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1.
饮用水中BDOC测定动力学研究   总被引:18,自引:3,他引:18  
采用悬浮培养测定法,讨论了BDOC测定中动力学特性,得出在28d测定中BDOC的降解动力学满足一级反应,动力学方程为BDOCt=BDOCu(1=10^-0.077t),降解常数k=0.077d^-1,通过比较实测的BDOC3和据公式计算出的BDOC3,证明这种动力学关系基本正确。  相似文献   

2.
酞酸酯类有机毒物在土壤中降解规律的研究   总被引:24,自引:4,他引:24  
研究了酞酸酯DEHP和DBF二种增塑剂在土壤中降解规律,结果表明:土壤中DEHP和DBP的降解速率可以用一级动力学方程描述,不同类型土壤对酞酸酯的降解能力是有所差别的,DBP在土壤中比DEHP容易降解,土壤灭菌后,降解能力明显降低,按种接解微生物后,土壤中DEHP降解速率明显加快,土壤含水量和温度影响DEHP和DBP的降解速率;本试验从土壤中分离出降解DEHP的细菌9株和真菌11株。  相似文献   

3.
苯二甲酸酯的微生物降解与转化   总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22  
综述国内外有关苯二甲酸酯化合物对环境的污染以及微生物对该类物质的降解与转化,指出:①PAEs已在全球范围的大气、水体、土壤中达到了普遍检出的程度;②微生物能够降解利用PAEs;③PAEs的微生物降解反应速率符合一级反应动力学方法方程;④混合微生物的联合代谢作用较纯培养降解PAEs效果好;⑤PAEs在微生物酶的作用下,先水解生成单酯与苯二甲酸,然后在好气条件下进行代谢与转化,最终可生成CO2和水。  相似文献   

4.
绿麦隆在水溶液中光降解动力学研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
以低功率紫外灯和荧光灯为光源对水溶液中的绿麦隆进行光降解,探讨了光解的影响因素.研究表明,绿麦隆在紫外光照下较易降解,其光解符合准一级动力学方程,反应速率常数为23×10-2min-1;在水环境中经长期光照会逐渐矿化为Cl-、CO2、NO-3等无机离子;运用GC/MS技术鉴定了绿麦隆的几种光解中间产物,异氰酸(3氯—4甲基)—苯酚酯是主要中间体,并推测了绿麦隆的光解反应历程.  相似文献   

5.
在TiO2催化剂上菲的光催化氧化反应研究   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
选择TiO2粉末催化剂,在发射光谱为254nm的15W紫外灯照射下,反应液中AI^3+、Fe^3+和H2O2浓度增加能提高菲的降解率;TiO2表面载银量的增加能提高降解速度;TiO2投入量在一定范围内随投入量的增加,光催化降解菲的速度也增加,但当投入量较多时又能降低降解速率;在酸性条件下,菲易被光催化降解;菲的起始反应浓度与反应速度成负一级反应动力学关系。  相似文献   

6.
负载型纳米Ti02光催化降解水中微量三氯乙烯   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用负载型纳米TiO2作为光催化剂,对水中微量三氯乙烯进行紫外光催化降解处理。研究表明,三氯乙烯光催化降解过程符合表现一级反应动力学规律。不同的三氯乙烯初始浓度。光照强度和催化剂用量,对三氯乙烯的光催化降解具有不同的效果。在一定初始浓度范围内,随着初始浓度的增大,三氯乙烯光催化降解的反应速率常数逐渐减小;光强与反应速率常数呈正比例相关,显示出有一个最佳值;催化剂的用量与反应速率常数并非呈直线相关。此外,还讨论了三氯乙烯光催化降解的机理。  相似文献   

7.
城市废水有机物生物降解性评价及难降解有机物治理对策   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2  
黄霞  张晓健  付强 《环境科学》1994,15(2):15-19
采用GC-MS法对某城市废水中的有机物组分进行了分析,利用好氧生物降解一级动力学模型,计算了各单项有机物的一级反应速率常数Kb(20℃),在此基础上,讨论了各单项有机物的生物降解特性。结果表明,某城市废水处理厂曝气池进水中主要有机物有38种,出水中主要有机物有16种;废水中的主要难降解有机物为邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯。应通过污染源控制或适当的预处理,加强其治理。  相似文献   

8.
钟晋贤  张德强 《环境科学》1997,18(2):66-67,69
溴代烷烃是破坏臭氧层很重要的一类物质,为了估计臭氧消耗潜势(ODP)值,利用流动放电共振荧光技术测定CH3Br和CH2Br2与OH自由基反应速率常数,计算出它们在大气中的寿命;用半经验的方法,采用最新文献报道的有关数据,计算出CH3Br和CH2Br2的ODP值分别为0.33和0.076,并与文献结果进行了比较。  相似文献   

9.
钟晋贤  张德强 《环境科学》1997,(2):66-67,69
溴代烷烃是破坏臭氧层很重要的一类物质,为了估计臭氧消耗潜势(ODP)值,利用流动放电共振荧光技术测定CH3Br和CH2Br2与OH自由基反应速率常数,计算出它们在大气中的寿命;用半经验的方法,采用最新文献报道的有关数据,计算出CH3Br和CH2Br2的ODP值分别为0.33和0.076.并与文献结果进行了比较.  相似文献   

10.
采用氨氧化菌Nitrosomonas europaea降解17α-乙炔雌二醇(EE2),考察降解过程中氨氮的作用以及EE2的降解机制.结果表明,N.europaea降解EE2属于共代谢过程,氨氮是共代谢发生的必要条件.氨氧化过程产生的亚硝氮会在酸性条件下将EE2硝基化,反应符合一级动力学模型,降解速率常数与亚硝酸根、H+及游离亚硝酸浓度成正相关.通过控制pH值大于7.5抑制硝基化反应,证实了N.europaea对EE2的生物降解作用,生物降解反应符合一级动力学模型且降解速率常数为0.0069h-1.当N.europaea氨氧化反应导致pH值低于7.5时,EE2的去除存在生物降解和硝基化的协同作用,EE2去除符合一级动力学模型且降解速率常数为0.0093h-1.同时还发现一种未曾报道过的EE2生物降解产物M613,对于其雌激素效应和毒性还需进一步探究.  相似文献   

11.
Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP 1,6- quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that (1) the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; (2) the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; (3) the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% (w/v), concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.  相似文献   

12.
Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.  相似文献   

13.
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.  相似文献   

15.
Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.  相似文献   

16.
Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene (PS) bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as "purge and trap" and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.  相似文献   

17.
A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p < 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.  相似文献   

18.
The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.  相似文献   

19.
UNITANK is a biological wastewater treatment process that combines the advantages of traditional activated sludge process and sequencing batch reactor, which is divided into Tank A, B and C. In this study, the sludge distribution and its impact on performance of UNITANK were carried out in Liede Wastewater Plant (WWTP) of Guangzhou, China. Results showed that there was a strong affiliation between Tank A and B of the system in sludge concentration distribution. The initial sludge concentration in Tank A could present the sludge distribution of the whole system. The sludge distribution was mainly influenced by hydraulic condition. Unsteady sludge distribution had an impact on variations of substrates in reactors, especially in decisive reactor, and this could lead to failure of system. Settler could partially remove substrates such as COD and NO3-N, but there was adventure of sludge deterioration. The rational initial sludge concentration in Tank A should be 4000-6000 mg/L MLSS.  相似文献   

20.
In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato (Solanum tuberosum) and brinjal (Solanum melongena), for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.  相似文献   

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