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一、概述: 高压溶样法(A法)是为了防止样品在消化过程中的沾污和损失,保证分析测定结果的准确而应用起来的。该法是在密闭加压容器内,用酸或其他试剂,在加温下进行的湿法消解。我们用高压消解瓶,对污水、土壤、飘尘以及奶粉进行高压溶样法和化学敞口消解法(B法)的对比试验,结果表明A法具有沾污小、消解彻底、待测成份损失 相似文献
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混酸介质微波消解快速测定炼油污水COD_(Cr) 总被引:7,自引:3,他引:7
针对传统CODCr回流法测定消解时间长、分析费用高等不足,研究了微波消解法在测定炼油污水中CODCr的应用。通过对微波消解功率、消解时间、混酸介质H3PO4H2SO4的用量及体积比等试验,确定了微波消解测定炼油污水CODCr的最佳条件。用该方法对炼油污水各处理装置的出水CODCr进行测定,所得结果与传统的CODCr回流法一致。该方法具有精密度好、分析费用低、消解时间短等优点。 相似文献
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微波消化/ICP—AES法测定固废物中的多种元素 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6
采用MDS-81D型微波消解系统,消解固体废弃物样品,如电镀污泥,铬渣,砷钙渣,铜渣,铋渣,锑渣,尾矿渣,铅锌渣及粉煤灰等,并以ICP-AES方法测定了消解液中多种金属元素的含量。研究了不同样品的消解条件,如试样量,酸的种类,浓度,用量及微波功率,加热时间等。对锑渣进行精密度实验的相对标准偏差为1.0%-4.0%,回收率87.0%-116.2%,与常规消解法有较好的可比性。 相似文献
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分别用混合酸湿法消解和微波消解两种方法处理鱼虾样品,用原子吸收法测定样品中铜、锌、铅、镉、铬的含量.结果表明微波消解相对标准偏差均在4.0%以下,加标回收率在95.6%~112%之间.湿法消解相对标准偏差在0.3%~5.6%之间,加标回收率在88.9%~115%之间.微波消解比湿法消解的精密度、准确度高,且微波消解操作安全简便,耗时短,适用于样品数量多的情况.混合酸湿法消解操作复杂,耗时长,由于使用了在高温下易爆的高氯酸,又容易发生"炭化"现象,安全性差,在样品数量少的情况下可用此法. 相似文献
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建立了微波消解-原子荧光法测定环境空气汞的方法,探讨微波消解方法的前处理效果,进行准确性、精密性及实际样品测试等实验。本方法前处理简单、酸用量少,微波消解能使样品消解更完全,汞的加标回收率在95.0%~104.3%,回收率高。 相似文献
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超声波辅助浸取分离污泥中的重金属 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以实验室合成的含重金属离子的污泥为研究对象,通过实验分析对比了不同pH下超声波对污泥中重金属离子去除率的影响。研究表明,在超声波的辅助作用下,一步酸浸法能使Cu-Fe混合污泥中的Cu和Fe完全分离,Cu和Fe的离子浸出率分别是97.47%和1.81%;超声波辅助两步酸浸法分离Cu-Cr污泥中的Cu和Cr,96.52%的Cu溶解在浸出液中,96.64%的Cr保留在浸出渣中,Cu、Cr可完全分离;在Cr-Fe混合污泥中,超声的辅助作用使两步酸浸后Cr的浸出率达97.05%,浸出渣中则含98.48%的Fe,2种金属得到有效的分离。酸浸过程中加入超声波对重金属的分离回收有明显的强化效果。 相似文献
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A closed-vessel microwave digestion method is described for the rapid dissolution of environmental samples such as foods, soils and sediments. Depending on the sample type, 0.1-0.2 g sample was decomposed with HNO3/H2O2 or HNO3 / H2O2/HF acid mixture in a PTFE digestion vessel by using microwave heating for 2-3 min at 500W of microwave power. The solution, or to which 0.5 g of boric acid was added, was diluted to 25-50 ml and directly determined by sequential ICP-AES. The accuracy of the procedure was validated by the analysis of six standard reference materials for 10 elements. Ail results were in a good agreements with the certified values. 相似文献
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pH调节方法对厨余垃圾两相厌氧消化中水解和酸化过程的影响 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
通过间歇实验探讨了pH调节方法对厨余垃圾两相厌氧消化中水解酸化过程和水解酸化液中Na 浓度的影响实验比较了厨余垃圾在3种pH调节方法(利用NaOH溶液调节初始进料pH到7,利用NaOH和Ca(OH)2混合碱液每12h调节pH到7和利用调节C/N比调节pH到7)下水解酸化液中的Na 浓度、一级水解速率常数、挥发酸(VFA)浓度、乳酸浓度和VFA组分分配.结果表明,与利用NaOH溶液每12 h调节pH相比较,3种pH调节方法都能够有效降低水解酸化出料液中的Na 浓度,但利用调节C/N比来调节pH能够取得更高的水解酸化效率,一级水解速率常数可以达到0.199 d-1,VFA浓度在实验第3天即可达到35 g·L-1.发酵产物乳酸在实验第2天即达到高峰浓度24 g·L-1,后逐渐下降到6 g·L-1,VFA组分中丙酸不是优势组分. 相似文献
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Start-up performances of dry anaerobic mesophilic and thermophilic digestions of organic solid wastes 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Two dry anaerobic digestions of organic solid wastes were conducted for 6 weeks in a lab-scale batch experiment for investigating the start-up performances under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. The enzymatic activities, i.e., β-glucosidase, N-α-benzoyl-Largininamide (BAA)-hydrolysing protease, urease and phosphatase activities were analysed. The BAA-hydrolysing protease activity during the first 2-3 weeks was low with low pH, but was enhanced later with the pH increase. β-Glucosidase activity showed the lowest values in weeks 1-2, and recovered with the increase of BAA-hydrolysing protease activity. Acetic acid dominated most of the total VFAs in thermophilic digestion, while propionate and butyrate dominated in mesophilic digestion. Thermophilic digestion was confirmed more feasible for achieving better performance against misbalance, especially during the start-up period in a dry anaerobic digestion process. 相似文献
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三种土壤消解方法的对比研究 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
利用标准样品,对比研究了3种不同消解方法测定土壤中重金属元素的差异。将(1)电热板消解(2)密封容器消解和(3)微波消解三种土壤消解预处理方法进行分析比较,分析多种消解方法的优点和缺点,推荐实用、准确、高效、方便快捷的消解预处理方法。并对多种消解样品分别测定铜、锌、铅、镉、铬、镍重金属元素含量,验证推荐消解方法的预处理效率。结果发现(1)电热板消解法和(2)密闭容器消解法的测得值与标准值偏离较大,而(3)微波消解法的测得值最为接近标准值。 相似文献
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果蔬废弃物厌氧消化特征及固体减量研究 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
采用两相厌氧消化工艺处理固体果蔬废弃物,反应液在系统内循环使用,研究了果蔬废弃物产酸发酵类型、产甲烷相对消化产物的利用顺序和果蔬固体减量效果。结果表明,在酸化阶段,挥发酸总量最高达5800mg/L,其中丁酸占45%、戊酸占23%、乙酸占20%、丙酸和乙醇占10%左右,属于丁酸型发酵;产甲烷相对挥发酸的利用顺序为乙醇>丁酸>戊酸>丙酸>乙酸,产甲烷阶段体系ORP为-480mV左右;在厌氧消化处理过程中,反应液中COD由开始时的10000mg/L降至反应后期2000mg/L左右,COD去除率达80%以上;同时,果蔬固体物质去除率达到98.6%,果蔬废弃物减量效果明显。 相似文献
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To evaluate the influence of lactic acid on the methanogenesis, anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes was firstly conducted in a two-phase anaerobic digestion process, and performance of two digesters fed with lactic acid and glucose was subsequently compared. The results showed that the lactic acid was the main fermentation products of hydrolysis-acidification stage in the two-phase anaerobic digestion process for kitchen wastes. The lactic acid concentration constituted approximately 50% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration in the hydrolysis-acidification liquid. The maximum organic loading rate was lower in the digester fed with lactic acid than that fed with glucose. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and COD removal were deteriorated in the methanogenic reactor fed with lactic acid compared to that fed with glucose. The specific methanogenic activity (SMA) declined to 0.343 g COD/(gVSS-d) when the COD loading were designated as 18.8 g/(L-d) in the digester fed with lactic acid. The propionic acid accumulation occurred due to the high concentration of lactic acid fed. It could be concluded that avoiding the presence of the lactic acid is necessary in the hydrolysis-acidification process for the improvement of the two-phase anaerobic digestion process of kitchen wastes. 相似文献
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社会主义新农村建设推动了乡镇经济的发展,但乡镇的环境问题并没有随之解决,而固体废弃物的综合利用成为解决当前乡镇环境问题的有效手段之一。乡镇垃圾现状分析表明,其组分以有机易腐成分为主.不适用于城市垃圾的处理方式。乡镇垃圾经合理分类,其综合利用的主要途径有三条,包括可回收垃圾一回收一循环再利用,有机垃圾制肥-肥料-回田,餐厨垃圾、人畜粪便、秸秆等有机垃圾厌氧发酵-沼气-热能或电能。该途径可最终实现乡镇垃圾的资源化和能源化。 相似文献
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采用微波消解法对固体废物浸出液样品进行前处理,采用乙炔-空气火焰原子吸收法测定钡的含量,检出限为2.04mg/L,加标回收率为94.5%,精密度为4.85%-6.81%。 相似文献