光照对微囊藻比重的影响及其调控机制

富营养化湖泊中,浮力调控机制是微囊藻在种间竞争中占据优势的重要原因,而其浮力则受细胞比重的调控。该文探究了微囊藻的比重及其调控因子对光照强度的长期和短期响应。结果表明,10 d的长期实验中,在0～5 500 lx范围内,光照强度越强,比重越大,且与光照强度呈正相关,其中5 500 lx光强下微囊藻培养10 d后的比重增量是200 lx的2.73倍。随着光照强度增加,在比重的调控因子中胞内碳水化合物含量增加,伪空胞含量和胞内蛋白质含量减少。相关性分析显示,碳水化合物增加和伪空胞减少是比重增加的主要原因,尤其是碳水化合物的积累增加了微囊藻的下沉动力。24 h的短期实验结果显示,在光周期内所受光照强度越强,微囊藻的碳水化合物含量积累越多,其比重明显上升;经历暗周期后,光周期内光照强度越强,胞内碳水化合物消耗越多,其比重下降更明显。该研究显示长期和短期条件下高光强都能诱导微囊藻比重增加,但在短期高光强作用下胞内碳水化合物含量虽然积累很快,但同时也促进了其在暗周期的消耗,这为进一步揭示微囊藻的垂直迁移的形成机制提供了参考。     

孟氏浮游蓝丝藻在模拟水体中的垂直分布与浮力规律研究

采用大型室内湖泊模拟装置对孟氏浮游蓝丝藻在富营养化湖泊中的垂直分布与迁移特征进行了模拟,并通过10 L玻璃瓶实验对孟氏浮游蓝丝藻浮力对光的响应进行了分析.湖泊模拟实验结果表明,光照后,表层孟氏浮游蓝丝藻开始向下层迁移,光照8h后,藻丝在深2～3m左右水层形成稳定聚集层;藻丝容易集聚层在光照度为10μmol·(m2·s)-1左右水层,处于该水层上部的藻丝漂浮百分率<50%趋向于沉降,处于该水层下部的藻丝漂浮百分率>50%趋向于漂浮;无光照后,藻丝开始往水体表层聚集,无光照12h后,约20%的藻丝聚集在水体表层,无光照48h后,约50%的藻丝聚集在水体表层;说明浮游蓝丝藻白天主要分布在水体2～3m处,在早晨或连续的阴天后,可能在水体表层形成水华.10 L玻璃瓶实验结果表明,强光照[100μmol·(m2·s)-1]/无光照周期下藻丝漂浮百分率在30%-70%间变化,弱光照[25μmol·(m2·s)-1]/无光照周期下藻丝漂浮百分率在30%-50%间变化,说明强光照[100μmol·(m2·s)-1]/无光照周期下藻丝具有明显的沉降与漂浮特征.1昼夜内,藻细胞蛋白质和伪空胞的变化不明显,糖含量在14%-35%间变化,藻丝的浮力对光照的响应可能通过藻细胞的糖含量变化实现.     

不同光照下微囊藻垂直迁移模拟研究

通过室内模拟不同光照条件下微囊藻水华的垂直迁移过程,分析了光强对微囊藻细胞在水柱中聚集和悬浮的影响。结果表明:不同光源下水柱中微囊藻细胞发生垂直迁移,并明显聚集于中下层;I2光源下微囊藻细胞垂直迁移速度高于其他处理,高达2.59 m/h;微囊藻细胞在弱光条件下,通过形成伪空泡使其细胞密度降低、浮力增大,从而悬浮于水柱中,寻找适宜生境;野外水域中以微囊藻为优势藻种的蓝藻水华正是通过在强光条件下伪空泡破裂下沉、弱光条件下伪空泡增多上浮的趋利避害机制而产生。     

温度对铜绿微囊藻细胞浮力的调控机制

为了探讨温度对铜绿微囊藻细胞浮力的调控机制,将铜绿微囊藻分别置于10、15、20、25、30℃条件下,利用改良的percoll密度梯度离心法测得细胞密度,计算出细胞浮力大小,同时测量细胞内比生长速率、光合活性、NAD(P)H依赖型氧化还原脱氢酶活性、糖含量、蛋白含量和漂浮细胞百分比.结果显示,在实验温度范围内(10~30℃),随着温度升高,铜绿微囊藻的漂浮细胞百分率增加,浮力变大;同时,细胞内糖含量减少,蛋白含量增加,光合作用和NAD(P)H 依赖型氧化还原脱氢酶活性增强.10、15℃条件培养7d,细胞的密度分别增加了2.7%和1.3%,糖含量分别增加了95.3%和65.5%,漂浮细胞百分比分别降低了23.8%和18.3, NAD(P)H依赖型氧化还原脱氢酶活性分别降低了23.8%和18.3%;而20、25和30℃条件培养7d,细胞的密度则分别减少了2.8%、3.8%和3.2%,糖含量分别减少了8.5%、2.9%和19.4%,漂浮细胞百分比分别增加了0%、7%和8.5%,NAD(P)H依赖型氧化还原脱氢酶活性分别增加了0%、7%和8.5%.研究结果显示:温度主要通过影响铜绿微囊藻细胞的光合速率、生长代谢速率和伪空胞含量来改变细胞密度实现浮力调节.低温下糖含量增加是浮力消失的主要原因,细胞漂浮与沉降的温度阈值在15~20℃之间.     

藻华高风险期微囊藻在洱海中的垂直分布特征及其影响因素

大量微囊藻浮力调节及其垂向迁移是形成蓝藻水华的重要机制之一.为研究微囊藻的垂直分布特征及影响因素,以洱海北部湖心为监测点位,采用野外采样室内分析的方法,于2016年9—12月对微囊藻生物量、伪空胞体积、粒径等指标进行了测定.结果表明:9—11月微囊藻生物量逐月增长并于11月达到峰值（1.77 mg/L）,在12月出现下降（月均值为0.34 mg/L）;9月、11月微囊藻伪空胞体积（18.0~22.6 μm3/cell）较高,10月、12月较低（10.2~17.3 μm3/cell）;9—11月微囊藻的垂向迁移速率（5.4~14.5 m/d）、漂浮百分率（57%~96%）及群体粒径（91~305 μm）逐渐增大,12月明显减小.微囊藻生物量、伪空胞体积及群体粒径的垂直分布规律均表现为表层最高,中层次之,底层最低.9—11月,微囊藻在洱海中出现垂直分层现象,伪空胞提供的浮力作用和藻群体粒径作用大于风力扰动作用,促使微囊藻在水柱中主动迁移并聚集在水面;而在12月,风力扰动对微囊藻垂直分布的影响远超过浮力及粒径的作用,微囊藻在水柱中趋于均匀分布.研究显示,藻华高风险期微囊藻在洱海呈弱分层分布,且浮力及群体粒径是影响其垂直分布的主要因子.      

温度对水华微囊藻及孟氏浮游蓝丝藻生长、光合作用及浮力变化的影响

通过批量培养实验,测定培养过程中藻的生物量、光合放氧速率及浮力等的变化,研究了2种典型水华蓝藻-水华微囊藻及孟氏浮游蓝丝藻在不同温度下的生长和光合作用特征及浮力调控的机制结果表明,水华微囊藻在温度低于13℃时几乎不能生长,高于16℃能缓慢生长,且随着温度升高,生长速率增大;孟氏浮游蓝丝藻在温度为10℃时就能缓慢生长,当温度高于16℃时即能够较好生长;2种藻的生长速率在10～28℃范围内都随温度升高而增大.2种蓝藻在10℃以上均能进行光合作用,且在实验温度范围内(10～28℃)随温度的升高而增强当温度从28℃转至13℃以下温度培养时,2种蓝藻的浮力下降明显,细胞内伪空胞、糖及蛋白质的变化表明,糖的积累使细胞密度增大是细胞浮力下降的主要原因;在72h之内,水华微囊藻和浮游蓝丝藻细胞内糖含量分别增加了2.2倍和2.5倍,这说明温度降低至13℃以下,水华微囊藻下沉趋于休眠,而孟氏游浮蓝丝藻则趋于底栖继续生长;温度升高至13℃以上,水华微囊藻趋于复苏和上浮,而孟氏浮游蓝丝藻趋于浮游.     

城市湖库蓝藻水华形成机理综合建模研究

蓝藻水华形成是诸多营养及环境因素相互作用的结果,因此,本文对城市湖库蓝藻水华形成(包括复苏、萌芽、生长、暴发阶段)这一复杂生态过程进行了综合建模研究.通过在阳光房中模拟湖库蓝藻水华形成过程,采用正交实验分析获得蓝藻生长的关键影响因素,并为蓝藻水华形成机理建模提供相应参量.在此基础上,构建了用于模拟湖库蓝藻水华形成过程的蓝藻生长机理模型,采用遗传算法对机理模型中涉及的参数进行优化率定;同时,考虑蓝藻水华暴发阶段具有突变特性,建立了描述蓝藻水华暴发状态的尖点突变模型,进而构建了城市湖库蓝藻水华形成各阶段的综合机理模型.实验仿真结果表明,该综合机理模型能较好地模拟城市湖库蓝藻从复苏到暴发整个过程的变化规律,且该模型结合了数学机理建模和智能方法的优势,克服了单一蓝藻水华机理模型的缺陷,为湖库蓝藻水华形成机理的深入研究提供了新思路.     

氮磷限制条件下螺旋鱼腥藻伪空胞合成及其浮力特征

伪空胞的合成与破裂是蓝藻浮力调节的主要方式. 为研究固氮蓝藻浮力的形成及其调节能力,以螺旋鱼腥藻为代表,在外压作用下将螺旋鱼腥藻伪空胞压破,分别在氮限制〔ρ(TN)为1.65 mg/L,ρ(TP)为1.780 mg/L〕、磷限制〔ρ(TN)为16.50 mg/L,ρ(TP)为0.178 mg/L〕条件下研究伪空胞的合成、藻细胞垂向迁移及漂浮特性. 结果表明:螺旋鱼腥藻的伪空胞完全破裂后,在氮限制条件下,藻细胞恢复浮力(漂浮率>50%)需56 h,伪空胞含量恢复到初始水平(2.47×10-7 μL/cell)需要72 h;而在磷限制条件下伪空胞含量无法恢复到初始水平;氮限制和磷限制条件下螺旋鱼腥藻最大垂向迁移速率分别为1.4和0.8 m/d,磷限制条件对螺旋鱼腥藻伪空胞的合成及恢复更为不利.      

太湖夏季水下光谱及色光对微囊藻群体的影响

在调查夏季水华期间太湖梅梁湾和贡湖湾采样点水下光谱的基础上,设计不同色光(红光、蓝光、白光对照)的室内模拟实验,探究色光对微囊藻生长及群体维持的影响.结果显示,采样区域(梅梁湾M1、M2和贡湖湾G1、G2)背景浊度值较高,水下光谱偏向黄红光波段.室内模拟实验显示,微囊藻群体在不同色光下培养24d后,红光组群体粒径高于蓝光组和白光对照组.并且,红光有利于提高微囊藻群体多糖含量(总多糖和固着性胞外多糖).不同色光培养单细胞铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB-469)的结果显示,白光对照组的细胞浓度始终最高,其次是红光组,最后是蓝光组.野外监测和室内模拟实验表明,太湖夏季水华期间采样区域偏向黄红光波段的水下光谱有利于微囊藻群体粒径的维持和生长,这是野外群体微囊藻与室内单细胞微囊藻重要的生境差异,可能是微囊藻群体形成和维持的影响因素.     

油污染全场模拟的湍浮力流动k-ε模型

以通用的k-ε湍流模型为基础,针对油—水两相流动体系的特点,提出了油污染全场模拟的湍浮力流动k-ε模型.模型不仅在控制方程中计及了密度变化,而且在控制方程中加进了浮力项,并对湍流Schmidt数也作了浮力修正.从而计及了浮力对紊动的影响.结果表明,模型的模拟效果非常满意.     

海洋水下滑翔机浮力调节系统的设计与实验

目的提高海洋滑翔机浮力调节系统的可靠性,进一步降低系统功耗,设计气压与液压结合的低功耗浮力调节系统。方法基于理论分析确定系统的体积控制量,设计气压调节模块以保证高压油泵的正常工作与回油的顺利进行。利用有限元方法分析承压管路的可靠性,通过实验测试,验证浮力系统的响应性能。结果浮力系统的排油效率随着外压的增大而减小,2MPa的压力会使出油率降低3%左右,同时功耗增加50%左右。在大气压力环境下,依靠系统内负压,400 s即可完成回油600 mL,完成上浮到下潜的转换。结论设计的浮力调节系统的气压调节装置能以较低的功耗保障主泵的正常工作,同时保障回油过程的通畅,满足海洋滑翔机对浮力调节的要求,可以应用于一般海洋深度的水下滑翔机。     

藻类光竞争模型构建及水体紊动对竞争的影响

光是藻类进行光合作用的重要能量来源,决定藻类的初始生产力,当多种浮游藻类共同生存时,会一起竞争光强.光竞争能力强的浮游藻类浓度增加,光竞争能力较弱的则减少,从而完成水体中浮游藻类优势藻的替代.本文通过在以往建立的单藻模型的基础上,耦合入竞争模型,构建两种（多种）浮游藻类光竞争模型,尝试通过数值模拟,研究不同水体紊动中竞争藻属分别取得竞争优势的机理.模拟结果表明：稳态水体中,竞争藻属的自身垂向迁移决定藻浓度的垂向分布,具有浮力调节能力的微囊藻属占据上层水体优势地位,并取得竞争优势;动态水体中,竞争藻属垂向分布均较为均匀,生长速率决定藻的竞争优势,小球藻属生长速率快,最终易取得竞争优势.此外,考虑浮游藻属的动态自遮蔽,会加速稳态水体中微囊藻属取得竞争优势,并限制动态水体中小球藻属的无限制生长,使得模拟结果更加符合实际情况.     

微囊藻属一日内垂向分布的数值模拟

将水质模型与微囊藻属浮力调节模型相结合,建立微囊藻属垂向浓度分布模型,该模型不仅保留了以往模型的优点且改进了以往模型的不足,如考虑了微囊藻群体的直径大小及微囊藻属的浮力调节能力.模型结果与荷兰的Vinkeveen湖的实际测量数据吻合良好.此外,模拟结果也表明:微囊藻属在垂向的分布受水体紊动程度影响显著.微囊藻群体的最大浓度并不在水体表面,而是在水下一定深度处.小尺寸群体微囊藻群体(20~50μm)在水深方向的分布比大尺寸群体(100~200μm)更加均匀.日落后,微囊藻属会因为密度减小上浮至水面,反之,白日里,微囊藻属密度增加向水底方向下沉,因此日出前水面的微囊藻属浓度高于日落前的水面浓度.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.