鄱阳湖入湖河口沉积物细菌群落特征

基于高通量测序技术分析了鄱阳湖入湖河口15处沉积物的细菌群落特征.结果发现鄱阳湖入湖河口细菌优势门类为Proteobacteria（32.1%）,Acidobacteria（16.6%）、Chloroflexi（14.4%）、Nitrospirae（8.8%）和Actinobacteria（6.0%）.在属分类水平上相对丰度最高的是norank_Acidobacteria（8.9%）和Nitrospira（8.4%）.根据采样点沉积物细菌群落结构差异,5条主要支流入湖河口可分成赣江-饶河-信江组和抚河-修水组.赣江-饶河-信江组Acidobacteria、Nitrospirae、Gemmatimonadetes和Latescibacteria丰度显著较高;抚河-修水组Actinobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Firmicutes、Ignavibacteriae和Deltaproteobacteria丰度显著较高.鄱阳湖主航道下游沉积物细菌群落结构与其它入湖河口差异明显,具有显著较高的Chloroflexi、Aminicenantes和Firmicutes丰度.pH值和有机碳是影响鄱阳湖入湖河口沉积物门分类种群的主要环境因子,pH值是影响赣江-饶河-信江组和抚河-修水组细菌群落结构差异的主要环境因子.以上研究结果有助于从微生物的角度分析鄱阳湖入湖河口生态系统的物质和能量循环机理.     

鄱阳湖流域面源污染负荷模拟与氮和磷时空分布特征

基于气象、土壤、土地利用、数字高程模型和农业管理等数据基础上,对输入鄱阳湖赣江、抚河、信江、饶河、修水等"五河"上的7个水文站的径流、泥沙和面源氮(N)和磷(P)污染负荷进行参数的敏感性分析,利用实测数据对参数校准和验证,通过SWAT模型对2003—2012年十年间入湖的径流、泥沙和面源N、P污染负荷进行了模拟.2003—2012年面源总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、硝氮(NO-3-N)、有机氮(ON)和有机磷(OP)面源污染负荷入湖特征呈现出:时间变化上,年际间变化大、年内集中在4—7月入湖,鄱阳湖N、P污染负荷主要来自于面源污染,入湖面源TN组份中NO-3-N所占比重较高,TP组份中OP所占比重较高的特征;空间分布上,"五河"中赣江流量和流域面积最大,流域各项面源N、P污染物入湖量最大;修水流量和流域面积最小,流域各项面源N、P污染物入湖量最小的特征.     

不同水期鄱阳湖主要污染物河流入湖通量研究

通过同步监测2010年-2013年入湖监测断面水质和水量,分别计算了丰水期、平水期和枯水期以及全年入湖污染物通量.结果表明,2010年-2013年,入湖10个断面水质达标率在80％～100％之间,化学需氧量均是进入鄱阳湖的主要污染物.各污染物主要通过赣江主支、赣江中支、赣江南支、赣江北支、信江西支和饶河6条河流进入鄱阳湖;氨氮浓度年均值与水量相关性均呈负相关,而化学需氧量、总磷和总氮浓度年均值与水量无明显相关性.     

鄱阳湖湿地土壤有机碳氮同位素特征及其环境意义

通过对2011年鄱阳湖及其主要入湖河流(赣江、抚河、信江、修水及饶河)15个湿地土壤样品中δ¹³C及δ¹⁵N的测定,分析探讨了鄱阳湖及其主支流湿地土壤有机质和氮素来源.结果表明:鄱阳湖湖区湿地土壤中总有机碳(TOC)的含量在0.45%~1.58%之间,总氮(TN)含量变化范围为0.06%~0.17%;各入湖河流TOC含量为0.41%~1.18%, TN含量在0.05%~0.13%之间.鄱阳湖湖区湿地土壤有机质δ¹³C及δ¹⁵N变化范围分别为-28.35‰~-18.58‰和3.27‰~6.84‰;各入湖河流湿地土壤δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N分别为-25.93‰~-22.66‰和2.97‰~5.41‰.有机质来源分析表明:除湖口处主要来源于C4植物外,鄱阳湖区及其入湖河流湿地土壤有机质的主要来源是C3植物.湖区湿地土壤氮素来源分析表明吴城处主要受农业化肥使用的影响,而其他采样点湿地土壤有机质氮素主要来源于生活污水;入湖河流湿地土壤氮素来源较复杂,生活污水、化肥及工业污水是其主要来源.     

鄱阳湖围垦对洪水的影响及对策

鄱阳湖古称彝泽，是我国面积最大的淡水湖泊。它上纳赣江、抚河、信江、饶江、修水五大河流（以下简称“五河”），流域面积达16．2万km’，多年平均人湖径流量1457亿m’，大于淮河、黄河、海河三条河流径流量的总和，上游来水经湖盆调蓄后，由北部的湖口泄人长江，当水位21．69m时，水域面积2933km‘，最大水深29．互gm，平均水深5．lin，蓄水量150．l亿m’。该湖具有巨大的调蓄功能。同时，邵阳湖有滩地2787km‘，是良好的资源，但滩地开发与水利之间产生了尖锐的矛盾。根据实地调查和水文资料的研究，邵阳湖的围垦对长江洪涝灾害有重大影…     

鄱阳湖三江口柱状沉积物有机氮同位素特征及其环境指示意义

通过对鄱阳湖三江口处柱状沉积物中δ15N、C/N比值、TOC和TN等含量的测定,分析了其有机质及氮素的来源.结果表明: 赣江、抚河、信江及鄱阳湖处柱状沉积物δ15N值变化范围分别为2.44‰~4.55‰、4.03‰~5.84‰、3.79‰~4.81‰及3.42‰~8.13‰.赣江南支其沉积有机质主要来源于土壤有机质;抚河整个柱状沉积物以自生有机物源为主;信江西支在12cm以下其沉积有机质主要受藻类及土壤有机质两种物源的影响,而12cm以上受外源影响比较小;鄱阳湖梅溪嘴表层2cm处沉积有机质来源以藻类为主,而中间6~3cm处主要来源于土壤有机质,7cm以下主要来源于藻类及土壤有机质.赣江南支、信江西支及鄱阳湖梅溪嘴沉积物氮素均主要来源人工合成肥料和土壤流失氮,而抚河主要来源于土壤流失氮.     

鄱阳湖流域水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes)对水体微塑料的吸附截留效应

微塑料是环境中的新型污染物,随着人们对微塑料污染的认识,微塑料在河流和湖泊等淡水湿地环境中的迁移问题受到普遍关注.中国内陆最大淡水湖鄱阳湖湿地受五河流域及其地表径流的影响,湿地水环境中的微塑料污染问题也不容忽视.为了解鄱阳湖各流域水体中微塑料的分布现状及水生植物对微塑料的吸附截留效应,选择鄱阳湖流域的赣江、信江、抚河、修水和饶河这五河水系入湖段为研究区,以各流域水体及其普遍存在的漂浮植物水葫芦（Eichhornia crassipes）为研究对象,分析鄱阳湖五河流域水葫芦对水体微塑料的吸附截留特征,探讨水生植物对水体环境中的微塑料是否具有吸附或截留效应,阐明水葫芦对微塑料的吸附与水体赋存微塑料的相关性,解析微塑料在湿地环境中的迁移特性,为鄱阳湖湿地环境中微塑料的管控及污染治理提供一定的理论基础与依据.在鄱阳湖流域赣江、抚河、信江、饶河和修水的五河水系入湖区和湖口出湖区共设置18个采样点,分别采集水表漂浮的水葫芦整株样品和水深约1 m处的水样,采用HNO₃（65%）-H₂ O₂（30%）混合试剂消解水样后抽滤分离水体及水葫芦体表微塑料;采用显微鉴定方法观察微塑料的颜色、粒径和形态等特征,采用Nano Measurer 1.2软件统计各流域水体和水葫芦体表中分离出的微塑料丰度;采用傅立叶变换红外（FTIR）光谱仪鉴定不同形态微塑料的聚合物成分.鄱阳湖流域各水体微塑料丰度处于中度偏高水平,丰度范围为65.5~353 n ·L^-1,且以0~0.5 mm范围内的小粒径微塑料为主,占各流域水体中微塑料的80%以上;各流域水葫芦截留或吸附的微塑料丰度范围为36~204 n ·kg^-1,且以0~1.5 mm范围内的小粒径微塑料为主,所占比例达80%以上;水葫芦吸附0~0.5 mm粒径范围内的微塑料丰度含量与水体中0~0.5 mm粒径范围内的微塑料丰度间呈显著相关,水葫芦对水体中占比较高的小粒径微塑料具有明显的吸附效应.鄱阳湖五河流域水体微塑料的聚合物成分以聚乙烯和聚苯乙烯为主体;各流域水体微塑料的丰度处于较高水平,以0~0.5 mm的小粒径微塑料为主,对水体生物及水环境易构成生态风险.各流域水葫芦对水体微塑料具有显著的吸附效应,且以吸附0~1.5 mm的小粒径微塑料为主;水葫芦吸附0~0.5 mm粒径范围内的微塑料丰度值与水体中0~0.5 mm粒径范围内的微塑料丰度间存在显著相关性;水葫芦对水体中的小粒径微塑料具有较强的吸附效应,可为水生植物吸附或截留水体环境中的微塑料提供一定的参考依据.     

鄱阳湖表层沉积物有机碳、氮同位素特征及其来源分析

通过对鄱阳湖及其主要入湖河流(赣江、抚河、信江、修水及饶河)15个表层沉积物样品中有机碳(TOC)、氮(TN)、C/N值、δ13C及δ15N含量的测定,分析探讨了鄱阳湖及其主支流沉积物有机质和氮素来源.结果表明:鄱阳湖湖区表层沉积物中TOC的含量(干重)在0.63%~1.86%之间,平均值为(1.15±0.35)%(n=9),比其主支流TOC含量高; TN含量变化范围为0.06%~0.16%,平均值为(0.10±0.03)%(n=9),各入湖河流表层沉积物有机质TN含量处在0.03%~0.08%之间,平均值为(0.06±0.02)%(n=6).鄱阳湖湖区沉积物中有机质的碳、氮稳定同位素变化范围分别为-25.66‰~-12.56‰和3.51‰~6.27‰,平均值分别为(-22.48±4.10)‰和(4.71±0.95)‰(n=9).各入湖河流沉积物δ13C和δ15N值含量范围分别为-25.24‰~-19.55‰和0.94‰~4.64‰,平均值分别为(-23.27±2.42)‰和(3.19±1.30)‰(n=6).有机质来源分析表明:土壤有机质、水生维管束植物和浮游植物是鄱阳湖及其主要入湖河流沉积有机质主要的3种来源,其中土壤有机质的贡献最大;土壤有机质和人工合成肥料是其沉积物氮素主要来源,对于入湖河流来说,人工合成肥料贡献更大.     

鄱阳湖入湖河口沉积物真菌群落结构

本次研究基于高通量测序技术分析了鄱阳湖入湖河口14处沉积物的真菌群落结构特征.测序得到的314条真菌OTU分属于9个门,25个纲,49个目,62个科,62个属和117个种.在OTU分类水平上,鄱阳湖主要支流入湖河口中除饶河、赣江南支和修水具有相近的真菌群落结构外,其它河口之间群落结构差异较大;真菌群落丰度、多样性与沉积物p H、有机碳、有机氮和C/N等环境因子没有显著相关性.在门分类水平上,丰度(序列数比例)最高的是子囊菌门(Ascomycota,49.4%),其次为壶菌门(Chytridiomycota,20.4%)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota,17.8%).与其它河口相比,赣江河口沉积物的水生环境真菌Chytridiomycota丰度显著较高,抚河河口沉积物的陆生环境真菌Basidiomycota丰度显著较高.有机碳是影响鄱阳湖入湖河口沉积物真菌群落门分类组成的主要环境因子,与Basidiomycota相对丰度正相关,与Chytridiomycota负相关,与Ascomycota相关性较弱.     

基于湖泊与出入湖水质关联性研究:以鄱阳湖为例

基于1996～2016年鄱阳湖及出入湖水质数据,解析了鄱阳湖与出入湖河流水质间关联及影响因素.结果表明TN和TP是引起鄱阳湖水质下降的主要因子,其中,1996～2003年,鄱阳湖及出入湖水质总体较好,但呈下降趋势,主要受流域污染负荷增加影响; 2004～2011年,水质继续下降,"五河"水质下降明显,并引起鄱阳湖水质下降;由于鄱阳湖较强的水质净化能力,其出湖水质相对较好,该阶段水质下降受流域污染负荷增加与水文条件变化共同影响; 2012～2016年,水质进一步下降,入湖河流水质快速下降及来水量减少,使鄱阳湖水质净化能力降低,进而导致出湖水质也有所下降,该阶段鄱阳湖水质下降仍受流域污染负荷增加与水文条件变化共同影响.由此可见,入湖河流与鄱阳湖水质关联密切,南部和东部湖区TN浓度明显高于西部湖区,主要与赣江和信江TN负荷输入有关;南部湖区TP浓度明显高于东部和西部湖区,主要与赣江和抚河TP负荷较高有关.相对于水文条件变化,流域污染增加对湖泊水污染贡献更明显.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.