Effect of bio-column composed of aged refuse on methane abatement – A novel configuration of biological oxidation in refuse landfill

An experimental bio-column composed of aged refuse was installed around the exhaust pipe as a new way to mitigate methane in refuse landfill.One of the objectives of this work was to assess the effect of aged refuse thickness in bio-column on reducing CH 4 emissions.Over the study period,methane oxidation was observed at various thicknesses,5 cm (small size),10 cm (middle size) and 15 cm (large size),representing one to three times of pipeline diameters.The middle and large size both showed over 90% methane conversion,and the highest methane conversion rate of above 95% occurred in the middle-size column cell.Michaelis-Menten equation addressed the methanotrophs diffusion in different layers of the bio-columns.Maximum methanotrophic activity (V max) measured at the three thicknesses ranged from 6.4 × 10 3 to 15.6 × 10 3 units,and the half-saturation value (K M) ranged from 0.85% to 1.67%.Both the highest V max and K M were observed at the middle-size of the bio-column,as well as the largest methanotrophs population,suggesting a significant efficiency of methane mitigation happened in the optimum zone with greatest affinity and methanotrophic bacteria activities.Therefore,bio-column is a potential style for methane abatement in landfill,and the aged refuse both naturally formed and artificially placed in the column plays a critical role in CH 4 emission.     

Spatial variations of aluminum species in drinking water supplies in Xi’an studied applying geographic information system

This article aimed to investigate the variation of aluminum species and the effects of coagulant type and water quality on aluminum speciation in drinking water.Statistical analysis showed that the concentration of total aluminum(AlT) of drinking water in Xi'an ranged from 0.051 to 0.417 mg/L and the concentration of AlT in about 24.7% studied samples was higher than the currently recommended value(0.2 mg/L).The areas fed by surface water plants had a larger portion(39.4%) of samples over the recommended value.In drinking water treated by alum coagulant,the average concentration of monomeric aluminum(Ala) was higher than that in water treated by poly aluminum chlorine(PACl) and poly aluminum ferric chloride(PAFC).The average concentrations of polynuclear aluminum(Alb) and colloidal/suspended aluminum(Alc) in the drinking water treated by alum were lower than those in water treated by PACl and PAFC.There was a notable decrease in AlT along with the delivery pipeline away from the plants,with an average decline of about 36 μg/(L·km).Besides coagulant type,water quality also could afflect aluminum speciation.In drinking water without orthophosphate,the concentrations of Ala and AlT were positively correlated with pH;while,in drinking water with orthophosphate,the concentrations of Ala and AlT were negatively correlated with pH.The addition of orthophosphate salts in the drinking water treatment process would be an effective method for aluminum control in pH range 6.5-8.2.     

Spatial and temporal variations of water quality in Cao-E River of eastern China

Evaluation and analysis of water quality variations were performed with integrated consideration of water quality parameters, hydrological-meteorologic and anthropogenic factors in Cao-E River, Zhejiang Province of China. Cao-E River system has been polluted and the water quality of some reaches are inferior to Grade V according to National Surface Water Quality Standard of China （GB2002）. However, mainly polluted indices of each tributary and mainstream are different. Total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） in the water are the main polluted indices for mainstream that varies from 1.52 to 45.85 mg/L and 0.02 to 4.02 mg/L, respectively. TN is the main polluted indices for Sub-watershed Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ（0.76 to 18.27 mg/L）. BOD5 （0.36 to 289.5 mg/L）, CODMn （0.47 to 78.86 mg/L）, TN （0.74 to 31.09 mg/L） and TP （0 to 3.75 mg/L） are the main polluted indices for Sub-watershed Ⅲ. There are tow pollution types along the river including nonpoint source pollution and point source pollution types. Remarkably temporal variations with a few spatial variations occur in nonpoint pollution type reaches （including mainstream, Sub-watershed Ⅰ and Ⅱ） that mainly drained by arable field and/or dispersive rural dwelling district, and the maximum pollutant concentration appears in flooding seasons. It implied that the runoff increases the pollutant concentration of the water in the nonpoint pollution type reaches. On the other hand, remarkably spatial variations occur in the point pollution type reaches （include Sub-watershed Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ） and the maximum pollutant concentration appears in urban reaches. The runoff always decreases the pollutant concentration of the river water in the seriously polluted reaches that drained by industrial point sewage. But for the point pollution reaches resulted from centralized town domestic sewage pipeline and from frequent shipping and digging sands, rainfall always increased the concentration of pollutant （TN） in the river water too. Pollution controls were respectively suggested for these tow types according to different pollution causes.     

Haze insights and mitigation in China: An overview

The present article provides an overview of the chemical and physical features of haze in China, focusing on the relationship between haze and atmospheric fine particles, and the formation mechanism of haze. It also summarizes several of control technologies and strategies to mitigate the occurrence of haze. The development of instruments and the analysis of measurements of ambient particles and precursor concentrations have provided important information about haze formation. Indeed, the use of new instruments has greatly facilitated current haze research in China. Examples of insightful results include the relationship between fine particles and haze, the chemical compositions and sources of particles, the impacts of the aging process on haze formation, and the application of technologies that control the formation of haze. Based on these results, two relevant issues need to be addressed： understanding the relationship between haze and fine particles and understanding how to control PM2.5.     

Synthesis of the starch grafting of superabsorbent and high oil-absorbing resin

The graft copolymerization of the starch and acrylic were used to prepare the superabsorbent, and the high oil-absorbing resin was also studied preliminarily. In addition, following the method of the emulsion polymerization, the cerium nitrate amine was regarded as the initiator, the acrylic amide and the methyl methacrylate functioned as the monomer. There are several significant parameters taken into consideration such as the factors that influence the performance of the superabsorbent and the high oil-absorbing resin, the dosage of the initiator amount, the ratio of the starch and the monomer and the dosage of crosslinking agent.     

Mechanism of Cd（II） adsorption by macrofungus Pleurotus platypus

The mechanism of Cd(II) uptake by the dead biomass of macrofungus Pleurotus platypus was investigated using di erent chemical and instrumental techniques. Sequential removal of cell wall components of the biosorbent revealed that structural polysaccharides play a predominant role in the biosorption of Cd(II). The adsorption kinetics fitted well with the pseudo second-order model suggested that the adsorption of Cd(II) on P. platypus involved a chemisorption process. Transmission electron microscopy of the cadmium exposed biomass confirmed the deposition of the metal mainly in the cell wall. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis of the metal loaded biosorbent confirmed the participation of –OH, –NH and C–O–C groups in the uptake of Cd(II). Energy dispersive X-ray analysis of the biosorbent before and after metal uptake revealed that the main mechanism of adsorption was ion-exchange. The e ectiveness of CaCl2 in the desorption of cadmium perhaps suggested the exchange of Ca2+ with Cd(II).     

Simulation and control strategy for the variational influent of WWTP

With the development of activated sludge model, the simulation software for the design and operation of wastewater treatment plant （WWTP） was produced and has been widely used. The dynamic change of the quality and flow of influent are major factors causing the unstable operation of wastewater treatment process. As a basic model, ASMI model was used for the simulation of activated sludge process, and double exponential model was selected for the simulation of secondary sedimentation tank. The influences of influent change to the aeration tank and secondary sedimentation tank were investigated, and the relationship among influent change, the quality of effluent and the level of sludge blanket in secondary sedimentation tank was established. On the basis of the simulation results, the operation of the WWTP could be adjusted under the dynamic change of the influent. Furthermore, the controlling strategy combined the feed-forward on the influent flow and the feedback on the level of sludge blanket in the secondary sedimentation tank was studied.     

Concept of common interests of mankind in the global environmental protection

The concept of common interests of mankind in the environmental protec-tion spurred -by the internationalized and globalized environmental problems are discussed in this paper. While making challenges for many principles and rules of international law and the traditional conception of national security, the concept does play its role in strengthening the environmental protection. However, it cannot be neglected that diflerent national interests pose an obstacle to the realization of the common interests of mankind in the envirormental protection. The article concludes that whether the concept plays its greater role in the environmental protection will depend on many factors, such as the spread of environmental awareness, the revision of the traditional conception and the balanced development of the world economy.     

Effect of spectral resolution on the measurement of monoaromatic hydrocarbons by DOAS

The excellent response characteristics and detection sensitivity with much lower operational cost and the capability to discriminate between the isomer of some monoaromatic hydrocarbons (MAHCs) make di erential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) a powerful tool to trace concentration variation of MAHCs. But due to the similarity in chemical structure, those MAHCs have the similar overlapped characteristic absorption structures, which make the selection of instrumental parameter critical to the accurate detection of MAHCs. Firstly, the spectral resolution used in DOAS system determines the nonlinear absorption of O2 and the mass dependence of characteristic absorption structure; thereby it determines the effect of elimination error of O2 absorption in the atmospheric spectra for the detection of MAHCs. Secondly, spectral resolution determines the di erential absorption characteristics of twelve MAHCs representing major constituents in technical solvents used in the automobile industry and the interference of spectral overlapping. Thirdly, the spectral resolution determines the sensitivity, time resolution and linear range. So the spectral resolution range with the best ratio of signal to noise is used to determine the most suitable spectral resolution range, as well as the spectral resolution range that ensure the characteristic absorption structure of MAHCs and the minimization of O2 absorption interference. Finally, 0.15–0.16 nm (FWHM: full width at half maximum) is assumed to be closest to the optimum spectral resolution and it is confirmed by the results of practical measurement of MAHCs by DOAS.     

Computer simulation of the coagulation of suspended solids — The applicability of the Müller–Smoluchowski theory

The results of studies carried out using a computer programme simulating the coagulation of suspensions containing spherical sol particles and spherical coagulant particles are reported.The influence of the degree of dispersion of the system on the coagulation reaction kinetics was investigated. The obtained results of kinetic studies were tested in the light of classical Müller–Smoluchowski equations. The influence of the physical properties of the coagulant,such as size, density and mass, on the coagulation rate was tested. It was found that within the range described in this paper, the rate of the simulated coagulation process fulfils both the kinetic equation of a first-order reaction, and the kinetic equation of a second-order reaction.Within the tested range, a significant influence of the mass and size of the coagulant on the coagulation rate was ascertained. The kinetic Müller–Smoluchowski dependence is fulfilled in a broader range of the degree of dispersion, when the coagulant particle mass and the sol particle mass are equal. When the particle mass increases with an increase in the particle radius, the coagulation rate increases faster that it would result from the Müller's dependence.     

日本东京供水管网的漏损预防管理

供水管网的漏损控制管理是城市水资源管理以及节水管理中的重要环节,东京作为国际上管网漏损控制最优秀的城市之一,漏损率从1955年战后恢复时期的20％控制到2007年的3．3％。多年来,东京在漏损控制技术和管理方面积累了丰富的优秀经验,并且建立了完善的供水管网漏损预防管理体系,指出为了保证有效的漏损控制和预防,必须做到以下四个方面,即准确掌握管网属性信息、重视管网的维护和更新、不断发展漏损控制与预防技术及重视人力资源管理及人才培养。东京成功的漏损控制经验可以从管理体制、管理手段、技术研发、人才培养等方面对中国的供水管网漏损管理及节水管理提供有益的借鉴经验。     

Hydraulic model for multi-sources reclaimed water pipe network based on EPANET and its applications in Beijing, China

Water shortage is one of the major water related problems for many cities in the world. The planning for utilization of reclaimed water has been or would be drafted in these cities. For using the reclaimed water soundly, Beijing planned to build a large scale reclaimed water pipe networks with multi-sources. In order to support the plan, the integrated hydraulic model of planning pipe network was developed based on EPANET supported by geographic information system (GIS). The complicated pipe network was divided into four weak conjunction subzones according to the distribution of reclaimed water plants and the elevation. It could provide a better solution for the problem of overhigh pressure in several regions of the network. Through the scenarios analysis in different subzones, some of the initial diameter of pipes in the network was adjusted. At last the pipe network planning scheme of reclaimed water was proposed. The proposed planning scheme could reach the balances between reclaimed water requirements and reclaimed water supplies, and provided a scientific basis for the reclaimed water utilization in Beijing. Now the scheme had been adopted by Beijing municipal government.     

基于知识的管道系统泄漏检测方法

提出了3种基于知识的管道系统泄漏检测方法,分别是:通过对负压波波形分段符号化处理,采用上下文无关法表示波形结构模式的模式识别诊断系统;以选取合适维数的功率谱特征向量而建立的神经网络泄漏检测系统;与泄漏机理数学模型结合的泄漏诊断专家系统。     

北京农业虚拟水结构变化及贸易研究

通过依据典型区县实际灌溉定额调查成果并用全国作物需水量等值线图进行修正,确定出北京市主要农作物的需水量,对北京农作物种植结构变化、农业用水及其GDP效益作了分析,进而对各类农作物历年的虚拟水含量及其结构变化进行了研究,最后基于投入产出方法对北京农业虚拟水贸易进行了计算分析.结果表明,① 近年来,北京地区粮食作物虚拟水总量持续减少,由1990年的18.32×10⁸ m³减少到2004年的4.283×10⁸ m³,经济作物虚拟水总量却呈上升趋势,由1990年的9.06×10⁸ m³增加到2004年的14.92×10⁸ m³,但总体上农作物虚拟水总量仍呈现下降趋势;②北京是一个农产品虚拟水净输入的地区,年平均虚拟水净输入量约为2.37×10⁸ m³,这相当于北京市年产水资源总量的5.93％,间接地缓解了北京市水资源紧缺的局面.     

基于Elman神经网络的流体管道泄漏点检测定位

目的通过Elman神经网络预测对泄漏点进行过检测定位。方法基于流体压力波的负压波法及反馈型Elman神经网络方法,开展水力输运管道的泄漏定位研究。利用Flowmaster仿真软件中的水力输运模型建立长度为1100 m的一维管路系统,针对此系统开展不同管路状态参数下的数值仿真计算。结果通过小波变换技术实现了数据降噪与奇异点捕捉,完成了泄漏点位置的估算。同时,借助反馈型Elman神经网络,开展了不同泄漏工况下的网络训练和预测,利用经过训练的神经网络对所选取的5组泄漏点完成了定位预测,最大测试误差为1.83%。结论通过Elman神经网络预测得到的结果与实际泄漏位置进行对比,验证了反馈型神经网络方法在管路泄漏智能定位问题中的准确性与有效性。     

基于InVEST模型的官厅水库流域产水和水质净化服务时空变化

官厅水库是北京市及其周边地区重要的水源地之一,曾因水质污染严重而被迫退出北京市饮用水供应系统,经过全面治理后于2007年恢复成为北京市备用水源地.为了从整体上定量分析官厅水库流域生态系统的产水和水质净化服务,基于InVEST模型,选择官厅水库退出北京市饮用水供应系统和恢复成为北京市备用水源地为时间节点,定量评估1995-2010年官厅水库流域生态系统的产水量和TN、TP输出量,分析其产水服务和水质净化服务的时空变化.结果表明:1995-2010年,官厅水库流域产水服务表现为先减弱后增强,但整体呈减弱趋势,流域产水量由1995年的18.85×108 m3降至2010年的14.33×108 m3,产水服务减弱24.0%.水质净化服务表现为先减弱后增强,但整体呈增强趋势,流域的TN、TP输出量分别由1995年的4028.7、379.7 t降至2010年的3611.4和354.0 t,TN、TP净化服务分别增强10.4%和6.8%.研究显示,气候变化和土地利用变化是导致官厅水库流域产水服务发生改变的主要原因,不同时期的水资源保护政策导向也与水质净化服务变化趋势相吻合.      

京津冀水源涵养生态服务供体区与受体区范围的划分

京津冀水资源问题已经严重制约区域经济发展,定量分析研究区水源涵养生态服务供受关系,有助于深刻理解区域上下游之间的生态联系,促进区域生态公平,实现区域社会持续健康发展.利用降水储量法、水量平衡法及水源涵养生态服务供体区与受体区划分方法,分析2000-2010年京津冀净水源涵养量空间格局,划分研究区水源涵养生态服务供体区和受体区范围.结果表明:①冀北燕山山区净水源涵养量最高,年均值为65.24~81.35 mm,其次是冀西太行山山区,年均值为46.47~61.28 mm;净水源涵养量负值区主要分布在东部沿海和大中小城市,年均值为-130.46~-152.39 mm.②水源涵养生态服务供体区占研究区面积的41.42%,单位面积（m2,下同）平均净供水量为0.03~0.07 m3;水源涵养生态服务平衡区面积占25.01%;水源涵养生态服务受体区面积占33.57%,单位面积平均净需水量为0.18~0.41 m3,是供体区供水能力的6倍左右.③从流域来看,滦河流域的承德市为天津市、秦皇岛市及唐山市供应水资源,年均供水总量为23.7×108 m3;永定河流域的张家口市为北京市供应水资源,年均供水总量为5.3×108 m3;大清河流域的保定市为北京市及天津市西南部供应水资源,年均供水总量为8.2×108 m3;但子牙河流域和漳卫河流域供水能力严重不足.研究显示,燕山山区和太行山山区为水源涵养生态服务供体区,东部沿海和大中小城市为主要水源涵养生态服务受体区,水源涵养生态服务供体区净水源涵养能力不能满足水源涵养生态服务受体区需水量,整个研究区供受关系严重失衡.      

城市聚乙烯燃气管道漏气案例统计与原因分析

目的 分析影响聚乙烯燃气管道漏气的薄弱部位及原因,为建立聚乙烯燃气管道安全服役评价方法可行性分析提供实际数据支撑。方法 收集、归纳某城市聚乙烯燃气管道实际应用中的290例漏气案例,从失效薄弱部位、服役年限、月份等多方面进行统计分析,并讨论聚乙烯燃气管道发生漏气的主要原因。结果 PE燃气管道安全服役的钢塑转换、套袖、焊接位置等连接位置是聚乙烯燃气管道服役的薄弱部位,服役年限与漏气案例比例成正比,且各部位的敏感月份相差较大。影响管道服役的主要因素是环境/应力长期耦合作用和外力突发作用。结论 土壤环境中存在的有机酸介质会加速管道老化,特别是对于施工等带来的固有薄弱缺陷、外界因素带来的表面损伤、应力集中等,在土壤服役环境中化学介质、温度、运行压力的耦合作用下,管道性能大大下降,产生漏气事故,给安全运行带来极大威胁。     

Risk assessment of Giardia in rivers of southern China based on continuous monitoring

The occurrence and risks of Giardia in China have been unclear to date, which has made it difficult to properly manage source water as well as to create reasonable drinking water standards. The levels of Giardia in river networks of several cities in Zhejiang Province, China were found to be in the range of 0-5 oocysts/10 L in the rainy season in 2008. The mortality due to Giardia infection for people in this region was calculated to be from 0 to 1.95 × 10^-8 persons using a conditional probability equation. Based on multiple unboiled water intake routes, the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to Giardia infection for people who consumed conventionally treated water was 0.625 (95% CI: 0.137-2.05) per 10⁵ persons, with the symptom of hospitalization making the highest contribution to total DALYs (0.56 per 10⁵ persons; 95% CI: 0.122-1.84). The DALYs decreased to 0.425 (95% CI: 0.137-2.05) per 10⁵ persons per year for those consuming water treated with advanced technology. These values were lower than the acceptable risk (1.97 × 10^-5 DALYs per year). This study revealed the risk of Giardia infection to the people in river networks of Zhejiang Province for the first time, and provides a method to evaluate the risk of Giardia infection. The results are useful for the modification of drinking water quality standards based on cost-benefit analysis.     

埋地成品油管道绝缘接头漏电失效特征分析

目的 分析兰成渝成品油管道某管段绝缘接头漏电失效的原因以及对阴极保护有效性产生的影响.方法 通过电位测量、电阻测试、漏电率测试等方法对管道阴极保护系统中恒电位仪、绝缘接头绝缘性能等进行检测.对该管段进行阴极保护输出、绝缘接头两端电位等参数的返场调研检测,对绝缘接头失效部位管内腐蚀产物成分及形貌进行表征.结果 恒电位仪在清管前后的输出电压差为7.55 V,保护侧与非保护侧电位相同漏电率达90％.绝缘接头两端管段存在大量坑蚀,深度可达3～3.5 mm.绝缘接头垫片处附着大量腐蚀产物,主要成分为Fe3O4和FeOOH等有磁性、易导电的铁氧化物.结论 绝缘接头失效导致管道失去保护,原因是外防腐层破损,外部导电介质会造成管道电搭接;管道内部磁性导电腐蚀产物导致绝缘接头短接.