不同离子桥键的有机矿质复合体对菲的吸附-解吸研究

从自然土壤中有机质与矿物的结合方式出发,研究了Ca²⁺、Fe³⁺和Al³⁺桥键的有机矿质复合体对菲的吸附-解吸行为.结果表明,不同离子饱和的蒙脱石及其相应的胡敏酸-矿物复合体对菲的吸附-解吸数据都能用Freundlich模型较好地拟合,吸附容量（K_f）大小的顺序分别为Ca-Mont（0.184）>Fe-Mont（0.028）>Al-Mont（0.015）和Fe-Mont-HA（2.341）>Ca-Mont-HA（1.557）>Al-Mont-HA（1.136）.有机矿质复合体的K_f值远远高于相应的矿物,表明了复合体中的胡敏酸对菲的吸附容量贡献较大.但不同离子桥键的复合体K_f值的大小与它们有机质的含量高低次序不一致,表明了复合体中有机质的含量以及有机质与矿物结合方式的不同,都可能会影响它们对菲的吸附.Ca²⁺和Al³⁺桥键的有机矿质复合体对菲的解吸都有滞后现象,滞后现象主要来自有机质对菲的吸附,而矿物对菲的解吸滞后现象影响不明显.     

诺氟沙星在4种土壤中的吸附-解吸特征

采用批平衡吸附试验,研究了诺氟沙星在河南封丘潮土、江西鹰潭红壤、苏南常熟水稻土和南京黄棕壤等4种土壤中的吸附行为.结果表明,诺氟沙星的土壤吸附-解吸不同程度地偏离线性模型,但均可用Freundlich模型和Langmuir模型进行良好的线性拟合.其K_f值变化较大,分别为潮土82.0 L/kg、黄棕壤432 L/kg、水稻土5 677 L/kg和红壤8 790 L/kg,显示诺氟沙星在4种土壤中的吸附行为存在较大的差异.此外,诺氟沙星在4种土壤上的解吸过程存在滞后现象.其中,诺氟沙星在红壤中的滞后现象明显与其他3种土壤不同,其滞后系数至少大5倍以上.研究表明4种土壤中诺氟沙星的吸附参数K_f值与土壤pH呈极显著负相关,与土壤溶液中诺氟沙星阳离子形态比例则呈极显著正相关.在不同pH（5～9）下,红壤和水稻土的诺氟沙星吸附参数lgK_d随pH的升高先增加而后降低,黄棕壤和潮土中则不同程度地线性下降.可见,阳离子吸附可能是诺氟沙星土壤吸附的重要机理,而低pH下红壤和水稻土中诺氟沙星的吸附是阳离子吸附和土壤溶液共存阳离子竞争性吸附共同作用的结果.     

阳离子类型对土霉素在2种土壤中吸附-解吸影响

以OECD Guideline 106为基础,采用批量平衡方法研究不同阳离子Ca²⁺、K⁺、Na⁺对土霉素在2种土壤(褐土和红壤)中的吸附-解吸影响.结果表明,不同阳离子条件下,土霉素的吸附-解吸不同程度地偏离线性模型,其中Freundlich模型可以对吸附和解吸数据进行良好的非线性拟合,平均拟合相关系数为0.989;除了KCl介质中土霉素在褐土中的吸附等温线呈线性外,其它介质条件下的等温吸附线均属“L”型等温吸附线.在同一阳离子介质中,土霉素在红壤(2.907～3.173)中的吸附容量(lgK_f)始终高于褐土(2.577～2.885),而在红壤(0.672～0.825)中吸附强度(1/n)始终低于褐土(0.713～1.005),且在2种土壤中的吸附均以物理吸附为主.3种阳离子对土霉素在2种土壤中的吸附行为的影响存在较大的差异,同一土壤中阳离子类型对土霉素的吸附容量无显著影响;而与K⁺和Na⁺相比,Ca²⁺的存在显著降低溶液中土霉素在土壤上的吸附强度(p<0.05).土霉素在土壤上的解吸过程存在明显的滞后现象,平均滞后系数HI在0.015～0.053之间.在同一阳离子介质条件下,土霉素在褐土中的滞后系数显著高于红壤(p<0.05);在同一土壤中,不同阳离子对滞后系数的影响不同,其中在褐土中K⁺与Ca²⁺、Na⁺之间的差异达到极显著差异(p<0.01),而3种阳离子对土霉素在红壤中的解吸滞后影响并无显著差异.     

PCB138在两种土壤及其有机质组分中解吸特征研究

为探讨多氯联苯在污染土壤中的解吸特性,选用南北方两种典型土壤,红壤和黑土为研究介质,以六氯联苯PCB138为目标污染物,探讨PCB138在红壤和黑土原土,以及从两种土壤中提取出的有机质组分胡敏酸和胡敏素中的解吸行为,并探讨土壤理化性质与解吸速率和解吸量之间的关系。实验结果表明,PCB138在两种土壤及其有机质组分中的解吸在360 min时达到动态平衡。准一级、准二级、叶洛维奇和内扩散模型四种动力学模型拟合结果显示,准二级动力学方程R²值为0.911~0.998,拟合效果最好。PCB138在黑土中的解吸速率和解吸量要略大于红壤中的相应数值。Freundlich、Langmuir和D-R等温模型拟合结果显示,Freundlich模型能更好的描述PCB138在土壤及其有机质组分中的解吸过程,有机碳归一化分配系数K_oc值由大到小依次为胡敏素>原土>胡敏酸。当温度由25℃升高到45℃时,PCB138在土壤及其组分中的解吸量随之减小。热力学数据计算结果显示ΔG^°>0,ΔH^°和ΔS^°值均小于0,说明PCB138在两种土壤及其组分中的解吸是非自发的放热反应,同时在解吸过程中固液界面的无序性和体系混乱度减小。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,PCB138在土壤中的解吸速率、解吸量与其组分中有机质质量分数和比表面积相关性不显著。     

厌氧与缺氧污泥对17β-雌二醇吸附性能的研究

雌二醇浓度为500～10 000　ng/L,采用活性污泥灭活吸附,考察了吸附平衡时间和pH值对吸附的影响.在10、20、30℃不同温度下建立了Freundlich吸附等温线,并计算了分配系数K_d.结果表明,厌氧与缺氧失活污泥对雌二醇的吸附都在30 min以内达到平衡;pH值在6～9范围内对吸附没有影响,pH大于9时随着pH值增加吸附量减少;两者在不同温度下对雌二醇的吸附都符合Freundlich吸附,都呈线性吸附,分配系数随温度升高而降低,厌氧失活污泥的分配系数K_d为629.2(10℃)＞534.9(20℃)＞405.6(30℃),缺氧失活污泥的分配系数K_d为601.2(10℃)＞491.3(20℃)＞360.1(30℃).另外,研究了厌氧与缺氧活性污泥的吸附等温线与分配系数,厌氧活性污泥的K_d大于缺氧活性污泥.厌氧(缺氧)活性污泥与灭活污泥对雌二醇的吸附未出现明显差别,厌氧污泥的吸附性能强于缺氧污泥.     

5种磺胺类抗生素在土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性

分别利用振荡平衡法和柱淋溶法研究了5种磺胺类抗生素(磺胺嘧啶,磺胺甲嘧啶,磺胺二甲嘧啶,磺胺二甲氧嘧啶,磺胺甲恶唑)在5种不同土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性及其影响因素.结果表明,磺胺类抗生素在5种供试土壤上的吸附等温线较好地符合Freundlich方程,吸附常数K_d为 0.10~4.39 μg^1-1/n (cm³)^1/n g ^-1;5种磺胺类抗生素在供试土壤中吸附性大致排列顺序为:东北黑土≈无锡水稻土>江西红壤>南京黄棕壤≈陕西潮土.吸附的主要影响因素为土壤pH值和有机质含量:土壤pH值增高,磺胺类抗生素大量转变为阴离子态,吸附减弱;土壤有机质含量增加,吸附增强.5种磺胺抗生素在5种供试土壤中的吸附自由能为 -12.5~-5.3 kJ·mol^-1,表明吸附机理主要是物理吸附.磺胺类抗生素在土壤中具有较强的淋溶性, 淋溶性能从大到小依次为:陕西潮土>南京黄棕壤>江西红壤>无锡水稻土>东北黑土,与吸附试验结果相一致.畜禽养殖使用磺胺类抗生素对地下水污染具有潜在风险,应该引起足够重视.     

甲磺隆除草剂的测定方法及其吸附行为研究

采用批量平衡法系统研究了甲磺隆除草剂在几种土壤（熟化红壤、砖红壤性红壤、红筋泥、砖红壤）和矿物（高岭石、针铁矿、和Ca²⁺、Al³⁺、Cu²⁺单离子饱和蒙脱石）上的吸附行为.建立了硼酸-硼砂缓冲液体系的毛细管电泳测定甲磺隆的分析方法.甲磺隆在本实验条件下能够与土壤中的杂质达到基线分离,迁移时间为4.6 min.对比实验表明,毛细管电泳法测定甲磺隆与高效液相色谱法具有一致性.然而,毛细管电泳法能显著节省测试时间和成本,在本类吸附实验研究中具有很好的应用价值.吸附实验数据分析表明甲磺隆的吸附行为都可以用Freundlich模型描述,矿物和土壤的K_f值分别在0.82～199.69和1.97～10.48范围.在几种影响甲磺隆吸附的因素中,pH的影响作用最为显著,说明静电作用可能是甲磺隆在土壤及矿物上吸附的主要机理.     

溴化十四烷基吡啶对膨润土吸附萘的增强效应及机理

研究了溴化十四烷基吡啶(MPB)对膨润土吸附萘的增强效应、机理及影响因素,试图为有机膨润土在污染环境修复中的应用提供新的技术路线.结果表明,MPB能显著增强膨润土对萘的吸附作用,增强效应及机理与MPB浓度有关.当MPB平衡浓度(X)在0～1/10CMC之间,MPB几乎全部被膨润土吸附,对萘产生分配作用,其表观分配系数(K_d^*)随MPB加入量的增大而急剧增大;当X在1/10CMC～ICMC之间,由于表面活性剂的吸附作用及其单体的增溶作用,K_d^*值则缓慢减小;当X大于1CMC,由于增加的表面活性剂主要起胶束增溶作用,K_d^*值则急剧减小.引入了标化表观分配系数(K_oc^*)探讨萘在表面活性剂-膨润土-水体系中的吸附机理,其倒数(1/K_oc^*)与X呈线性关系;由线性斜率和截距可求得K_oc、K_mn、K_mc参数.     

阳离子强度和阳离子类型对诺氟沙星土壤吸附的影响

以OECD Guideline 106为基础,采用批平衡方法研究不同Ca²⁺离子强度（0.01、0.03、0.05、0.08和0.10 mol/L的CaCl₂溶液）和不同阳离子（0.01 mol/L的NaCl、KCl、NH₄Cl、MgCl₂、CaCl₂、ZnCl₂和AlCl₃溶液）对诺氟沙星在4种土壤（潮土、黄棕壤、水稻土和红壤）中的吸附-解吸影响.结果表明,随着溶液中Ca²⁺离子浓度的增加,诺氟沙星在土壤中的吸附参数K_f值逐渐减小并趋于稳定,两者间存在显著负相关（p≤0.05）.同时,Ca²⁺离子浓度的增加对低浓度诺氟沙星溶液的吸附影响相对高浓度而言不明显. 低pH下,诺氟沙星主要以阳离子形态存在,吸附以阳离子吸附或氢键为主;在兼性离子状态时,则主要以静电吸附和偶极力为主.这是造成4种土壤中诺氟沙星吸附差异的根本原因.在不同离子强度下,土壤溶液中二价Ca²⁺离子存在则对诺氟沙星的活性吸附位点造成竞争性吸附,从而降低诺氟沙星的土壤吸附量.同时,不同阳离子导致诺氟沙星的土壤吸附存在差异.其影响趋势主要为价态的影响,即价态越高,竞争吸附能力越强：M⁺（Na⁺、K⁺、NH^＋₄）2+（Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Zn²⁺）3+（Al³⁺）.     

纳米磁性磷酸二氢钙对Cd的吸附、回收与再生

以Ca（H₂PO₄）₂、铁盐与亚铁盐为原料,采用共沉淀法制备成纳米磁性材料Ca（H₂PO₄）₂@Fe₃O₄（NMCDP）,研究其对Cd²⁺的吸附、回收与再生效果.透射电镜（TEM）、红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线衍射（XRD）显示,NMCDP粒径约60 nm,稳定性良好,饱和磁化强度为30.9 emu·g^-1.吸附动力学表明,NMCDP对Cd²⁺的吸附1 h之内即可达到平衡,符合准二级动力学模型.吸附热力学表明,NMCDP对Cd²⁺的吸附符合Langmuir与Freundlich等温吸附模型,最大吸附量为142.50 mg·g^-1.在pH值由2增加到3时,吸附量随溶液初始pH值的升高而增加,当pH值大于3后,逐渐保持稳定;溶液中共存离子Na⁺、Mg²⁺、Cu²⁺对材料吸附Cd²⁺均有一定的影响,影响程度Cu²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺.采用0.01 mol·L^-1 HCl与EDTA-Na₂均可解吸出部分吸附的Cd²⁺,以EDTA-Na₂解吸率较高,达到68%,从而实现NMCDP的再生.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.