温度对SBR生物脱氮效能及胞外聚合物的影响

本实验以人工模拟废水为研究对象,采用3组SBR反应器(R_(15℃)、R_(25℃)、R_(35℃)),重点考察了温度对生物脱氮效能、胞外聚合物(EPS)含量及其组分[蛋白质(PN)、多糖(PS)和核酸(DNA)]的影响.结果表明,高温条件有利于促进亚硝酸型生物脱氮体系的建立,显著提高氨氮去除性能.温度对EPS及其组分具有显著影响.随着温度的升高,EPS和TB-EPS含量逐渐降低,而LB-EPS含量逐渐升高,EPS以TB-EPS为主(占69.0%~79.5%),但TB-EPS/LB-EPS比值随着温度升高逐渐降低[3.8(15℃)→3.6(25℃)→2.2(35℃)].在EPS,LB-EPS和TB-EPS中PN和DNA含量随着温度升高而降低,LB-EPS和EPS中PS含量随温度升高而增加.而TB-EPS中PS含量随温度升高而降低,且25℃是各组分浓度变化重要折点.在15℃和25℃时,PN为TB-EPS和LB-EPS的主要成分,PS次之,DNA最少,35℃时,PS成为主要成分,PN次之,DNA最少.此外,本研究也发现,在15℃和25℃时,EPS含量在硝化过程中逐渐增大,反硝化过程中逐渐降低.     

交替好氧/缺氧运行模式对生物脱氮效能及活性污泥胞外聚合物的影响

以实际生活废水为处理对象,考察了SBR工艺好氧/缺氧(O/A)和缺氧/好氧(A/O)运行模式对生物脱氮性能、胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)及其组分(蛋白质PN、多糖PS和核酸DNA)的影响.结果表明,O/A和A/O运行模式下,SBR工艺均获得了高效稳定的NH_4~+-N去除,去除率分别为97.5%和98.0%,且硝化速率与NH_4~+-N负荷呈现较好正相关性.交替缺氧/好氧运行模式对于EPS影响,A/O模式下EPS产量略高于O/A模式下,且运行模式对TB-EPS及其组分(PN、PS和DNA)产量无显著影响,但A/O模式下LB-EPS及其组分(PN和PS)产量均高于O/A模式下,倍数介于1.38~1.56之间.2种模式条件下,PS是TB-EPS和EPS的主要组分,而PN是LB-EPS的主要成分.EPS含量与污泥沉降性能具有良好的线性正相关.     

碳氮比对活性污泥胞外聚合物的长期影响

以人工模拟废水为研究对象,采用4组SBR反应器（R₀,R₅,R₁₀和R₁₅）,重点考察了碳氮比（C/N）对胞外聚合物（EPS）含量及其组分（蛋白质（PN）、多糖（PS）和核酸（DNA））的影响.试验结果表明：C/N对EPS及其组分具有显著影响.随着C/N由0升高至15,EPS和紧密结合型胞外聚合物（TB-EPS）含量逐渐升高,而松散型胞外聚合物（LB-EPS）含量逐渐降低,EPS以TB-EPS为主（占77.4%~93.6%）.EPS和TB-EPS中的PN、PS和DNA含量随着C/N值升高而升高,LB-EPS中的PN、PS和DNA含量随C/N升高而降低.此外,随着C/N的增大,毛细吸水时间（CST）和污泥比阻（SRF）值显著增大,污泥的脱水性能变差.     

盐度对SBR处理垃圾渗滤液污泥胞外聚合物及污泥特性的影响

采用序批式生物反应器(SBR)处理垃圾渗滤液,以投加Na Cl固体的方式改变体系盐度,考察盐度变化对SBR运行过程中污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)及污泥特性的影响。结果表明:盐度的增加(5~15 g/L)对SBR去除COD效果的影响不显著,而对氨氮的去除率则从92%下降至50%;污泥松散型胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)的含量从13.26 mg/g增加至31.75 mg/g,紧密型胞外聚合物(TB-EPS)从19.12 mg/g增至25.75 mg/g。对LB-EPS、TB-EPS中蛋白质(PN)与多糖(PS)进行分析可知,两类EPS中的PN与PS含量均随盐度的增加而增加,但PS的增加量大于PN。进一步将EPS含量的变化与污泥的相关特性进行分析发现,污泥体积指数(SVI)总体上随着EPS含量的增加而增加,污泥的疏水性呈现下降趋势。此外,还发现污泥的Zeta电位受到EPS与盐度的共同影响,呈现先负向减小后增大的趋势,污泥絮体结构随着盐度的增加更为松散。     

厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS及其对污泥表面特性的影响

取厌氧氨氧化EGSB反应器中颗粒污泥,根据粒径筛分为R1(0. 5～1. 4 mm)、R2(1. 4～2. 8 mm)和R3( 2. 8 mm)这3组.提取不同粒径厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS,分析EPS特性及其对厌氧氨氧化聚集体表面特性的影响.随着厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥粒径的增加,PS含量介于(10. 69±0. 11)～(12. 28±0. 15) mg·g~(-1)之间,而PN含量从(56. 88±0. 86) mg·g~(-1)增加到(98. 59±2. 10) mg·g~(-1),且PN/PS从5. 32提高到9. 05.不同粒径厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS官能团及三维荧光组分含量不同.随着颗粒污泥粒径增大,蛋白质二级结构α-螺旋/(β-折叠+无规卷曲)值从0. 60逐渐降低到0. 43,这种变化有利于污泥表面疏水性的表达.随着颗粒污泥粒径的增大,污泥表面疏水性由54. 2%提高到63. 1%,Zeta电位由-41. 2 m V增加到-31. 5 m V,疏水性的增强和表面电荷的增大有利于颗粒污泥的聚集.厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS可以增强污泥疏水性和提高Zeta电位,EPS中的PN发挥着重要的作用.     

Effects of acid,acid-ZVI/PMS,Fe(Ⅱ)/PMS and ZVI/PMS conditioning on the wastewater activated sludge(WAS)dewaterability and extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)

The effects of four conditioning approaches:Acid,Acid-zero-valent iron(ZVI)/peroxydisulfate(PMS),Fe(Ⅱ)/PMS and ZVI/PMS,on wastewater activated sludge(WAS) dewatering and organics distribution in supernatant and extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) layers were investigated.The highest reduction in bound water and the most WAS destruction was achieved by Acid-ZVI/PMS,and the optimum conditions were pH 3,ZVI dosage 0.15 g/g dry solid(DS),oxone dosage 0.07 g/g DS and reaction time 10.6 min with the reductions in capillary suction time(CST) and water content(Wc) as 19.67% and 8.49%,respectively.Four conditioning approaches could result in TOC increase in EPS layers and supernatant,and protein(PN) content in tightly bound EPS(TB-EPS).After conditioning,organics in EPS layers could migrate to supernatant.Polysaccharide(PS) was easier to migrate to supernatant than PN.In addition,Acid,Acid-ZVI/PMS or Fe(Ⅱ)/PMS conditioning promoted the release of some polysaccharides containing ring vibrations v P=O,v C-O-C,v C-O-P functional groups from TB-EPS.ESR spectra proved that both radicals of SO_4~-· and·OH contributed to dewatering and organics transformation and migration.CST value of WAS positively correlated with the ratios of PN/PS in LB-EPS and total EPS,while it negatively correlated with TOC,PN content and PS content in TB-EPS,as well as PS content in supernatant and LB-EPS.BWC negatively correlated to zeta potential and TOC value,PN content,and HA content in supernatant.     

自养菌和异养菌胞外聚合物对活性污泥絮凝特性的影响

为探讨自养菌和异养菌胞外聚合物(Extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)的差异及其对活性污泥表面及絮凝特性的影响,研究了有机负荷为0、0.30和0.74 kg·kg-1·d-1时,污泥松散附着胞外聚合物(loosely bound EPS,LB-EPS)和紧密粘附胞外聚合物(tightly bound EPS,TBEPS)的组分含量、形态、表面特性以及絮凝性能的差异,并就LB-EPS与TB-EPS对污泥絮凝特性影响的作用机理进行了探讨.结果表明,有机负荷越高,多糖含量越高,EPS总量及蛋白质含量越低.由三维荧光光谱测定结果可知,类富里酸物质为异养菌而非自养菌的代谢产物,且有机负荷越高,TB-EPS中的类富里酸荧光峰强度越大.自养和异养污泥的絮凝机理不同,自养活性污泥通过自养菌菌体自身生物絮凝作用形成密实的污泥絮体,LB-EPS与TB-EPS对其絮体形态、表面及絮凝特性影响较小;异养活性污泥絮体形态在TB-EPS提取后发生明显改变,TB-EPS在异养活性污泥絮体聚集时发挥着主要作用.包裹着LB-EPS的污泥表面负电荷多且疏水性差,不利于异养污泥生物絮凝.有机负荷越高,污泥表面Zeta电位负电性越强,相对疏水性(relative hydrophobity,RH)越小,污泥稳定性越差.     

Effect of proteins, polysaccharides, and particle sizes on sludge dewaterability

Four batch experiments of hydrolysis and acidification were carried out to investigate the distributions of proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in the sludge, the PN/PS ratio, the particle sizes, and their relationship with sludge dewaterability (as determined by capillary suction time, CST). The sludge flocs were stratified through centrifugation- and ultrasound-based method into four fractions: (1) slime, (2) loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS), (3) tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS), and (4) pellet. The results showed that PN was mainly partitioned in the pellet (80.7%) and TB-EPS (9.6%) fractions, while PS distributed evenly in the four fractions. During hydrolysis and acidification, PN was transferred from the pellet and TB-EPS fractions to the slime fraction, but PS had no significant transfer trends. The mean particle sizes of the sludge flocs decreased with hydrolysis and acidification. The pH had a more significant influence on the dewaterability of sludge flocs than temperature. Sludge dewaterability during hydrolysis and acidification processes greatly deteriorated from 9.7 s at raw sludge to 340–450 s under alkaline conditions. However, it was just slightly increased under acidic conditions. Further investigation suggested that CST was a ected by soluble PN, soluble PN/PS, and particle sizes of sludge flocs, but was a ected slightly by total PN, PS, or PN/PS in the whole sludge flocs and other fractions (except slime).     

Effects of ultrasonic pretreatment on sludge dewaterability and extracellular polymeric substances distribution in mesophilic anaerobic digestion

Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on sludge dewaterability was determined and the fate of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) matrix in mesophilic anaerobic digestion after ultrasonic pretreatment was studied. Characteristics of proteins (PN), polysaccharides (PS), excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular weight (MW) distribution of dissolved organic matters (DOM) in different EPS fractions were evaluated. The results showed that after ultrasonic pretreatment, the normalized capillary suction time (CST) decreased from 44.4 to 11.1 (sec·L)/g total suspended solids (TSS) during anaerobic digestion, indicating that sludge dewaterability was greatly improved. The normalized CST was significantly correlated with PN concentration (R2 = 0.92, p 0.01) and the PN/PS ratio (R2 = 0.84, p 0.01) in the loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) fraction. Meanwhile, the average MW of DOM in the LB- EPS and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) fractions also had a good correlation with the normalized CST (R2 0.66, p 0.01). According to EEM fluorescence spectroscopy, tryptophan-like substances intensities in the slime, LB-EPS and TB-EPS fractions were correlated with the normalized CST. The organic matters in the EPS matrix played an important role in influencing sludge dewaterability.     

Effects of solution conditions on the physicochemical properties of stratification components of extracellular polymeric substances in anaerobic digested sludge

The composition and effects of solution conditions on the physicochemical properties of the stratification components of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in anaerobic digested sludge were determined. The total EPS in anaerobic digested sludge were extracted by the cation exchange resin method. Another EPS extraction method, the centrifugation and sonication technique was employed to stratify the EPS into three fractions: slime, loosely bound (LB)-EPS, and tightly bound (TB)-EPS from the outside to the inside of the anaerobic digested sludge. Proteins and polysaccharides were dispersed uniformly across the different EPS fractions, and humic-like substances were mainly partitioned in the slime, with TB-EPS second. Protein was the major constituent of the LB-EPS and TB-EPS, and the corresponding ratios ranged from 54.0% to 65.6%. The hydrophobic part in the EPS chemical components was primarily comprised of protein and DNA, while the hydrophilic part was mainly composed of polysaccharide. In the slime, the hydrophobic values of several EPS chemical components (protein, polysaccharide, humic-like substances and DNA) were all below 50%. The protein/polysaccharide ratio had a significant influence on the Zeta potentials and isoelectric point values of the EPS: the greater the protein/polysaccharide ratio of the EPS was, the greater the Zeta potential and the higher the isoelectric point value were. All Zeta potentials of the EPS showed a decreasing trend with increasing pH. The corresponding isoelectric point values (pH) were 2.8 for total EPS, 2.2 for slime, 2.7 for LB-EPS, and 2.6 for TB-EPS. As the ionic strength increased, the Zeta potentials sharply increased and then gradually became constant without charge reversal. In addition, as the temperature increased (< 40°C), the apparent viscosity of the EPS decreased monotonically and then gradually became stable between 40 and 60°C.     

中国典型城市机动车排放演变趋势

选择中国12个典型城市建立1990~2009年机动车排放清单,分析各城市机动车排放历史演变趋势.结果显示,1990~2009年,研究各城市CO、VOCs、NOx和PM排放因子分别降低57%~81%、53%~78%、22%~74%和31%~76%.20年间,各城市CO和VOCs排放量总体在2000年后陆续达到增长峰值后开始下降,总量分别增长1.0倍和1.4倍;NOx和PM排放量总体保持持续增长,分别增长3.2倍和3.3倍.各城市汽油车是CO和VOCs排放主要贡献源,LDA-G、MDTB-G和HDTB-G对各城市机动车CO和VOCs排放的贡献和分别为约70%~90%和约50%~85%,其中LDA-G的排放贡献明显提高.LDA-G、MDTB-G、MDTB-D和HDTB-D贡献了80%~90%的NOx排放,其中MDTB-D和HDTB-D的排放贡献率从平均57.8%上升为72.7%.对于PM,MDTB-D和HDTB-D占排放的70%~90%.此外,部分城市摩托车排放的贡献不容忽视.     

国外保护矿业环境的矿业立法择优

勘探尤其是开采对环境的污染和破坏是比较典型的,为此,世界绝大多数国家制订了独立于矿产资源法的《矿业法》,从立法资源上保证保护矿业环境的法律构建.国外《矿业法》以源头控制、全过程控制、无过错和合力等立法原则,贯通于行政特许权授予为主并综合运用矿业主体激励、市场力量、公众参与等其他管理方式之中,构建成立体性保护矿业环境的法律制度.国外矿业法择优显得我国取代《矿业法》的《矿产资源法》关于矿业环境保护的规定过分“吝啬“.     

小兴安岭泥炭藓沼泽生态系统中的汞

研究了小兴安岭汤旺河流域中的泥炭、土壤和植物样品的汞,泥炭地总汞的平均含量为65.8～186.6ng/g;高于黑龙江土壤A层汞平均含量,也高于美国佛罗里达大沼泽国家公园和瑞典Birkeness湿地的含量.甲基汞平均含量为0.16～1.86ng/g;约占总汞的0.2%～1.4%,泥炭地总汞最高浓度出现在5～10cm深处,为186.6ng/g,甲基汞最高浓度出现在10～15cm处,为1.86ng/g,均随深度增加而减少.甲基汞含量与总汞没有很强的相关性(P=0.05,r=0.28)     

鸭绿江口潮滩沉积物间隙水中的营养盐

通过对鸭绿江口潮滩区2个采样点采集的柱状样分析、培养实验,测定了沉积物间隙水中的营养盐和沉积物中的S^2-结果表明,鸭绿江口潮滩区沉积物间隙水中的NO₃^-含量平均值为3.0μmol/L,垂直分布变化不大.PO₄^3-和SiO₃^2-的含量范围分别为0.8～70.4μmol/L,111.6～1054.3μmol/L,且两者垂直变化类似,随沉积物深度的增加先增加后下降.沉积物中硫化物的分布是随深度增加,含量升高.鸭绿江口潮滩区沉积物Eh、pH的测定结果显示,在13cm以下,Eh降为负值,沉积物还原性逐渐增强.而pH自上而下变化不大.由分子扩散公式计算结果表明,鸭绿江口潮滩区营养盐均由沉积物向上覆水扩散.     

我国四个港湾疏浚物石油污染

文中叙述了１９８８￣１９９０年间，我国４个港湾－大连湾、天津港、深圳湾及珠江河段各疏浚区疏浚物中油类污染调查及分布状况。文中介绍了站位布设原则，样品采集、样品处理、分析测试方法。进行了沾污疏浚物油类出溶出实验，认为油类溶出实验是估价疏浚物油类污染的程度的重要手段。讨论了４港湾疏浚物油类污染水平。大连湾海域疏浚物石油污染明显，珠江河段，深圳湾及天津港疏浚物稍受影响，基本上是清洁的。     

上海城郊夏季大气VOCs在臭氧生成中的作用

为研究上海市夏季臭氧高发季节大气VOCs在臭氧生成中作用,选取2018年5～8月大气臭氧较高的时段,在淀山湖科学观测研究站对103种挥发性有机物、臭氧和氮氧化物等环境污染物进行观测.结果表明,上海臭氧高发季节大气平均φ（VOCs）为32.7×10^-9,羰基化合物是VOCs的主要组分,所占质量分数达35.0%.羰基化合物中甲醛体积分数最高,其次是丙酮,占12种测量羰基化合物总量的82.8%. 5月环境空气的化学反应活性最强,总的臭氧生成潜势（OFP）为337.2μg·m^-3,甲醛贡献率最大.烷烃、烯烃和芳香烃的日变化呈现夜高昼低规律,在早晨出现小峰值,与交通排放影响有关;而醛酮类日变化呈现昼高夜低规律,与光化学反应的二次生成过程有关.OBM模拟结果显示,5～6月属于臭氧生成的VOCs控制区,7～8月属于过渡区.     

深圳市夏季臭氧污染研究

以2009年8月为例分析了深圳市夏季臭氧污染情况及污染气象特征,基于二维空气质量模式对臭氧污染控制进行数值模拟. 结果表明:深圳市８月各监测点均存在臭氧超标现象,污染形势严峻;副热带高压控制和热带气旋外围下沉气流是造成夏季出现高浓度臭氧的主要天气过程,此时大气边界层混合层高度在500～800 m,且近地面风速约在5 ms以内,不利于污染物扩散;臭氧的生成受前体物挥发性有机物(VOC)和氮氧化物(NO_x)排放的共同影响,其中VOC排放的影响较大,深圳市臭氧控制应以降低VOC排放量为重点,模拟得出对VOC和NO_x按25∶1～40∶1的比例协同减排可有效降低臭氧污染.      

瑞丽城区一氧化碳污染的现状

经监测，瑞丽市城区街道空气中一氧化碳的日平均浓度己超过国家二级标准，其主要来源是汽车尾气排放，而且其浓度与汽车流量呈线性正相关。主导风与街道斜交，在街道峡谷内形成旋涡流场，使ＣＯ向背风面扩散并沿街道输送，导致局部测点浓度过高。目前控制ＣＯ浓度宜限制尾气超标汽车入城并合理分流入城汽车。     

我国企业信息化建设中角色关系的思考

我国企业信息化建设中存在三类角色分别是企业、管理咨询公司和信息化产品开发商,他们各有优势和不足.只有三方面互相影响、互相促进、改变三者之间的"挤压关系",建立新的服务、协作、监督关系,企业信息化才能顺利进行.本文通过对这三类角色各自特点的分析和比较,深刻的思考了在我国企业信息化建设中这些角色之间的关系.     

中国海洋生态毒理学的研究进展

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