五种土壤吸附喹乙醇特性的研究

用振荡平衡法研究了喹乙醇在东北黑土、常熟水稻土、陕西潮土、南京黄棕壤和江西红壤中吸附行为及其影响因素.结果表明,喹乙醇在5种土壤中的吸附行为均可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程进行良好的线性拟合.其吸附系数KF很小,分别为2.813,1.740,0.446,0.309和0.201,显示很难被土壤吸附.其KF与土壤有机质含量及阳离子交换量呈良好的相关性.而与土壤pH值及黏粒含量相关性较差.温度和离子强度均对喹乙醇在土壤中的吸附有一定影响,较低的温度和离子强度均有利于土壤对喹乙醇的吸附.     

环丙氨嗪在我国5种代表性土壤中的吸附特征

采用批平衡法,研究了环丙氨嗪在江西鹰潭红壤、江苏南京黄棕壤、江苏常熟水稻土、河南封丘潮土和黑龙江海伦黑土5种土壤中的吸附特征.结果表明,环丙氨嗪在5种供试土壤中的吸附过程趋于线性吸附,且均能以Freundlich模型和Langmuir模型较好地进行线性拟合.其中,环丙氨嗪的土壤吸附lgKf值分别为:潮土1.650 5、黄棕壤1.671 5、红壤1.715 3、水稻土2.457 9和黑土2.655 7,表明环丙氨嗪在5种土壤中的吸附行为存在较大差异.Kf与土壤有机质含量呈正相关(r=0.989),与土壤pH之间呈显著负相关(r=-0.938).其吸附自由能变化为-20.8~-23.0 kJ/mol,表明环丙氨嗪在土壤中的吸附主要是物理吸附.     

气-水界面对病毒静态吸附实验结果的影响

气-水界面存在可能导致不能正确评价土壤对病毒的静态吸附能力.本研究通过室内一次平衡法实验,比较分析气-水界面对噬菌体MS2在不同处理（非灭菌/灭菌）的不同土壤中的吸附实验结果影响,同时评价不同程度气-水界面对没有土壤存在时的病毒回收率影响.结果表明,气-水界面存在对吸附实验结果的影响在砂质潮土上最为明显,其次为红壤土,而在红粘土上的影响几乎可忽略,这可能与土壤本身吸附/致死病毒的能力不同有关;土壤灭菌后进一步加剧气-水界面对砂质潮土吸附实验结果的偏差,而在红壤土上则有减弱趋势.气-水界面存在显著降低空白实验病毒回收率,其降低趋势随气-水界面的增加而加剧,当加入土壤后,土壤颗粒有可能阻止病毒接近气-水界面或改变病毒吸附在固-液-气界面的力量,因而气-水界面存在时的空白实验结果并非为真正的空白实验结果,这可能是导致气-水界面引起静态吸附实验结果偏差的主要原因.     

环丙沙星在潮土中的吸附特性

为了探明环丙沙星在潮土中的吸附特性,采用静态吸附试验,研究了环丙沙星在潮土中的吸附动力学、等温吸附特性以及pH值对其吸附过程的影响.结果表明,环丙沙星在潮土中的吸附过程可分为快速吸附和慢速平衡2个阶段.整个吸附过程符合二级反应动力学方程,吸附常数为1.138×10-3～2.849×10-2kg.(min.mg)-1.环丙沙星的吸附等温线能够较好地符合Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程,其中Freundlich方程的拟合效果更佳,吸附容量(lgKf)为2.725.研究发现,在pH值为4～9条件下,环丙沙星的吸附参数对数值lgKd呈随pH的增加先增加后降低的趋势,当pH值为5时,潮土对环丙沙星的吸附效果最好,lgKd为3.11,强酸性和碱性条件均不利于潮土对环丙沙星的吸附.由此推断阳离子吸附可能是潮土对环丙沙星吸附的重要机制之一.     

花生壳、核桃壳吸附活性艳蓝动力学、热力学研究

以花生壳和核桃壳为原料,制备了两种吸附剂。从动力学和热力学角度探讨了对活性艳蓝KN-R的吸附机理,并与活性炭进行对比。结果表明,两种吸附剂对KN-R的吸附动力学行为均符合拟二级动力学方程(R2>0.99)。吸附量随KN-R初始浓度的增加而增加,吸附过程既符合Freundlich方程又符合Langmuir方程。吸附过程中吉布斯自由能变化成负值,说明吸附过程是自发进行的。     

诺氟沙星在4种土壤中的吸附-解吸特征

采用批平衡吸附试验,研究了诺氟沙星在河南封丘潮土、江西鹰潭红壤、苏南常熟水稻土和南京黄棕壤等4种土壤中的吸附行为.结果表明,诺氟沙星的土壤吸附-解吸不同程度地偏离线性模型,但均可用Freundlich模型和Langmuir模型进行良好的线性拟合.其K_f值变化较大,分别为潮土82.0 L/kg、黄棕壤432 L/kg、水稻土5 677 L/kg和红壤8 790 L/kg,显示诺氟沙星在4种土壤中的吸附行为存在较大的差异.此外,诺氟沙星在4种土壤上的解吸过程存在滞后现象.其中,诺氟沙星在红壤中的滞后现象明显与其他3种土壤不同,其滞后系数至少大5倍以上.研究表明4种土壤中诺氟沙星的吸附参数K_f值与土壤pH呈极显著负相关,与土壤溶液中诺氟沙星阳离子形态比例则呈极显著正相关.在不同pH（5～9）下,红壤和水稻土的诺氟沙星吸附参数lgK_d随pH的升高先增加而后降低,黄棕壤和潮土中则不同程度地线性下降.可见,阳离子吸附可能是诺氟沙星土壤吸附的重要机理,而低pH下红壤和水稻土中诺氟沙星的吸附是阳离子吸附和土壤溶液共存阳离子竞争性吸附共同作用的结果.     

锑矿冶炼区周边土壤吸附Sb (V)的行为研究

本文通过吸附平衡和动力学实验方法对Sb（V）在锑矿冶炼区周边土壤表面开展吸附行为研究,用常用的等温吸附模型和动力学吸附模型分别对等温吸附曲线和动力学吸附曲线进行拟合。结果表明：Langmuir与Freundlich模型对荒地土和林地土吸附Sb（Ⅴ）的等温吸附曲线均有较好的拟合效果,拟合系数R²0.988。荒地土对Sb（Ⅴ）的吸附能力大于林地土,其吸附量是林地土的2.9±0.2倍,这与Langmuir模型预测的该两种土壤的吸附倍数相当,荒地土表现出强烈吸附Sb（Ⅴ）的能力,尤其在锑浓度较高的体系中更为明显。结合土壤基本理化性质及矿物学特征,认为土壤秥粒、铁矿物和碳酸钙是影响土壤吸附Sb（V）的主要因素。有机质对土壤吸附Sb（Ⅴ）有一定促进作用,但这种影响只表现在Sb（Ⅴ）初始浓度低的条件下;而在Sb（Ⅴ）初始浓度高的条件下,有机质对土壤吸附Sb（Ⅴ）的影响不明显。土壤吸附Sb（Ⅴ）的过程分为快速吸附和慢速吸附两个阶段,快速反应发生在70 min以内。初始浓度低（0.01 mmol/L）的条件下,Elovich方程能够很好地拟合荒地土和林地土吸附Sb（V）的动态曲线;初始浓度高（2 mmol/L）的条件下,双常数方程对荒地土吸附Sb（V）的拟合效果较好,拟一级动力学方程和拟二级动力学方程则适用于拟合林地土吸附Sb（V）的过程。     

多氯联苯在土壤中的吸附行为

对多氯联苯在多组分体系中的吸附行为进行了初步研究, 考察了多氯联苯在土壤中的 吸附动力学及在5种不同性质土壤中的吸附行为.结果表明,多氯联苯在5种土壤上的吸附等温 线无法用线性、Freundlich或Langmuir中的一个方程来描述,而本实验建立的组合模型可以 很好地反映多氯联苯在各种土壤中的吸附行为,其数据拟合结果明显优于其他3种模型.多氯 联苯在土壤中的吸附分为两个部分,一部分是线性吸附,另一部分是Langmuir非线性吸附.随 着土壤有机碳含量的增加, 非线性吸附愈明显.     

碳纳米管/羟基磷灰石复合材料对水体F-的去除研究

以碳纳米管（CNT）和羟基磷灰石（HAP）为原料,通过原位合成法制备碳纳米管/羟基磷灰石（CdH）复合材料.利用XRD、FTIR、SEM与氮气吸附-脱附等表征其结构形貌,并通过静态吸附实验考察CdH对氟离子（F^-）的吸附性能.结果表明,室温下,CdH对F^-的吸附容量为11.05mg/g,明显高于HAP（5.02mg/g）.吸附动力学模型、Weber-Morris方程、Langmuir和Freundlich方程拟合结果表明,F^-在CdH表面进行Langmuir单分子层吸附,其吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,并且颗粒内部扩散起主要作用.pH值为6时有利于CdH对F^-的去除.此外,结合反应前后固样XPS分析可知CdH对F^-的吸附机制主要为离子交换作用.     

人工湿地基质对混合溶液中有机化合物的等温吸附行为

为了给工程实际应用提供科学依据,文章以煤渣、页岩陶粒、砾石、砂子为吸附剂,以苯、1,4-二氯苯、硝基苯和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯4种有机化合物为吸附质,考察了人工湿地基质对混合溶液中有机化合物的等温吸附行为。结果表明,供试基质对目标有机化合物的吸附等温线均属于Langmuir型;Freundlich方程比Langmuir方程能够更好地拟合实验结果;Langmuir方程的不同线性变换在数据拟合时表现出很大的差异性;供试基质对有机化合物的吸附具有明显的选择性,最好用混合基质来构建以去除有机化合物为目的的人工湿地。     

Impacts of soil organic matter, pH and exogenous copper on sorption behavior of norfloxacin in three soils

Norfloxacin (Nor) sorption and the factors (soil organic matter (SOM), pH, and exogenous copper (Cu) influencing the sorption were investigated in a black soil (soil B), a fluvo-aquic soil (soil F), and a red soil (soil R). With increasing of Nor concentrations, sorption amount of norfloxacin increased in both the bulk soils and their SOM-removed soils, but the sorption capacity in SOM-removed soils was higher than that of their corresponding bulk soils, indicating that the process of norfloxacin sorption in soil was influenced by the soil properties including SOM. The sorption data in all bulk soils and SOM-removed soils were fitted to Freundlich and Langmuir models. The correlation coefficients suggested that the experimental data fitted better to Freundlich equation than to Langmuir equation. Furthermore, the data from soil F and SOM-removed F could not be described by Langmuir equation. The norfloxacin sorption amount decreased in soil B and soil F, whereas it increased in soil R as solution pH increased. The maximum KD and KOC were achieved in soil R when the equilibrium solution pH was 6. And the norfloxacin sorption was also influenced by the exogenous Cu2+ ions, which depended on the soil types and Cu2+ concentrations. With increasing of Cu2+ concentrations in solution, generally, sorption amount, KD and KOC for norfloxacin in soils increased and were up to a peak at 100 mg/L Cu2+, and then the sorption amount decreased regardless of norfloxacin levels.     

新农药HW-02在土壤中的吸附

采用振荡平衡法研究了新型除草剂HW-02在5种不同土壤中的吸附特性. 结果表明:土壤对HW-02的吸附性强;HW-02在黑钙土、白浆土、草甸土、砂性土和黏壤土等5种土壤中的吸附可用Freundlich等温式较好地描述,其吸附系数(K_F)分别为332.65,103.32,672.97,577.96和289.60,吸附自由能变绝对值(ΔG)分别为16.55,22.73,18.32,18.48和22.86 kJ/mol,说明HW-02在土壤中的吸附以物理吸附为主;HW-02在5种土壤中的有机质吸附常数(K_OM)为796.57～10 197.18,说明其在土壤中迁移性很弱. HW-02在土壤中的吸附系数与土壤w(有机质),pH和w(黏粒)相关性较好,而与阳离子交换量(CEC)的相关性差,说明土壤w(有机质),w(黏粒)和pH是影响HW-02在土壤中吸附的主要因素.      

Effects of phosphate on the adsorption of glyphosate on three different types of Chinese soils

Glyphosate （GPS） is a non-selective, post-mergence herbicide that is widely used throughout the world. Due to the similar molecular structures of glyphosate and phosphate, adsorption of glyphosate on soil is easily affected by coexisting phosphate, especially when phosphate is applied at a significant rate in farmland. This paper studied the effects of phosphate on the adsorption of glyphosate on three different types of Chinese soils including two variable charge soils and one permanent charge soil. The results indicated that Freundlich equations used to simulate glyphosate adsorption isotherms gave high correlation coefficients（0.990-0.998） with K values of 2751, 2451 and 166 for the zhuanhong soil（ZH soil, Laterite）, red soil（ RS, Udic Ferrisol） and Wushan paddy soil（WS soil, Anthrosol）, respectively. The more the soil iron and aluminum oxides and clay contained, the more glyphosate adsorbed. The presence of phosphate significantly decreased the adsorption of glyphosate to the soils by competing with glyphosate for adsorption sites of soils. Meanwhile, the effects of phosphate on adsorption of glyphosate on the two variable charge soils were more significant than that on the permanent charge soil. When phosphate and glyphosate were added in the soils in different orders, the adsorption quantities of glyphosate on the soils were different, which followed GPS-soil 〉 GPS-P-soil = GPS-Soil-P 〉 P-soil-GPS, meaning a complex interaction occurred among glyphosate, phosphate and the soils.     

微生物群落对土壤微生物呼吸速率及其温度敏感性的影响

通过灭菌和重新接种不同土壤微生物群落的方法,探索了改变土壤微生物群落对土壤微生物呼吸速率及其温度敏感性的影响.结果表明,灭菌海伦黑土接种未灭菌的哈尔滨黑土、封丘潮土和祁阳红壤后,15℃时土壤CO2的累积释放量分别为684.25、753.97和644.91μg,25℃时土壤CO2的累积释放量分别为963.06、1 015.44和852.31μg,35℃时土壤CO2的累积释放量分别为1 252.55、380.36和1 177.88μg;土壤CO2的累积释放量随接种剂土壤pH增加而增加,而与接种剂土壤有机质含量高低、接种剂土壤与被接种土壤的地理距离无关.15、25和35℃时,接种不同微生物群落的土壤呼吸速率表现差异的持续时间分别为104、277和1 177 h,差异持续时间随培养温度增高而延长.接种未灭菌的哈尔滨黑土、封丘潮土和祁阳红壤后,土壤呼吸温度敏感性指数Q10在0～104 h分别为1.63、1.49和1.80,在0～277 h分别为1.43、1.39和1.46,在0～1 609 h分别为1.35、1.35和1.35;呼吸温度敏感性随接种剂土壤pH降低而增加,随培养时间延长而减小.本研究表明改变土壤微生物群落将影响土壤微生物呼吸速率及其温度敏感性.     

氟啶胺在土壤中的吸附解吸与淋溶特性

采用批量平衡法研究了氟啶胺在南京黄棕壤、江西红壤、东北黑土中的吸附解吸特性.结果表明,25℃下,氟啶胺在3种供试土壤中的等温吸附-解吸曲线能较好地符合Freundlich模型,其吸附常数分别为南京黄棕壤119.34,江西红壤202.23,东北黑土311.88,与土壤有机质含量、阳离子代换量和粘粒含量有良好的相关性,相关系数分别为0.9973,0.9690,0.8586.土壤对氟啶胺的吸附自由能变化均小于40kJ/mol,属于物理吸附.氟啶胺在3种土壤中均难淋溶.     

老化对污泥改良沙土吸附水中对硝基苯酚性能的影响探讨

以添加不同比例城市污泥并老化2年后的新疆沙土为研究对象,从有机碳含量及对硝基苯酚吸附能力2个方面探讨了污泥改良技术对沙土的影响。结果表明,模拟废水对硝基苯酚在沙土、污泥及污泥改良沙土中的吸附等温线均符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温式;与污泥和沙土单独老化过程(用于计算理论值)相比,混合老化后的改良沙土的性质发生了很大变化,当加入污泥含量为9.1%～50%时,污泥改良沙土中的有机碳含量比理论计算值减少了11.54%～29.02%;对硝基苯酚在混合老化的改良沙土中的饱和吸附量远大于理论计算值,但吸附系数却远小于后者,表明混合老化后表面吸附作用增强,而有机质的分配作用在总吸附作用中的贡献减小。     

Adsorption–desorption behavior of atrazine on agricultural soils in China

Adsorptionanddesorptionareimportantprocessesthataffectatrazinetransport,transformation,andbioavailabilityinsoils.Inthisstudy,theadsorption–desorptioncharacteristicsofatrazinein three soils (laterite, paddy soil and alluvial soil) were evaluated using the batch equilibrium method. The results showed that the kinetics of atrazine in soils was completed in two steps: a “fast” adsorption and a “slow” adsorption and could be well described by pseudo-second-order model.In addition,the adsorption equilibrium isotherms were nonlinear and were well fitted by Freundlich and Langmuir models. It was found that the adsorption data on laterite, and paddy soil were better fitted by the Freundlich model;as for alluvial soil,the Langmuir model described it better. The maximum atrazine sorption capacities ranked as follows: paddy soil > alluvial soil > laterite. Results of thermodynamic calculations indicated that atrazine adsorption on three tested soils was spontaneous and endothermic. The desorption data showed that negative hysteresis occurred. Furthermore, lower solution pH value was conducive to the adsorptionofatrazineinsoils.Theatrazineadsorptioninthesethreetestedsoilswascontrolled by physical adsorption, including partition and surface adsorption. At lower equilibrium concentration, the atrazine adsorption process in soils was dominated by surface adsorption;while with the increase of equilibrium concentration, partition was predominant.