基于PlanetScope影像的广西钦州市黑臭水体识别方法研究

城市黑臭水体实质上是由环境保护和城市建设两者发展不平衡产生的,也是我国当下生态环境保护工作的重点之一。针对城市黑臭水体监测评价这一热点难点展开研究,以钦州市主城区为研究区域,以高频次重访的高空间分辨PlanetScope遥感影像为数据源,结合两期的实地采样数据,分析黑臭水体表观光学特性,利用黑臭水体与一般水体光谱曲线差异特征,提出近红外(NIR)单波段阈值法、HI指数法、EHI指数法和NDBWI指数法以及基于色度法的饱和度识别算法。城市黑臭水体与一般水体在蓝、绿和红波段(455～670 nm)的相同点是反射率偏低,不同点在于一般水体在455～670 nm处的光谱曲线斜率高于黑臭水体,在红波段处反射率达到极大值,在红波段和近红外波段开始下降,而黑臭水体此波段范围内反射率开始大幅升高。识别结果表明,NIR单波段阈值法识别准确率较低,存在较大偏差;HI指数识别准确率为57. 14%; EHI指数和饱和度法对黑臭水体的识别准确率均为78. 57%; NDBWI指数的识别准确率最高,达90%以上。     

城市黑臭水体的吸收特性分析

黑臭水体是城市水环境的一个严重问题,对城市黑臭水体光学特性进行分析,是利用遥感技术手段进行黑臭识别的前提与基础.2016~2017年采集了长沙、南京和无锡的城市黑臭水体共计85个样点,非黑臭水体共计80个样点,并对水样的悬浮物等水质参数浓度以及水体组分的吸收系数进行了测量.结果表明:(1)黑臭水体的总颗粒物吸收系数、非色素颗粒物吸收系数总体上高于非黑臭水体.(2)黑臭水体与非黑臭水体的CDOM吸收系数有明显的差异.由此可用CDOM吸收特征波段440 nm和不同波段范围内拟合的吸收系数曲线斜率对黑臭水体进行区分.城市黑臭水体吸收特性的分析,将为黑臭水体的遥感识别和监测提供有效的技术支撑.黑臭水体中的高CDOM浓度,可以作为遥感识别黑臭水的一个重要参考.     

上海市黑臭水体光谱特征分析及遥感识别方法探究

黑臭水体识别对全面开展黑臭水体整治及长效监管具有重要意义.为探究上海市黑臭水体的识别方法,以其2017年黑臭水体名录为研究对象,选取105条段河道样本,于2018年7—8月进行现场调查,开展水质监测、光谱测量、光谱分析、遥感识别及验证.结果表明:（1）依据上海市中小河道黑臭地方判定标准,样本中共有49个黑臭水体,56个一般水体.（2）将遥感反射率(R_rs)作为光谱分类的主要依据,光谱数据预处理后,共得到4个主要反射峰（F）和3个主要吸收谷（G）,根据波峰波谷位置特征,可将样本分为三类一般水体（GW）、三类黑臭水体（BOW）.（3）R_rs平均值光谱曲线显示,BOW1、BOW3两类水体在550～700 nm处的光谱曲线与其他四类水体存在明显差异,更易识别和区分,而BOW2与GW2两类水体的光谱曲线形态差异较小,增加了识别难度.（4）根据拟合多光谱曲线,提出角度α1法和比值法组合成的角度-比值联合法,经识别验证,黑臭水体的综合识别率为95.92%,对一般水体的误判率为39.29%.（5）将归一化比值模型（BOI法）、黑臭水体斜率指数（SBWI法）、...     

基于决策树的城市黑臭水体遥感分级

水体黑臭程度遥感监测是了解城市水质现状和综合评价城市水环境治理效果的重要手段.以南京、常州、无锡和扬州为研究区,共采集171个样点,同步测量水质参数和光学参数,分析黑臭水体与一般水体的水色和光学特征,构建决策树模型进行重度黑臭水体、轻度黑臭水体和非黑臭水体（记为一般水体）识别.结果表明：①根据色度可将水体分为1~6类水体,其中,类型1~4为黑臭水体,分别为灰黑色、深灰色、灰色和浅灰色水体,类型5和类型6水体为一般水体,分别为绿色系和黄色系水体;②类型1水体的非色素颗粒物和有色可溶性有机物含量高,但色素颗粒物的吸收并不占主导,类型2和5水体的吸收以色素颗粒物吸收占主导,类型3、4和6水体的吸收以非色素颗粒物吸收占主导;③根据六类水体的反射光谱差异用黑臭水体差值指数（difference of black-odorous water index,DBWI）、三波段面积水体指数（green-red-nir area water index,G-R-NIR AWI）、绿光波段反射率和归一化黑臭水体指数（normalized difference black-odorous water index,NDBWI）构建的水体分类识别决策树,能够有效识别出重、轻度黑臭水体和一般水体;④将决策树模型应用于2019年4月9日扬州的PlanetScope影像上,并利用10个同步过境点进行验证,整体识别精度达到80.00%,K值达到0.67.通过水色分类后的城市水体分级模型方法,可推广应用于类似的水体,为黑臭水体监管提供技术方法.     

基于GF-1 WFV影像和BP神经网络的太湖叶绿素a反演

叶绿素a浓度是可直接遥感反演的重要水质参数之一,常用来评价湖泊水体的富营养化程度.太湖是典型的二类水体,光学性质复杂,应用一类水体线性反演模式拟合较为片面且难以找到最佳拟合模型.BP神经网络模型具有模拟复杂非线性问题的功能.为研究高分一号卫星16m多光谱相机WFV4结合BP神经网络进行太湖叶绿素a浓度监测的可行性,实验利用GF-1 WFV4影像和实时的地面采样数据,建立了BP神经网络模型,同时采用波段比值经验模型进行对比.经精度检验,BP神经网络模型预测值与实测值之间的可决系数R2高达0.9680,而波段比值模型的R2为0.9541,且均方根误差RMSE由波段比值模型的18.7915降低为BP神经网络模型的7.6068,平均相对误差e也由波段比值模型的19.16%降低为BP神经网络模型的6.75%.结果证明,GF-1 WFV4影像应用BP神经网络模型反演太湖叶绿素a浓度较波段比值模型精度有所提高.将经过水体掩膜的GF-1 WFV4影像用于训练好的BP神经网络反演太湖叶绿素a浓度分布,结果显示,叶绿素a高浓度区集中分布在湖心区北部、竺山湾、梅梁湾区域,与之前的研究一致.本文研究结果验证了采用BP神经网络模型对GF-1 WFV4影像进行太湖叶绿素a浓度反演的可行性.     

基于多源同步数据的闽江下游悬浮物定量遥感

利用2006-09-18的同步Landsat TM数据、水面实测光谱数据和现场水样数据,研究了闽江下游的悬浮物,在这3种同步数据的基础上建立了分别基于实测光谱与影像光谱的悬浮物遥感预测模型.结果表明,实测光谱数据在690nm波长处,归一化光谱反射率与悬浮物浓度达到最大正相关,由690nm和530nm二处的反射率构成的比值预测模型与实测悬浮物浓度的拟合精度最高,最佳拟合模型可表达为SS=116.2(R690/R530)-33.4.TM影像各波段中以(TM2 TM3)2波段组合与实测悬浮物浓度的相关性最佳.由其所建立的影像光谱预测模型与实测悬浮物浓度的拟合精度最高.最佳拟合模型可表达为SS=3793.7(RTM3 RTM2)2-16.5.模型的精度评价表明,实测光谱模型的预测能力要强于影像光谱模型.但二者差异不大.在缺乏地面实测光谱数据时.基于影像光谱的遥感定量模型仍不失为一种预测悬浮物浓度的有效方法,其对闽江下游悬浮物浓度的反演结果能较准确地反映出该区域悬浮物浓度分布的空间差异,具有较高的实用性.     

基于高分影像的城市水体遥感综合分级方法

城市水体是城市生态系统中的重要组成部分,为此,针对城市水体提出了一种基于国产高分影像的水环境遥感综合评价方法.在2017~2019年间的南京、无锡、常州和扬州市等城市多次水体采样工作的基础上,分析了城市水体光谱特征与水质参数的相应关系.基于国际标准的色度转换模型和FUI（forel-ule index）水色指数,构建了基于高分二号（GF-2）影像的适用于城市水体的U-FUI（urban forel-ule index）水色指数,实现了城市水体的遥感分级,独立的验证数据表明分级模型的识别正确率可达72%.结果表明,根据U-FUI水色指数可以将城市水体有效地分为U-FUI Ⅰ~U-FUI Ⅵ共6级水体,依次分别代表水色呈蓝色、浅绿色、深绿色、黄色、黄棕色以及灰黑色的水体.其中,U-FUI的Ⅰ级水体水质较好而在城市水体中少有分布,U-FUI的Ⅱ和Ⅲ级水体具有较高的叶绿素a浓度,U-FUI的Ⅳ和Ⅴ级水体的总悬浮物浓度和无机悬浮物浓度相对较高,U-FUI的Ⅵ级水体水质较差且水质参数与各级水体均有较大差异.同时,将该方法成功地应用于2018年4月9日南京市GF-2影像,结果显示南京市水体以U-FUI Ⅱ~U-FUI Ⅳ级水体为主,U-FUI的Ⅰ级、Ⅴ级和Ⅵ级水体在城市中的分布相对较少,空间分布特征与同期原位采样结果一致.     

利用高光谱反演模型评估太湖水体叶绿素a浓度分布

叶绿素a浓度是评价水体富营养化和初级生产力的一个重要参数,高光谱遥感是获取叶绿素a浓度的有效手段.为建立太湖水域叶绿素a的最佳高光谱估算模型,选取2015年5—7月共计60组同步实测高光谱数据和叶绿素a浓度数据,在地面光谱反射率和叶绿素a浓度相关性分析的基础上,使用2∶1的数据样本进行太湖水域叶绿素a的最佳高光谱估算模型的建立和验证,筛选模型分别为波段比值、三波段、荧光峰位置、峰谷距离、一阶微分、NDCI(Normalized Difference Chlorophyll Index)、峰面积、荧光峰高度、WCI(Water Chlorophyll-a Index)和四波段模型.结果表明,建模得到的四波段模型决定系数最高,峰面积模型的决定系数相对最低;四波段模型的反演精度最高,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.00376 mg·L~(-1),平均绝对误差(MAPE)为27.86%,而WCI模型的反演精度相对最低,RMSE为0.01231 mg·L~(-1),MAPE为45.11%.将反演精度最高的四波段模型应用于2015年8月3日的两景HSI(Hyperspectral Imaging Radiometer)高光谱影像数据,也得到较高精度,利用同步实测叶绿素a浓度验证的决定系数为0.7643,RMSE为0.00433 mg·L~(-1),MAPE为45.62%.在春、夏季叶绿素对水体光学特性占主导作用且叶绿素分布均匀的情景下,本研究可为太湖水域叶绿素a的高光谱反演和水环境监测提供有价值的参考,其它季节水体光谱特点的研究尚待进一步开展.     

基于环境一号卫星数据的太湖叶绿素a浓度反演

环境一号卫星在大型水体水环境监测与评价中具有独特的优势。为探求遥感影像在水体叶绿素a浓度反演中的应用,基于环境一号卫星CCD数据和同步实测叶绿素a浓度值,通过影像辐射定标、大气校正和几何精校正等预处理获取水体反射率,分别将单波段和不同特征波段组合的反射率与实测叶绿素a值进行皮尔逊相关分析,选取R20.8的波段组合进行建模,通过对3种波段组合反演结果对比和精度验证,发现基于CCD数据第4波段与第3波段反射率比值的二次模型具有良好的反演效果,模型预测值与实测值的最小相对误差为0.76%,平均相对误差10.99%,均方根误差为0.007 6 mg/L,明显低于实测叶绿素a浓度的平均值;最后基于该模型实现了太湖叶绿素a浓度反演,并对叶绿素a的时空分布进行了初步分析。     

查干湖叶绿素a浓度高光谱定量模型研究

叶绿素a含量能够在一定程度上反映水质状况,利用高光谱遥感可获得叶绿素a的诊断性光谱特性,较好解决了常规遥感中出现的问题.利用野外高光谱仪在查干湖进行了反射光谱测量和同步水质采样分析,通过分析水体叶绿素a浓度与其高光谱反射特征之间的相关关系,尝试采用多种半经验算法建立叶绿素a高光谱定量模型.结果表明:单波段光谱反射率与叶绿素a浓度的相关系数较小,不宜用于估算叶绿素a浓度,反射率比值法和一阶微分法与叶绿素a线性相关程度都比较高,决定系数分别为0.71和0.48,而且其显著水平p<0.01,皆可以用于叶绿素a的定量遥感,但反射率比值算法模拟效果好于一阶微分算法.这为今后利用星载高光谱传感器在查干湖进行叶绿素a浓度大面积遥感反演提供了研究基础.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.