强化环保基本国策创新环境管理体制

我国确定的基本国策只有计划生育、保护环境、对外开放、男女平等和国土资源.环境保护与管理性质比较类似的计划生育和国土资源相比,在机构设置、领导体制、财政投入、职能定位、管理范围和统一监管等方面都存在严重的发展滞后现象,需要创新环保管理体制,落实环保基本国策.     

试论中国环境执政能力建设

对环境执政理论进行了初步探讨,给出了环境执政能力的定义和内涵,提出了环境执政能力建设的五大要素和基本构架,确定了环境决策能力、环境行政执行能力、环境管理能力、环境应急能力以及环境技术能力的建设目标,并从环境执政的法律体系、执政体制、执政主体和扶政方式等方面提出了相应的对策措施.     

Are new industry policies precautionary? The case of salmon aquaculture siting policy in British Columbia

This paper argues that regulatory processes and outcomes in the context of a new industry could respond to mechanisms and factors that shape governmental agendas, illustrating how policy can behave reactively rather than in a precautionary manner. In the case of salmon aquaculture, an emerging industry characterized by risks, uncertainties, exponential growth, economic significance and environmental controversy, the outcomes of such reactive policies are generally reflected in siting criteria that yield implicit environmental and socio-economic disadvantages and trade-offs. This paper proposes a conceptual framework based on specific mechanisms and factors that attempt to explain how policy evolves in the context of a new industry. It then links regulatory events back to the concepts to discuss how siting policy has been shaped using the salmon aquaculture industry in British Columbia as an example. The paper finally argues that, although in practice, policy makers generally tend to make incremental choices that are reactive to diverse issues, new industries could adopt more precautionary policies based on processes of public negotiation, analytical decision making and regional planning based on a systems approach.     

Chemistry and controversy: the regulation of environmental chromium

The regulation of chromium in drinking water and sludge illustrates some of the challenges of regulating a chemical with complex environmental chemistry in a dynamic regulatory environment. The controversies evoked in setting environmental standards for chromium reflect technical uncertainties and the conflicting values of affected parties including regulators, citizens potentially exposed to chromium pollution, polluting industries, and research scientists. Regulatory limits for chromium in water and sludge recognize the paradoxical nature of chromium chemistry but also illustrate how the use of risk assessment can alter the regulatory approach. The framework of rationality as described by Crawford-Brown is suggested as a useful tool for evaluating regulatory limits for environmental contaminants. Science-based policies are most rational when they reflect the characteristics of rationality with respect to the ends or objectives sought, the means chosen to achieve these ends, and the beliefs that substantiate the chosen means and ends. If scientific research is to be applied to regulatory or environmental policy questions, then the traditional focus on the rationality of empirically based scientific beliefs must be expanded to consider the focus of the research question and the methodologies used.     

促进供给侧绿色改革的环境政策研究

绿色化是供给侧结构性改革的重要内容.针对供给侧绿色改革的内涵,提出促进供给侧绿色改革的环境政策框架,首先,强化环境准入和退出机制,包括完善环境标准体系和环境监管执法机制,深化环境准入制度改革等;其次,完善资源环境成本内生化机制,包括改革资源环境价格政策,推进财税制度"绿色化",优化生态补偿机制和加快建立绿色金融体系等;最后,建立企业主体参与环境保护的激励机制,包括实施环保领导者制度和绿色供应链管理制度,加快环境治理市场主体培育.为供给侧结构性改革的稳步推进和其他配套政策的研究思路提供一定的参考.     

一种排污权初始分配结构设计框架

作为一种新型环境政策,排污权交易在美国已经成功地演进为总量控制型排污权交易,这被认为是最接近市场经济的环境管理手段。在国内,排污权交易也日益受到政府的重视。自1988年以来,中国的许多地方都先后试点了排污权交易,但多停留在补偿政策,很少有关于总量控制型排污权交易的尝试。在政策设计的技术层面,造成这种状况的一个主要原因是缺乏有效的排污权初始分配结构设计框架。为此,在区域清洁激励市场计划排污权初始分配结构的基础上,针对渐进式减排战略指导下的总量控制型排污权交易计划,分纵向结构设计和横向结构设计两部分,提出了一种具有通用性的排污权初始分配结构设计框架。这有助于合理进行排污权初始分配。     

广西“十二五”主要污染物总量减排现状分析与探讨

实施污染物总量减排是中国环境管理和污染控制的重大举措,“十二五”后期仍是中国环境保护的重点内容,为此科学分析和制定有效的减排对策措施意义重大。通过总结广西“十二五”前三年总量减排工作现状及实施成效,从大气污染物减排、城镇污水处理、畜禽养殖污染防治、机动车氮氧化物控制、环境监管能力建设等方面分析存在问题,提出科学合理的减排对策建议：第一,突出污染减排倒逼作用;第二,严格环境准入;第三,狠抓大气污染物减排;第四,加强环保基层能力建设;第五,加强环境监管能力建设。     

基于水质协议的跨界流域生态补偿标准研究

在完全信息的情况下,分析了如何设计跨界流域生态补偿标准,并讨论了跨界流域生态补偿政策可能存在的时间一致性问题.基于斯坦伯格博弈框架下的分析结果表明,若考虑跨界流域生态补偿标准与环境损害函数是线性的,则跨界流域生态补偿政策是具有时间一致性的环境经济政策,这是由于该政策在设计时,其补偿标准要么仅与环境损害成本有关,或直接与流域内各区域的污染物削减费用有关.在这两种情况下,流域内各区域在执行该政策的时候,没有相应的战略去刺激流域内各区域刻意改变其自身的污染物削减费用函数,从而影响到未来的跨界流域生态补偿政策的实施.随后,利用该方法针对COD指标,模拟了2008年河南省贾鲁河流域跨界流域生态补偿政策,结果发现,当生态补偿标准设置在2714.13元.t-1时,能够实现跨界流域生态补偿政策的目标.在这种情况下,该流域COD排放总量达到了流域COD年允许排放总量的要求;且相比跨界流域生态补偿政策实施前,强制要求流域内各区域单独削减COD达到断面年允许排放量的情况,各区域的COD削减费用均有所下降.     

中国环境产业发展的政策选择

选择中国环境产业发展政策，首先要选择开拓环境产业需求的政策，并着重考虑环境产业的问题经济效益问题和加强环境产业的能力建设。对中国环境产业发展政策进行了研究与分析。     

On the economic approach to the containment of land consumption

This paper highlights the potential contribution of economics to the formulation and implementation of land use policies that aim at a more sustainable use of land. It introduces the economic way of conceptualizing and understanding the problem of land consumption and discusses exemplary policy instruments based on this understanding: taxation of either land use or sealing and tradable development permit schemes. These examples are drawn from current land use policy debates in Germany but likewise apply to other countries and regions. The authors conclude that economic land use policy instruments can make a significant contribution to the containment of land consumption, i.e., to a more efficient use of already developed sites and to a denser development of new sites. However, the examples presented also clearly demonstrate that incentive-based approaches need a tight regulatory planning framework to produce positive environmental effects.     

环境影响评价政策的一般理论分析

环境影响评价政策是我国环境政策体系中的重要组成部分，本文在对环境政策的内涵和基本特征阐述的基础上，运用公共政策的一般理论，对环境影响政策的内涵、特征、政策系统、政策过程以及主要政策功能进行了简明的分析，以达到从公共政策的角度来重新认识和了解环境影响评价制度的目的。     

国际环境政策体制评估研究

从政策体制的认知、规范、管制、对象的行为调整和资源环境效应等方面对六个国际环境政策体制进行了初步评估.结果表明臭氧保护和欧洲大气污染防治政策取得了积极成效,国际海洋渔业和种子资源保育政策取得了一定的进展,而气候变化和生物多样性政策迄今停滞不前.因此,为推动国际环境政策体制的发展和优化,至少应深化资源环境问题及其解决方案的认识,强化国际社会的共识,综合运用适宜的管制措施并实践环境治理理念.     

关于引导性环境政策

当前，我国经济、社会和环境形势发生了重要变化，以管制性环境政策为主的环境政策体系已发生转变，引导性环境政策正在并将发挥越来越重要的作用。对引导性环境政策进行了初步探讨，并对强化引导性环境政策提出建议。     

Technology-based industrial environmental management: a case study of electroplating in Shenzhen,China

Severe industrial pollution has largely hindered the sustainable development of China. Taking Shenzhen’s electroplating industry as a case, this article investigates the current status of the industry and proposes a specialized policy framework to push its environmental innovation. There is a relatively complete environmental management system in Shenzhen’s government, but it does not work well when dealing with the electroplating industry, mainly because it lacks regulation aiming at production technology, which is the underlying decisive factor of the environmental performance of the industry. So, we first develop an evaluation criterion, which incorporates a technological index about whether enterprises engage identified obsolete technologies. With this evaluation criterion, enterprises are classified into “advanced” and “obsolete”. Then, we propose specific policy suggestions for different types of enterprises, including command and control mixed with economic tools, voluntary agreements, establishing electroplating parks, and improving current management system. Finally, we assess the impact of the policy proposal and prove it to be conducive to the sustainable development of the industry and conclude it from a more general perspective.     

环境政策对企业绩效的影响

一个国家的环境政策是国家保护环境的大致方针,直接关系到这个国家的环境立法和环境管理,更直接影响到这个国家的整体环境状况,不同类型的环境政策对企业也产生了各方面的影响。本文研究环境政策的不同形式、内容、具体执行手段及其对企业的环境、经济绩效产生的影响。通过研究西方发达国家的成功环境政策,探讨我国环境政策中存在的不足与缺陷。最后根据不同管理手段的可行性,有效性及最终效果,联系我国具体国情,在符合可持续发展原则的同时,提出更为有效,对企业绩效具有正面刺激的环境政策建议。     

基于调整机制的环境政策工具分类与发展趋势

综述了国内外学者与机构对于环境政策分类的研究与实践,基于调整机制对中国环境政策工具进行分类。在分析不同类型政策工具特点的基础上建立环境政策工具类别框架并指出今后环境政策工具的发展趋势是通过工具组合实现工具创新,建立混合型政策工具以应对复杂的环境形势。     

环境政策风险评价的原理、方法和技术--兼论政策环境风险评价

在充满风险和不确定性世界里,任何政策、环境政策的缺陷都将被放大和强化,都有可能酿成失误、失败的风险．可能产生巨大的环境危害。了解政策、环境政策风险生成一演变规律．适应风险规律．有效控制、分解、转换政策风险．降低政策风险概率和危害程度,提高(环境)政策适应性和效率。通过研究风险形成机制、风险传导机制、风险积累和发展机制、风险作用机制的方式,探讨风险生成一演变规律;研究政策风险评价的原理、方法和技术;提出环境政策风险管理的框架。     

Exploring new ways of assessing the effect of regulation on environmental management

Studies indicate that while a variety of factors positively influence voluntary environmental management, regulatory pressures are among the most important. However, most research examines samples representing large manufacturers or single industries, essentially assuming a level of regulatory constraint. Using a sample of heterogeneous facilities, this study finds that facilities can be classified according to the level of regulatory constraint, and that group membership impacts the choice of environmental management strategy when assessed within a utility maximization framework. More extensively regulated facilities implement more individual environmental management practices, but participate in fewer formal voluntary environmental programs (VEPs), compared to other facilities.     

我国实施清洁生产的法制建设的探讨

阐述了我国推行清洁生产的现状和所面临的特殊性和普遍性障碍,提出了推行清洁生产的方式选择,以及将清洁生产融入现行环境各项具体制度的内容,并建议我国制定环境政策应向“第二代环境政策”转变。     

欧共体的危险物质管制政策

危险物质管制是环境保护政策的重要组成部分，欧共体在该领域的法律与实践上积累了丰富的经验。从考察欧共体环境政策的法律框架出发，分别评析了其对有毒化学品，放射性物质和基因修饰生物体等三类主要危险物质的管制。