展

该文介绍了暴露评价的概念及大气污染物暴露评价常用的方法,包括模型评价法(土地利用回归模型、大气扩散模型、插值模型和邻近性模型)、污染物监测法(个体暴露水平监测、微环境监测结合时间-活动模式、固定监测站监测法)、生物标志检测法等,并对各种方法的优缺点进行了总结分析,最后指出了中国目前大气污染物暴露评价研究的不足之处并对其前景进行了展望。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.