脉冲放电等离子体治理甲苯废气放大试验研究

应用脉冲放电等离子体技术,在线板式反应器内对低浓度甲苯废气的治理进行放大试验.采用闸流管开关脉冲电源,其最大输出功率1kW,最大脉冲电压峰值100kV. 试验规模4～16m³·h^-1. 试验考察了峰值电压、重复频率、进口浓度和处理气量对甲苯去除率的影响.结果表明:峰值电场强度在9～12kV·cm^-1范围内增加,甲苯去除率相应明显提高;当处理气量为4 m³·h^-1、脉冲电压峰值69kV、进口浓度1 180mg·m^-3、重复频率300pps时, 甲苯的去除率可达88%;反应器的能量利用率在16g·(kW·h)^-1左右;甲苯的降解产物主要是CO₂和H₂O,还有少量CO. 结合甲苯去除率与能量密度、甲苯进口浓度的关系,建立反应器动力学模型,获得甲苯的反应速率常数为0.00356 L·J^-1. 为进一步优化放大反应器设计及与电源匹配提供了基础数据.     

脉冲电晕法去除甲苯废气的研究

对脉冲电晕等离子体技术净化有机污染物甲苯进行了实验研究,考察脉冲峰值电压、脉冲频率、气体流量、气体入口质量浓度等因素对净化效率的影响.结果表明:甲苯去除率随脉冲峰值电压、脉冲频率增大而升高,随气体流量、气体进口质量浓度增大而降低;对低浓度、大流量的甲苯废气能达到较好的去除效果,最高去除率可达85.4%.     

低温等离子体处理恶臭废气研究

用低温等离子处理恶臭气是一门新兴的技术。通过对典型的恶臭物质硫化氢、乙硫醇、苯、甲苯等恶臭物质的低温等离子脱除试验,结果表明:采用电晕放电形式的低温等离子体处理恶臭废气是可行的,停留时间越长、电压越高脱除效果越好,当停留时间>9s,电压>20kV时恶臭物质的去除率基本>90%,进一步延长停留时间和升高电压,去除效率并不会大幅度提高。低浓度的烷烃背景气体对恶臭的脱除效率基本无影响,高浓度的烷烃背景气体使恶臭物的脱除效率下降,较高浓度氢气的存在也会降低恶臭物的脱除效率,而氧气浓度的提高可以显著提高硫化氢脱除率。     

介质阻挡放电脱除H2S影响因素研究

恶臭污染物的危害已引起世界各国的广泛关注.选取恶臭污染物的典型代表硫化氢(H2S)气体,采用介质阻挡放电低温等离子体反应器在常温常压下对H2S气体进行去除,考察了在高频放电条件下,H2S去除率与放电电压、频率、浓度、停留时阃、湿度、和放电间隙、占空比的关系.实验结果表明,较高的放电电压、较长的停留时间、较大的放电间隙有利于提高H2S去除,合适的湿度、放电频率、脉冲调制有利于提高反应器的效率.反应器参数与电源的有效匹配对于提高H2S去除率及节能降耗十分重要.     

脉冲电晕法治理甲苯废气实验研究

 有机废气的污染日益受到重视，现有的控制技术尚不完善。采用脉冲电晕法对去除甲苯模拟废气进行了实验研究，考察了反应器结构、脉冲电压峰值、气体浓度、停留时间和水汽含量等不同因素对去除率的影响。实验结果表明本法能达到较好的去除效果，在线 筒式反应器的最高去除率为35％，在线 板式反应器的最高去除率达81％，反应后的最终产物为CO、CO₂和H₂O。     

脉冲电晕放电降解水溶液中甲苯实验研究

采用针-板式脉冲电晕反应器对水溶液中甲苯的去除效果进行了实验研究.反应器为Φ90 mm×50 mm圆筒结构,反应器顶部均匀布有不锈钢针放电正极,反应器底部装有板接地电极.反应器上部空间为气体.放电针头与液面的距离为18 mm.实验结果表明水溶液中甲苯的去除率随脉冲峰值电压升高而增大;实验发现在气相为氩气氛围下甲苯的去除效果要好于在氮气和空气氛围下.放置一段时间达到气液平衡后再进行电晕放电,有利于提高甲苯的去除效率.对反应后的水溶液进行测定,检测到有苯甲醛等有机物生成,在水面上方的气体中检测到了CO和CO2的生成.     

介质阻挡放电协同光催化降解硫化氢废气

恶臭是一种感觉公害,极大地危害着人们的身体健康和生活的安宁舒适,其中含硫恶臭气体是最为典型的一类,目前恶臭物质的治理问题成为一项重要的任务.为了达到理想的去除效果,该文在传统的介质阻挡放电技术上,协同由2种不同基体上沉积有纳米二氧化钛的催化剂降解硫化氢废气,分别采用单独DBD放电、协同催化的一段式、两段式系统研究了不同参数(输入电压、气体流量、初始浓度)对硫化氢废气降解效率的影响,并对比研究了在单独低温等离子技术及其协同催化剂的情况下,反应系统中臭氧、二氧化氮浓度的变化,对降解途径进行了分析讨论.结果 表明:随输入电压增大,以及在污染气体初始浓度和流量较小时,反应器对硫化氢气体的去除效率增大;协同催化剂的反应系统中硫化氢去除效果明显增强,且副产物减少.     

脉冲电晕等离子体净化正己烷的实验研究

对脉冲电晕等离子体技术净化有机污染物－正己烷进行了实验研究，考察脉冲成形电容、脉冲峰值电压、脉冲频率、气体流量、气体人口浓度等因素对净化效率的影响，结果表明，成形电容有一最佳值，净化效果随峰值电压、脉冲频率增大而升高；随气体流量、进口浓度增大而降低。     

非热等离子体结合CuO催化剂或Ca(OH)2吸收剂去除氮氧化物

采用非热等离子体结合催化或现场化学吸收的2种方法来去除气流中的NOx.结果表明,非热等离子体结合催化,反应器内的CuO催化剂能有效地促进NO的还原反应;相对于催化还原NO而言,脉冲电晕作用下能有效地降低NO催化还原的反应温度.当催化剂为CuO,脉冲电压为18kV,反应温度为200℃,还原剂为1%CO及NO进口浓度为719 mg/m3条件下,NO的去除率达到了100%.非热等离子体结合现场化学吸收方法,是一种在常温下从气流中净化氮氧化物的有效方法,NO的去除率远远高于反应器内没有吸收剂的情况.可以认为反应器内的Ca(OH)2吸收剂通过与NO的氧化产物NO2或NO3的吸收反应促进了NO的去除.当反应器内有Ca(OH)2吸收剂存在时,在脉冲电压为18kV,O2浓度为2%及NO进口浓度为1 050 mg/m3条件下,NO的去除率达到了100%.     

在氧化和还原氛围下脉冲电晕法降解二硫化碳废气

采用线-筒式脉冲电晕反应器对二硫化碳(CS2)模拟废气的去除效果进行了实验研究.实验以氩气为载气,考察了氧气和氢气对CS2去除效果的影响.结果表明CS2的去除率随脉冲电压升高而增大;氧气能够促进CS2的氧化分解,CS2去除率可达97%;有氧气存在时,CS2的最终氧化分解产物为CO、CO2、COS和SO2;当添加氢气时,反应产物主要为H2S和CH4.当反应器内筒表面加Ca(OH)2吸收剂时,CS2去除率有小幅度提高,同时气体产物中未检测到SO2和H2S,表明CS2的分解产物SO2和H2S气体被反应器中的Ca(OH)2吸收.实验还发现水汽的存在不利于CS2的氧化分解     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.