Histopathological studies and oxidative stress of synthesized silver nanoparticles in Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)

To evaluate the potential environmental effects of engineered nano metals, it is important to determine the adverse effects of various nanomaterials on aquatic species. Adult tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) were maintained in 10 L glass aquaria, and exposed to a graded series of synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) at 25, 50 and 75 mg/L for eight days. The LC₅₀ value was 12.6 mg/L. Reduced activities of antioxidant enzymes and the contents of antioxidants were lowered in the gills and liver of fishes treated with Ag-NPs, which resulted in heavy accumulation of free radicals. Histopathological results imply that the balance between the oxidative and antioxidant system in the fish was broken down during Ag-NPs exposure. The principal concern related with the release of nanomaterials and their smaller particle may change the materials transport and potential toxicity to aquatic organisms compared to larger particles.     

Effect of Cd on GSH and GSH-related enzymes of Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L existing in Antarctic ice

Glutathione(GSH) and GSH-related enzymes play a great role in protecting organisms from oxidative damage. The GSH level and GSH-related enzymes activities were investigated as well as the growth yield and malonyldialdehyde(MDA) content in the Antarctic ice microalga Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L exposure to the different cadmium concentration in this paper. The results showed that the higher concentration Cd inhibited the growth of ICE-L significantly and Cd would induce formation of MDA. At the same time, it is clear that GSH level, glutathione peroxidases(GPx) activity and glutathione S-transferases(GST), activity were higher in ICE-L exposed to Cd than the control. But GR activity dropped notably when ICE-L were cultured in the medium containing Cd. Increase of GSH level, GPx and GST activities acclimate to oxidative stress induced by Cd and protect Antarctic ice microalga Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L from toxicity caused by Cd exposure. These parameters may be used to assess the biological impact of Cd in the Antarctic pole region environment.     

Oxidative stress related enzymes in response to chromium (Ⅵ) toxicity in Oxya chinensis ( Orthoptera : Acridoidae)

The toxic effects of Cr（Vl） on antioxidant enzymes of Oxya chinensis（Orthoptera： Acridoidae） were determined. Changes in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase（SOD）, catalase（CAT）, and guaiacol peroxidase（GPx） were measured in O. chinensis insects injected with Cr（VI）. Fifth-nymphs of O. chinensis insects were injected with Cr（VI） with different concentrations （0, 75, 150, 225, 300, 375, 450 mg/kg of body weight）. The results showed that Cr（VI） led to the change of SOD, CAT, and GPx activities at different concentrations, which revealed that： （1） The oxidative stress of SOD increased with the increase of Cr （VI） concentration. （2） With the increase of Cr （VI） concentrations, CAT activities for females increased at lower concentrations, but decreased at higher concentration range, which indicated that antioxidant system of O. chinensis was not influenced by the presence of Cr （VI）. A very similar response to Cr（VI） effect for males indicated that Cr（VI） concentrations were not high enough to damage O. chinensis in terms of CAT. （3） The GPx activity for females increased in all treatments, which revealed that the damage power of Cr（VI） was increased with the increase of Cr（Vi） concentrations in terms of GPx, but the effect was not so remarkable. There was not a consistent trend of GPx activities for males in all treatments of Cr（VI）. Cr（VI）-induced changes in antioxidant enzymes were different for SOD, CAT and GPx, of which the tendency was that activities generally changed with increase of concentrations of Cr（VI） suggesting SOD, CAT, and GPx could serve as indices of oxidative stress to some extent.     

Off-flavor compounds from decaying cyanobacterial blooms of Lake Taihu

The effect of cyanobacterial bloom decay on water quality and the complete degradation of cyanobacterial blooms in a short period were examined by an enclosure experiment in Gonghu Bay of Lake Taihu,China.Water quality parameters as well as taste and odor compounds during the breakdown of cyanobacterial blooms were measured.Results showed that the decay of cyanobacterial blooms caused anoxic water conditions,decreased pH,and increased nutrient loading to the lake water.The highest concentrations of dimethyl sulfide (DMS),dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS),and β-cyclocitral were observed in the anoxic water,at 62331.8,12413.3,and 1374.9 ng/L,respectively.2-Methylisoborneol was dominant during the live growth phase of cyanobacterial blooms,whereas DMS and DMTS were dominant during the decomposition phase.Dissolved oxygen,pH,and chlorophyll a were negatively correlated with DMS,DMTS,and β-cyclocitral,whereas total phosphorus,total nitrogen,and ammonium (NH4+-N) were positively correlated with DMS,DMTS,β-cyclocitral,and β-ionone.The experimental results suggested that preventing the anaerobic decomposition of cyanobacterial blooms is an important strategy against the recurrence of a malodor crisis in Lake Taihu.     

Effect of chromium on accumulation and antioxidants in Cucumis utillissimus L.: Response under enhanced bioavailability condition

This study compares the accumulation of Cr(VI) and biochemical changes (total chlorophyll, carotenoid, protein, malondialdehyde (MDA) and cysteine contents) and roles of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX)) in tolerance to metal induced stress in Cucumis utillissimus L. grown in Cr contaminated soil (CS) with garden soil (GS). Furthermore, Cr bioavailability was enhanced by ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) addition to the soil to forecast the plant’s accumulation pattern at elevated Cr environment. Accumulation of Cr in the leaves of the plant increased with increase in substrate metals concentration. It further increased with the addition of EDTA by 1437% and 487% in GS and CS, respectively at the highest treatment level. The lipid peroxidation increased proportionately with increase in Cr accumulation in the leaves. All the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPX and APX) and the level of cysteine increased with dose dependant manner. SOD and cysteine were observed to be higher in the GS than in CS, but APX and GPX were found to be higher in CS than in GS. The increase in GPX and APX activities with the increase in Cr concentration could be assumed that these two enzymes have a major role in the defense mechanism towards stress induced by Cr in C. utillissimus.     

Changes of DOM and its correlation with internal nutrient release during cyanobacterial growth and decline in Lake Chaohu, China

The seasonal changes in dissolved organic matter (DOM), and its correlation with the release of internal nutrients during the annual cycle of cyanobacteria in the eutrophic Lake Chaohu, China, were investigated from four sampling periods between November 2020 and July 2021. The DOM fluorescence components were identified as protein-like C1, microbial humic-like C2, and terrestrial humic-like C3. The highest total fluorescence intensity (F_T) of DOM in sediments during the incubation stage is due to the decomposition and degradation of cyanobacteria remains. The lowest humification of DOM and the highest proportion of C1 in waters during the initial cyanobacterial growth indicate that fresh algae are the main source. The highest molecular weight of DOM and F_T of the C2 in sediments during cyanobacterial outbreaks indicate the concurrent deposition of undegraded cyanobacterial remains and microbial degradation. The components of DOM are affected mainly by the dissolved total phosphorus in waters, while the temperature drives the annual cycle of cyanobacteria. The decreasing C1 in sediments and increasing nutrients in waters from the cyanobacterial incubation to outbreak indicate that mineralization of algal organic matter contributes importantly to the release of internal nutrients, with the strongest release of phosphorus observed during the early growth of cyanobacteria. The humic-like C2 and C3 components could also affect the dynamics of internal phosphorus through the formation of organic colloids and organic–inorganic ligands. The results show that the degradation of DOM leads to nutrients release and thus supports the continuous growth of cyanobacteria in eutrophic Lake Chaohu.     

Phytotoxicity of cadmium on protein, proline and antioxidant enzyme activities in growing Arachis hypogaea L. seedlings

Phytotoxicity of cadmium on growing Arachis hypogaea L. seedlings was studied. Seeds were exposed to 25, 50, and 100 μmol/L CdCl2 concentrations, for a period of 10, 15, 20 and 25 d. The extent of damage to chlorophyll, protein, proline, nitrate and nitrite reductase, antioxidant enzyme activity in leaves and roots were evaluated after 10 d of cadmium stress. The higher concentration of cadmium （100 μmol/L） resulted （leaves and roots） total chlorophyll 91.01%, protein 79.51%, 83.61%, nitrate reductase 79.39%, 80.72% and nitrite reductase 77.07%, 75.88% activity decreased with increase in cadmium concentrations and exposure periods. Cadmium caused significant changes in the activity of antioxidative enzymes. Contrastingly Cd treated plant tissues showed an increase in proline 159.87%, 239.6%, gluthion reductase （GR） 337.72%, 306.14%, superoxide disumutase （SOD） 688.56%, 381.72%, ascorbate peroxidase （APX） 226.47%, 252.14%, peroxidase （POD） 72.19%, 60.29% and catalase （CAT） 228.96%, 214.74% as compared to control. Cadmium stress caused a significant increase in the rate of SOD activity in leaves and roots of plant species. Results show the crop A. hypogaea is highly sensitive even at very low cadmium concentrations.     

Antioxidant responses to benzo[a]pyrene, tributyltin and their mixture in the spleen of Sebasticus marmoratus

It has been reported that there is an interaction between Benzo[a]pyrene （BaP）, a widespread carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and tributyltin （TBT）, an organometal used as an antifouling biocide. This study was therefore designed to examine the potential in vivo influence of BaP, TBT and their mixture on splenic antioxidant defense systems of Sebastiscus marmoratus. The fish were exposed to water containing environmentally relevant concentrations of BaP, TBT and their mixture. Spleens were collected for biochemical analysis after exposure for 7, 25, 50 d and after recovery for 7, 20 d. Cotreatment with BaP and TBT for 7 d potentiated the induction of glutathione peroxidase （GPx） activity by BaP or TBT alone. The cotreatment for 25 and 50 d resulted in inhibition of GPx activity, which was similar to the effect of TBT. Splenic glutathione S-transferase （GST） activities were significantly elevated in S. marmoratus exposed to BaP starting from 7 d and remained high up to 25 d. However, no further activity change was found with prolonged exposure. Cotreatment of BaP and TBT primarily inhibited the GST activity, which was similar to the effect of TBT. Cotreatment with BaP and TBT for 25 or 50 d potentiated the depletion of GSH （glutathione） by BaP or TBT alone. MDA （malondialdehyde） contents in spleen of S. marmoratus were not significantly altered compared with the control during the test period. Spleen, as an immune organ, is sensitive to exposure of BaP or TBT. It should have an effective mechanism to counteract oxidative damage. Antioxidative defense systems in spleen of S. marmoratus should be considered as potential biomarkers. Short-term exposure of BaP or TBT could result in induction of antioxidant defense system. A significant decrease of these indices, such as GSH, GST, GPx might indicate more severe contamination.     

Ultraviolet irradiation induced oxidative stress and response of antioxidant system in an intertidal macroalgae Corallina o cinalis L.

The response of the antioxidant defense system of an intertidal macroalgae Corallina officinalis L. to different dosages of UV-B irradiation was investigated. Results showed that superoxide dimutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POX) increased and then maintained at a relatively stable level when subjected to UV-B irradiation. Catalase (CAT) activity under medium dosage of UV-B irradiation (Muv) and high dosage of UV-B irradiation (Huv) treatments were significantly decreased. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity first remained unaltered and then increased in Huv treatment. In addition, the assay on isozymes was carried out using non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The activities of some SOD isoforms were altered by UV-B. Two new bands (POX V and POX Ⅶ) appeared upon exposure to all three UV-B dosages. CAT Ⅲ activity was increased by low dosage of UV-B irradiation (Luv),whereas CAT Ⅲ and CAT Ⅳ disappeared when the alga was exposed to Muv and Huv. Two bands of APX (APX Ⅵ and APX Ⅶ)were increased and a new band (APX X) was observed under Huv exposure. H2O2 and thiobarbituric acid reacting substance (TBARS)increased under Muv and Huv treatments. Overall, UV-B protection mechanisms are partly inducible and to a certain extent sufficient to prevent the accumulation of damage in C officinalis.     

Eutrophication development and its key regulating factors in a water-supply reservoir in North China

Yanghe Reservoir is an important source of drinking water for Qinhuangdao City,North China;however,in recent decades this water source has been eutrophic with recurrent summer cyanobacterial blooms.The trophic grade of the system in summer was mesotrophiceutrophic in 1990 and became hypertrophic in 2011.The nutrient availability is extremely high during the entire year,and the water temperature should be the primary driver of the summer blooms.In May-October of 2010 and 2011,abrupt variations were observed in the Secchi depth(SD) and chlorophyll a(Chl-a),and both the correlated analysis of Chl-a-SD and trophic status indices(TSI) deviation(TSI Chl-a-TSI SD) showed that algal cell density dominated light attenuation.During the algal bloom outbreak,the microcystin concentration was found to vary between 0.35-2.12 μg/L in 2010 and 0.11-1.86 μg/L in 2011.The maximum microcystin content was more than two times the safety limit required for drinking water.Inflow discharges were most concentrated in the summer,with periods of lower residence time and the largest water level fluctuation over the entire year.When a high availability of nutrients promoted a high Chl-a concentration in the whole system,it appeared that the instability caused by the decrease in residence time could not produce effective changes in the cyanobacterial abundance.The results indicated that nutrient enrichment in the aquatic systems of Yanghe Reservoir is the most serious problem and that the status would not been modified effectively by increasing hydrological fluctuations(e.g.,decreasing the residence time).Therefore,decreasing the nutrient concentrations is the only route to improve the water quality of this reservoir.     

Pd/CeZr/TiO2/Al2O3蜂窝状金属丝网催化剂选择催化还原NOX

采用溶胶-凝胶法和浸渍法制备了Pd/CeZr/TiO2Al2O3蜂窝状金属丝网催化剂,并将其应用于在富氧条件下以丙烯选择催化还原NOx的研究.利用扫描电镜(SEM)分析了钛酸四丁酯的含量以及涂敷次数对TiO2涂层的影响,系统地考察了Pd含量、氧气浓度和空速对蜂窝状金属丝网催化剂催化性能的影响.实验结果表明,采用钛酸四丁酯的含量为20.0%的溶胶,涂敷2次,可以在金属丝网载体上氧化铝涂层表面获得均匀、无皲裂的TiO2涂层;Pd含量在0.23%～1.06%的范围内, NOx的转化率随Pd含量的增加而减小, Pd含量为0.23%时, NOx表现最高的NOx转化率;反应气体中氧气浓度从1.5%增加到6.0%, NOx的转化率随氧气浓度的增加而增大,当氧气浓度高于6.0%, NOx的转化率则随氧气浓度的增加而迅速减小; NOx的转化率随着空速的增加而降低,在高温条件下空速对转化率的影响要大于在低温条件下.     

VOx-MnOx/TiO2催化脱除氮氧化物与二英研究

二英会降低人类的免疫力,影响人体和神经发育;氮氧化物则会对人体的各项脏器和血液组织有严重危害,还会破坏臭氧层,加速酸雨的形成.商业钒钛催化剂既能脱除氮氧化物又能催化分解二英（邻二氯苯作为模拟物）,二英活性温度区为200~300℃,而脱硝活性温度为300~400℃.研究了VO_x/TiO₂、MnO_x/TiO₂以及VO_x-MnO_x/TiO₂等催化剂在200~300℃脱硝、脱除二英的情况.结果表明,在VO_x/TiO₂催化剂中掺入MnO_x促进脱硝活性温度区间由300~400℃往200~300℃偏移,当MnO_x和VO_x摩尔比为3：1时,催化剂在250℃脱硝和脱除二英的效果最好,催化NO和邻二氯苯效率分别为92.0%和89.0%.原位红外漫反射光谱研究表明,1V3M/T催化剂表面的脱硝反应在250℃遵循L-H机理,—NH₂、N_xH_yO_z、单齿亚硝酸盐和二齿硝酸盐是主要的反应中间体.     

Tix-Ni1-x-MOFs的制备及其CO选择性催化还原NOx研究

采用溶剂热法和微波法合成了不同比例的Ti_x-Ni_1-x-MOFs材料,并用于以CO为还原剂的选择性催化脱硝反应。结果表明,双金属Ti_x-Ni_1-x-MOFs的NO还原率显著高于单金属Ni-MOF,且反应温度窗口更宽,其中,Ti_0.2-Ni_0.8-MOF表现出最佳的脱硝效率,在200~400^oC温度范围达到100%的转化率。通过XRD,FT-IR,SEM,TGA,XPS,N₂吸脱附等表征手段发现,Ti掺杂Ni-MOF后有利于改善原子分散性,Ti、Ni间金属的相互作用有利于产生丰富的高效Ni-O-Ti位点,加强Ni²⁺+Ti⁴⁺↔Ni³⁺+Ti³⁺氧化还原循环,从而明显提高了NO+CO催化反应性能。与溶剂热法相比,微波法制备Ti_0.2-Ni_0.8-MOF具有合成效率高、结晶度好、晶粒细小均匀的优势,并进一步提高了其低温脱硝效果。     

Preparation of FexCe1-xOy solid solution and its application in Pd-only three-way catalysts

FeO_x-CeO₂ mixed oxides with increasing Fe/(Ce+Fe) atomic ratio (1-20 mol%) were prepared by sol-gel method and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) techniques. The dynamic oxygen storage capacity (DOSC) was investigated by mass spectrometry with CO/O₂ transient pulses. The powder XRD data following Rietveld refinement revealed that the solubility limit of iron oxides in the CeO₂ was 5 mol% based on Fe/(Ce+Fe). The lattice parameters experienced a decrease followed by an increase due to the influence of the maximum solubility limit of iron oxides in the CeO₂. TPR analysis revealed that Fe introduction into ceria strongly modified the textual and structural properties, which influenced the oxygen handling properties. DOSC results revealed that Ce-based materials containing Fe oxides with multiple valences contribute to the majority of DOSC. The kinetic analysis indicated that the calculated apparent kinetic parameters obey the compensation effect. The three-way catalytic performance for Pd-only catalysts based on the Fe doping support exhibited the redundant iron species separated out of the CeO₂ and interacted with the ceria and Pd species on the surface, which seriously influenced the catalytic properties, especially after hydrothermal aging treatment.     

Fe-MnOx-CeO2/ZrO2低温催化还原NO性能研究

以纳米ZrO2为载体,用浸渍法制备出Fe-MnOx-CeO2/ZrO2催化剂,考察了活性组分配比和助剂负载量对催化剂低温NH3选择性催化还原NO活性的影响,并对催化剂进行了XRD、SEM、EDS和BET表征;探讨了温度、H2O和SO2对Fe-MnOx-CeO2/ZrO2催化剂低温下NH3选择性催化还原NO的影响,结果表明,无SO2和H2O条件下,8%Fe-10%MnOx-CeO2/ZrO2催化剂具有良好的催化活性和稳定性.120℃时,催化剂的脱硝效率为85.23%,当温度升至180℃时,脱硝效率可达到92.0%.SO2和H2O共存条件下,催化剂易失活,采用傅立叶变换红外光谱对各反应阶段的催化剂进行了表征,对其失活机制进行深入研究,结果表明,催化剂失活的主要原因是催化剂表面硫酸铵盐的沉积和催化剂本身活性成分的硫酸盐化.     

美军标MIL-STD-810与国军标150

分析了湿热环境对装备的影响及机理,介绍了美国军标810C/D/E/F各版本中湿热试验程序的特点,分析了这些程序的变化过程及其对GJB 150/150A湿热试验程序的影响,指出了810F/和GJB150A的湿热试验的目的仅是用以加速发现装备湿热问题,不再模拟寿命期遇到的复杂的温、湿度环境,实际上是一种加速试验。     

AlCrSiN/AlCrN/AlCrON/AlCrN多层复合涂层的研究

目的 解决硬质合金刀具高速干切削难加工材料面临效率低、寿命短的难题,提升刀具涂层的耐热能力,在AlCrSiN涂层中周期性植入AlCrON热屏障层,并在其两侧沉积AlCrN层进行包夹,改善含氧层的韧性,既能保持涂层刀具较高的强度,又能改善其耐热能力.方法 采用全自动电弧离子镀膜机,研制具有不同调制周期的AlCrSiN/AlCrN/AlCrON/AlCrN多层复合涂层,分别利用划痕仪和纳米压痕仪测试多层复合涂层的力学性能,采用摩擦磨损试验机测试涂层的摩擦学性能,使用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和能谱仪(EDS)分析多层复合涂层的表面形貌、物相组成和化学成分.选用最佳调制周期工艺在硬质合金立铣刀表面沉积多层复合涂层,并与AlTiN涂层铣刀进行切削性能对比.结果 当涂层调制周期为300 nm时,涂层表面光滑致密,内部无明显的柱状晶粒,此时涂层的力学性能最佳,且摩擦系数和磨损率也最低.AlCrN涂层的包裹有效改善了AlCrON涂层的韧性和硬度,且随着调制周期的改变,涂层的力学性能和微观结构也随之变化.结论 针对淬硬钢干切削,与AlTiN涂层铣刀相比,AlCrSiN/AlCrN/AlCrON/AlCrN多层复合涂层刀具的切削温度更低,使用寿命更长.     

人工智能助力臭氧催化剂SrFexZr1-xO3的开发

将人工智能应用于催化臭氧氧化催化剂SrFe_xZr_1-xO₃的开发过程,采用共沉淀法制备了50种不同配方的催化剂,考察聚乙二醇（PEG）投加量、煅烧时间、老化时间、氨水投加量和铁掺杂量对SrFe_xZr_1-xO₃催化剂催化臭氧降解间甲酚反应活性的影响.同时,利用人工神经网络（ANN）和响应面（RSM）对催化剂合成条件与TOC去除率和间甲酚转化率的关系进行拟合,训练集中ANN的R²值分别为0.91和0.97,高于RSM的R²值0.35和0.41;在4组测试集上ANN的均方误差（MSE）分别为9.87和17.67,远小于RSM的23.89和28.87.结果表明,ANN模型对催化剂制备过程的复杂体系具有更好的拟合和泛化能力.在ANN训练好的模型中通过枚举法寻找最优合成条件为：PEG投加量为19.00%,煅烧时间为1.25 h,老化时间为26.50 h,氨水投加量为6.21 mL,铁掺杂量为3.37%,所得催化剂为SrFe_0.13Zr_0.87O₃-B.最佳反应条件下,间甲酚转化率和TOC去除率分别达到98.52%和17.21%,优于空白组的73.46%和1.86%.     

La1-xKxMnO3催化剂同时消除柴油机尾气中NO和碳烟性能

采用溶剂热法制备La_1-xK_xMnO₃(x=0, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25)钙钛矿型复合金属氧化物催化剂;通过XRD、FT-IR、SEM、H₂-TPR、XPS、NO-TPD等手段对催化剂的物相组成、表面形貌、氧化还原性能等进行了表征;在常压固定床微型反应装置中评价催化剂同时消除NO和碳烟催化性能.结果表明,制备的La_1-xK_xMnO₃催化剂均具有钙钛矿结构;K部分取代La-Mn钙钛矿结构中La后,颗粒结构得以改善,部分Mn³⁺价态升高为Mn⁴⁺,形成较多氧空位和Mn⁴⁺,提高氧化还原性能和吸附NO性能.活性评价结果表明,La_0.80K_0.20MnO₃催化剂表现出较好的同时消除NO和碳烟催化性能,NO最大转化率(Xmax NO)和对应反应温度(Tmax NO)分别为46.5%和436℃,碳烟起燃温度(T_ig)、CO₂浓度峰值温度(Tmax CO₂)和生成CO₂选择性(Smax CO₂)分别为341℃、454℃和98.8%.