基于THQ的锌冶炼厂周围人群食用蔬菜的健康风险分析

采用对应采样方法研究葫芦岛锌冶炼厂周围地区土壤、蔬菜中Pb、Cd、Hg、Zn、Cu的含量,采用目标危险系数(THQ)的方法对锌厂周围人群食用蔬菜的健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,锌厂周围蔬菜已经受到了重金属的严重污染,仅通过消耗蔬菜,锌厂周围成人居民Pb、Cd、Hg、Zn、Cu的平均摄入量分别为574.3、301.4、1.322、5263、292.5 μg·d-1;儿童Pb、Cd、Hg、Zn、Cu的平均摄入量为446.8、234.5、1.029、4095、227.6 μg·d-1.目标危险系数(THQ)评价表明,葫芦岛锌厂周围人群摄入Pb、Cd的目标危险系数大于1,存在Pb、Cd的健康风险;锌厂周围成人和儿童食用蔬菜而摄入重金属的TTHQ分别为5.79～9.90、7.6～13.0,蔬菜中重金属的复合污染已经使锌厂周围的居民面临潜在的健康风险.     

某废渣填埋场周边土壤-蔬菜重金属污染研究

为了掌握广西某废渣填埋场对周边环境产生的不利影响,该研究以其周边主要村庄作为研究区域,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪、原子吸收分光光度计、原子荧光光度计测定所有样品(2份废渣、1份填埋土、9份土壤、36份蔬菜、34份大米)中的Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Hg、Cu、Mn、Zn、Ni含量。结果表明,土壤中Cd污染严重;蔬菜中Cr污染严重;大米中Pb污染严重。相关性分析表明,土壤中Pb与Cd、Zn,Cd与Cu、Mn之间存在显著相关关系(p≤0.05);Pb与Cu,Zn与Cd、Cu,Cr与Mn之间存在极显著相关关系(p≤0.01);蔬菜中Pb和As有协同效应,具有一定的同源性(p≤0.05);土壤-蔬菜中Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Hg的相关性均未达到统计上的显著水平。废渣填埋场周边的居民(成人和青少年儿童)重金属健康风险(THQ、TTHQ)1,说明通过蔬菜、大米等食物摄入途径导致的重金属健康风险不明显,但是儿童通过食物(蔬菜、大米)摄入重金属的健康风险高于成年人,说明研究区域内儿童健康更易受到重金属的影响。     

兰州市西固区蔬菜重金属污染现状及健康风险评价研究

针对西北地区典型的工业区-兰州市西固工业区内种植的蔬菜进行重金属含量状况调查分析,对购自当地市场的8种蔬菜中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn 4种重金属元素的含量进行分析,通过污染指数法和经蔬菜途径重金属暴露接触对人体的健康风险进行了系统评价.结果表明,蔬菜中均不含有Pb元素或Pb元素在蔬菜中的含量比较少,低于分析方法检测限;Cu元素含量最高的是茄子为0.067 mg/kg,含量最低的是菜花为0.015 mg/kg;Cd元素含量最高的是芹菜为0.067 mg/kg,含量最低的是白菜为0.023 mg/kg;Zn元素含量最高的是菠菜为1.001 mg/kg,含量最低的是辣椒为0.274 mg/kg.美国环境健康风险评估方法评价所得THQ值均小于1,表明实验所采集的大多数蔬菜样品的重金属含量符合农产品安全质量要求.     

南京市郊设施蔬菜重金属含量及健康风险分析

采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了南京市郊2个设施蔬菜栽培基地蔬菜中的重金属含量,并与国内蔬菜标准进行比较;运用目标危害系数(the target hazard quotient,THQ)方法评价了当地居民摄食蔬菜导致的健康风险,并比较了成人和儿童居民THQ值大小.结果表明,蔬菜中Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu的平均含量分别是0.1...     

广州市蔬菜中重金属污染特征研究与评价

蔬菜是人们日常生活中必不可少的食物,但蔬菜受重金属污染会对人体健康造成直接的威胁.于广州市12个区(市)采集116个蔬菜样品,检测分析Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、Cr这6种元素,通过单因子评估、内梅罗综合指数分析广州市蔬菜中重金属的超标因子与污染特征,采用暴露风险分析评价食用当地种植蔬菜引起重金属对人体的健康风险.结果表明,8种蔬菜中Cu与Zn的含量未超标;Cr的超标率高达91.67%;Pb超标蔬菜为莴苣、丝瓜、番茄和胡萝卜,超标率高达35.71%,以胡萝卜超标最为严重;Cd超标的蔬菜为番茄,超标率达31.25%;Ni超标的蔬菜包括油麦菜、空心菜与菜心,超标率最高为8.33%.8种蔬菜污染程度表现为:空心菜、油麦菜、菜心、白萝卜和胡萝卜均处于警戒级,而莴苣、丝瓜和番茄则处于安全级别;4类蔬菜的重金属综合污染程度呈现叶菜类肉质根类茎类菜茄果类的趋势.健康风险评估表明,广州市居民中日常多食用空心菜、菜心和油麦菜的人群重金属累积的健康风险较高,且经膳食摄入重金属Cr对人体健康可能会造成危害,摄入Cd对人体具有潜在的健康风险.经口摄入蔬菜重金属对儿童可能造成的暴露风险要高于成年人.     

湖南市场和污染区稻米中As、Pb、Cd污染及其健康风险评价

为了更好地了解和评价湖南大米中As、Pb和Cd含量及其对人体的健康影响,在对湖南矿区和冶炼区水稻土壤重金属污染调查的基础上,分别以湖南各地市场大米和污染区当地生产的稻谷样品为例,对其进行重金属含量分析及对人体的健康风险评价.结果表明,湖南各地市场大米样品中As、Pb和Cd的平均含量分别是0.20、0.20和0.28mg·kg-1,其中,衡阳市场大米中的As、Pb和Cd含量最高,其次是株洲和湘潭市场的大米.污染区稻谷中As、Pb和Cd含量分布均为:谷壳糙米精米,污染区精米中As、Pb和Cd的含量分别是0.24、0.21和0.65mg·kg-1,其中,来自衡阳常宁市水口山铅/锌矿区的稻谷样品中的As、Pb和Cd含量最高,其次是株洲清水塘冶炼区和湘潭锰矿区的稻谷.与市场大米样品相比,污染区精米中As、Pb和Cd的平均含量比市场大米样品高.无论是市场大米样品,还是从污染区稻田采集的稻米,均以衡阳地区稻米中的As、Pb和Cd污染最为严重,其次为株洲和湘潭地区.在As、Pb和Cd的健康风险评价中,Cd是湖南各地稻米中影响人体健康的主要因子,株洲和湘潭的Cd污染区达到90%以上,其次是As和Pb.     

土壤调理剂对土壤-水稻系统Cd、Zn迁移累积的影响及健康风险评价

选取湖南省长沙市北山镇某中重度Cd污染稻田,研究了土壤调理剂(石灰石+偏高岭土+钙镁磷肥)对稻田土壤重金属Cd、Zn的钝化效果,以及对水稻各部位累积Cd和Zn的影响,并进行了Cd的健康风险评价.结果表明,使用土壤调理剂提高了稻田土壤p H值.Cd的CaCl_2提取态含量降低了0.9%~24.1%,Zn的CaCl_2提取态含量降低了22.5%~69.6%.土壤调理剂显著降低了水稻糙米中Cd与Zn的含量,与对照相比分别降低了10.8%~47.3%、10.3%~17.5%;土壤调理剂对水稻糙米Cd的吸收和累积的影响要远大于Zn,水稻糙米中的Cd/Zn比随着土壤调理剂施用量的增加而显著降低.研究区大米重金属Cd目标危害系数THQ值大于1,说明当地人群通过食用大米途径摄入重金属Cd存在健康风险.土壤调理剂有效地抑制了水稻植株对土壤中Cd的吸收,并降低了Cd/Zn比,使糙米中的Cd含量显著降低,从而降低了当地人群通过食用大米途径摄入重金属Cd的健康风险.     

典型锌冶金区蔬菜重金属的生物可给性及健康风险评价

为了探究冶金区蔬菜重金属污染状况及对人体的危害,以葫芦岛锌冶炼厂周围为研究区域,对8种典型蔬菜中重金属含量进行分析,采用体外胃肠模拟实验,测算出蔬菜中重金属的生物可给性,并以此修正健康风险评价计算方法.结果表明,蔬菜中各重金属的生物可给性在模拟胃阶段表现为:Cd(67.67%)Pb(50.70%)Cu(44.69%)Hg(3.09%);在模拟肠阶段表现为:Pb(48.90%)Cd(40.66%)Cu(32.88%)Hg(13.12%).由生物可给性校正后,人群通过饮食蔬菜途径摄入重金属的目标危险系数(THQ)顺序依次为:CdPbCuHg.基于胃肠阶段生物可给性计算的重金属单元素的目标危险系数(THQ)及多种重金属复合的目标危险系数(TTHQ)均小于1,但基于胃阶段生物可给性的Cd目标危险系数(THQ)仍然超过1,表明锌厂周围人群通过饮食蔬菜途径摄入重金属存在健康风险.成人的4种单元素THQ值和TTHQ值均高于儿童,说明成人通过饮食蔬菜途径摄入重金属的健康风险高于儿童.     

上海地表灰尘重金属污染的健康风险评价

对上海中心城区文教区、居民区和城市广场等儿童日常活动区域代表样点进行定期采样,共采集48个地表灰尘样品,应用美国EPA人体暴露风险评价方法对地表灰尘重金属进行健康风险评价.结果表明,研究区域地表灰尘重金属污染较为严重,Zn、Pb、Cu和Cd平均值分别为上海市土壤背景值的6~8倍,Cr和Ni超出2~3倍.暴露模型计算表明,重金属慢性每日平均暴露量为手-口接触摄入量＞皮肤吸收量＞吸入空气量,经手-口接触行为直接摄入是儿童地表灰尘暴露风险的主要途径.重金属非致癌风险Pb＞Cr＞Ni＞Cu＞Zn＞Cd,均小于非致癌风险阈值1,对人体不会造成健康危害;致癌重金属致癌风险Cr＞Ni＞Cd,均低于癌症风险阈值,表明不具有致癌风险.     

上海市郊工业区附近蔬菜中重金属分布及其健康风险

分析比较上海市郊工业区附近露天蔬菜样品清洗前后Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu、Hg和As含量,并利用目标危害商数对蔬菜可食部分进行健康风险评价.结果表明,清洗蔬菜样品中Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu、Hg和As的平均含量(以鲜重计)分别为0.023、4.444、0.112、0.826、0.004、0.094 mg·kg~(-1).苋菜对于重金属Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu的富集能力最大,而杭白菜对重金属Hg和As的富集能力最强.不同重金属在空间分布特征上没有表现出显著性差异.食用蔬菜前进行清洗可一定程度上降低摄食蔬菜导致的重金属危害风险.健康风险评价结果表明,As元素对TTHQ的贡献率均达到了55%以上,其余元素THQ均小于1,长期食用可能造成As健康风险.食用相同的蔬菜,儿童的健康风险高于成人.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.