拟除虫菊酯类农药对水生生物的毒性评价研究

拟除虫菊酯类农药对水生生物的危害是当前农业环境的一大问题。作者进行了七项试验从不同角度探讨了拟除虫菊酯类农药对水生生物的毒性影响,为合理使用拟除虫菊酯类农药提供了科学依据。      

昆虫对拟除虫菊酯农药的抗性研究进展

拟除虫菊酯是继有机氯、有机磷和氨基甲酸酯之后具有生物活性优异、环境相容性较好的一大类杀虫剂,在防治卫生害虫和农作物害虫中占有重要地位。然而随着拟除虫菊酯农药的广泛使用,害虫普遍对其产生了不同程度的抗药性。文章就此综述了昆虫对拟除虫菊酯农药的抗药性现状、抗药性产生的原因及机制,以及昆虫对拟除虫菊酯农药与其他农药的交互抗性、昆虫的抗药性遗传和对昆虫抗药性进行监测的现行方法等国内外的研究进展。并对如何科学合理的使用拟除虫菊酯农药,及如何减缓昆虫对其产生抗性的措施进行了扼要的阐述,最后探讨了受农药影响所导致的昆虫基因多样性及生物多样性受损等问题。     

拟除虫菊酯农药在茶叶中应用的安全性评价

采用田间模拟施药与气相色谱法研究了7种拟除虫菊酯农药在茶园生态环境中的降解动态,茶叶加工过程中的降解和泡茶过程的浸出率及其主要影响因子。根据实验结果推算出通过饮茶进入人体的农药量,结合农药的毒理特性,对拟除虫菊酯农药在茶园生态环境中应用的安全性进行了综合评价。结果表明,拟除虫菊酯农药在茶园中应用的安全性显著高于有机磷农药,在拟除虫菊酯农药之间,其安全性也有较大差异。本研究不仅为茶园使用农药的选择提供了依据,而且首次提出了一种农药对人体安全性的定量评价体系。     

拟除虫菊酯类农药的降解与代谢研究进展

拟除虫菊酯类农药残留引发各种环境污染和食品安全问题,文章主要综述了该农药的生物降解、光降解和生物代谢三个方面的国内外研究现状。生物降解是其分解代谢的重要环境过程之一,微生物、哺乳动物、水生生物、昆虫及植物等对拟除虫菊酯的代谢都具有不可替代的作用,其中微生物降解菌的分离、微生物的酶促降解及其衍生的基因工程菌技术迅速发展,为通过基因克隆高效表达拟除虫菊酯降解酶提供依据。合理利用光能可有效去除拟除虫菊酯,光敏化降解与光猝灭降解研究可有助于农药混配的效果分析。通过拟除虫菊酯在生物体内的代谢分析可为治疗人体农药中毒提供有效方法。文章还讨论了吸附作用、氧化作用对拟除虫菊酯的降解效果。     

地面水中多种拟除虫菊酯类农药的气相色谱分析

地面水中多种拟除虫菊酯类农药的气相色谱分析山东省环境卫生监测站孟祥萍，丁英昌目前，国内外关于环境及水源水中拟除虫菊酯类农药的分析方法报导甚少。高效液相色谱法测定拟除虫菊酯类农药灵敏度高、分离效果好，但由于仪器不易普及，基层实验室很难进行测定。本文参考...     

拟除虫菊酯农药暴露途径及对人体健康的影响

拟除虫菊酯类农药的使用量和施用范围逐年扩大,导致农药残留问题也逐渐显现。空气、土壤、水体及沉积物中的拟除虫菊酯类农药通过各种途径进入生物体内并通过食物链的流动最终在人体内汇集,影响人体健康。文章综述了拟除虫菊酯农药的饮食摄入与非饮食摄入2种暴露途径及对人体健康的影响,并针对易感人群婴幼儿的暴露途径及潜在风险进行了分析。     

拟除虫菊酯气相色谱手性拆分方法及其影响因素分析

拟除虫菊酯具有较强的手性特征,包含多种异构体,不同异构体具有不同的生物活性,因此,其异构体的手性拆分具有重要的意义。气相色谱分析法因其分辨率高,峰容量大,灵敏度高、分析时间短,选择性强等特点,已被广泛应用于拟除虫菊酯的手性拆分中。文章通过阐述基于氢键作用、配位作用、包结络合作用的3种手性固定相的拆分机制,综述了气相色谱用于拟除虫菊酯手性分离的研究状况。此外,文章还分析了有机溶剂、水、温度等对拟除虫菊酯在拆分过程中差向异构现象的影响。     

缺陷假单胞菌M5R14粗酶液降解拟除虫菊酯类农药特性初探

以分离于杭州农药厂污水排放污泥的1株可降解多种拟除虫菊酯类农药的菌株--缺陷假单胞菌M5R14为对象,采用直接离心分离提取和超声波破碎提取的方法获得菌株M5R14的胞外和胞内粗酶,初步探讨了该菌株粗酶液降解拟除虫菊酯类农药的特性.研究表明该菌株降解拟除虫菊酯类农药的酶为胞内酶,粗酶液对联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯3种拟...     

环境物质拟除虫菊酯毒理学研究进展

拟除虫菊酯作为一种重要的合成杀虫剂,在人们的生产生活中有着广泛的应用,但同时其毒理学问题也越来越引起人们的注意,许多学者对此进行了深入的研究,在此研究基础上,从对动物的神经毒性、生殖毒性和生理生化毒性三个方面,对拟除虫菊酯的毒理学研究进展作一综述.     

化肥、农药残留物质污染及其防治

X592 9601627甲基对硫磷对三种拟除虫菊醋杀虫剂的光敏降解研究/花日茂…(安徽农业大学植保系)//环境化学/中科院生态环境研究中心一1995,14(6)二505~sxz环信X一57 以高压汞灯和自然阳光为光源,研究了甲基对硫磷对氯氰菊酷、澳氛菊酷和氛戊菊酷在玻片表面光致降解的影响。结果表明:甲基对硫磷与三种拟除虫菊隋农药混合照光处理后,可使拟除虫菊醋农药的光解速度加快。抓氛菊酷、氛戊菊醋和澳氛菊醋的光解半衰期,在高压汞灯下比其单独照光分别缩短12.18、8.46和7.33倍,在阳光下则分别缩短4.73,2.“和4.46倍。甲基对硫磷对三种拟除虫菊酷农药…     

包头市蔬菜作物中农药残留状况的研究

本文探讨了包头市近郊大田蔬菜作物中28种农药的残留状况,调查了农药的使用情况,研究了有机磷、有机氯和部分菊酯类农药的分析检测方法,建立了蔬菜作物液液萃取加弗罗里硅土柱净化的前处理方法。给出了蔬菜作物的农药残留水平,对蔬菜种植过程中农药残留的检测提供了可靠的分析方法。     

Pesticide exposures and respiratory health in general populations

Human exposures to pesticides can occur in the workplace, in the household and through the ambient environment. While several articles have reviewed the impact of pesticide exposures on human respiratory health in occupational settings, to the best of our knowledge, this article is the first one to review published studies on the association between pesticide exposures and human respiratory health in the general populations. In this article, we critically reviewed evidences up to date studying the associations between non-occupational pesticide exposures and respiratory health in general populations. This article also highlighted questions arising from these studies, including our recent analyses using the data from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS), for future research. We found few studies have addressed the impact of environmental pesticide exposures on respiratory health, especially on lung function, in general populations. In the studies using the data from CHMS Cycle 1, exposures to OP insecticides, pyrethroid insecticides, and the organochlorine pesticide DDT were associated with impaired lung function in the Canadian general population, but no significant associations were observed for the herbicide 2,4-D. Future research should focus on the potential age-specific and pesticide-specific effect on respiratory health in the general population, and repeated longitudinal study design is critical for assessing the temporal variations in pesticide exposures. Research findings from current studies of non-occupational pesticide exposures and their health impact in general population will help to improve the role of regulatory policies in mitigating pesticide-related public health problems, and thereafter providing greater benefit to the general population.     

我国区域性水体农药污染现状研究分析

以4大流域为基础,较为全面地概述了我国区域性农药污染情况,并对其污染原因进行了分析。结果表明:长江流域有机磷农药、氨基甲酸酯类农药以及部分拟除虫菊酯类农药的的残留量很高;珠江流域农药污染情况较轻,检出量均低于我国地表水环境质量标准;黄淮海流域和松辽流域主要检出农药为酰胺类和三嗪类农药,但具体检出物质存在差异。研究分析表明各流域农药污染与该区域的农作物种类有重要关系。     

湘江流域土壤中有机氯农药的残留规律

2004年5月采集了湘江流域51个样品,用AES萃取技术,使用GC-MS方法测定了样品中的六氯苯(HCB)、滴滴涕(DDTs)、氯丹、艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯和灭蚁灵等有机氯农药(OCPs). 结果表明:HCB和DDTs的检出率为100%,氯丹和灭蚁灵的检出率较低,艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂和七氯未检出,说明HCB和DDTs曾在湘江流域广泛施用. w(OCPs)平均值为145.49 μg/kg,其中w(DDTs)占w(OCPs)的90.9%,且有些土壤样品中w(DDT)/w(DDE+DDD)较大,说明DDTs曾作为湘江流域的主要杀虫剂施用过,并且近期仍然有输入. 农药残留量与农药的施用量成正比,农药施用量高的衡阳地区,其土壤中的农药残留量最高. 不同使用功能的土壤中有机氯农药的残留量不同,表现为旱地中的残留量高于水稻地,蔬菜地中以辣椒地的残留量最高.      

拟除虫菊酯农药残留检测技术研究进展

对近几年应用于拟除虫菊酯农药残留检测的气相色谱法、液相色谱法、毛细管电泳、薄层色谱、超临界流体色谱和光谱技术等实验室检测技术．免疫分析法及活体生物测定法等现场快速检测技术的国内外研究进展进行了综述,并对其发展趋势进行了展望．     

Individual and combined toxic effects of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos on earthworm

Toxicities were assessed for a pyrethroid (cypermethrin) and an organophosphate insecticide (chlorpyrifos) individually and in combination. A series of tests were conducted on di erent responses (acute, chronic, behavioral) of earthworms of species Eisenia fetida andrei in the ecological risk assessment of these pesticides. The results showed that the toxicity of the mixture of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos was significantly higher than either of these pesticides individually, especially on the earthworm’s chronic responses. At a concentration of 5 mg/kg, the mixture caused significant reductions on the growth and reproduction rates of earthworms, but did not cause any significant e ect when the individual was tested. The increase in toxicity of the pesticide mixture means that the use of toxicity data obtained exclusively from single-pesticide experiments may underestimate the ecological risk of pesticides that actually present in the field.     

20种农药在作物中多残留分析方法的研究

报道了20种有机氯、有机磷和拟除虫菊酯类农药在作物中多残留气相色谱分析方法。9种有机磷农药的最低检测浓度为0.34—22.30ppb,8种有机氯农药为0.13—9.76ppb,3种拟除虫菊酯为1.63—17.00ppb。20种农药在四种作物上的添加回收率大于80％,仅敌敌畏与速灭磷在低浓度(0.05ppm)时,回收率偏低。变异系数都小于10％。     

Assessing dormant season organophosphate use in California almonds

Organophosphate (OP) pesticides were recommended during the dormant season to control overwintering insects such as peach twig borer, San Jose scale, European red mite, and brown mite in California almond and stone fruit orchards. However, since 1990, dormant OP use had fallen under increased scrutiny due to surface water contamination concerns. Studies have shown positive correlation between OP use and residue load in surface water. The purpose of this study is to assess the trends and regional patterns of OP use in almond orchards, and to identify factors that may have influenced those trends, including weather, pest pressure, and use of alternatives to OP such as pyrethroid, dormant oils, and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for the assessment of the impacts to surface water quality. Pesticide use data from the California Department of Pesticide Regulation were analyzed. Regression analyses were used to assess trends from 1992 to 2000, and a geographic information system (GIS) was used to visualize the spatial variation in pesticide use. Results from this study indicated that, statewide, dormant OP use decreased while the use of some alternatives, such as dormant pyrethroid, no dormant insecticides, and in-season pyrethroid, oil alone, and Bt, increased in the last 9 years. The significant decreasing trend of OP use was observed for the measures of kilogram per hectare crop planted, percentage of total planted hectare treated, and numbers of growers who applied dormant OP. The reduction of dormant OP use appeared in all major almond-growing counties. Correlation analyses revealed that more rain was associated with less dormant OP use. A higher percent of almond damage, or rejects, was related to higher OP use in the following dormant season and in-season periods. However, the effects of weather and percent of nut rejects can only explain small portion of the variations in dormant OP use. Therefore, in addition to weather and pest pressures, economic pressures and various outreach and extension programs may also have played a role in encouraging farmers to reduce their use of dormant OP.