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1.
生物效应比(BER)技术预测我国水生生物基准探讨 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
基于中国与美国间生物敏感性的差异,对生物效应比(BER)技术预测我国水生生物基准值进行了研究.首先,对中美共有的且急性生物毒性数据符合3门8科的污染物进行筛选,然后,依据两国物种的敏感性与代表性建立基于不同生物组合的BER技术,最后,对不同生物组合BER技术预测水生生物急性基准值与实测基准值进行比较与分析,筛选出预测效果较好的BER技术.结果表明:共筛选出9个中美共有且毒性数据丰富的污染物(As(III)、Cr(VI)、Hg、Cu、Zn、Pb、对硫磷、毒死蜱和三丁基锡),依据本土生物毒性数据推导出该9种污染物的我国水生生物急性基准值分别为201.72、2.64、0.74、1.32、55.83、92.25、0.12、0.36和0.38μg/L.此外,在对7种生物组合方式BER技术的预测效果进行分析比较的基础上,初步提出基于同属或科的生物组合方式的BER技术可较好地对9种污染物的本土水生生物急性基准值进行预测.研究结果可为在本土生物毒性数据缺乏时充分利用现有毒性数据或进行少量毒性试验的基础上对我国水生生物急性基准值的预测提供帮助. 相似文献
2.
实测/预测辽河铬(Ⅵ)水生生物基准与风险评估 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
该研究对辽河流域重金属铬(Ⅵ)的水生生物毒性数据进行搜集与筛选,推导辽河流域铬(Ⅵ)的水生生物基准值,并对辽河流域25个采样点位采集水样,测定铬(Ⅵ)的环境暴露浓度,最后对辽河流域水生生物铬(Ⅵ)暴露的潜在风险进行评估.此外,采用美国环境保护署(US EPA)物种种间关系估算模型(ICE)对辽河流域物种毒性值进行预测,并对基于预测毒性值的水生生物基准进行推导.结果表明,辽河流域基于实测毒性数据的水生生物急性基准值(CMC)为17.73μg·L-1,慢性基准值(CCC)为12.15μg·L-1;ICE模型预测的辽河流域生物毒性值推导的CMC值为13.97μg·L-1,实测CMC值与预测值比较接近,表明ICE模型可应用于水生生物基准值的预测.铬(Ⅵ)的水质分析结果表明25个采样点位水体铬(Ⅵ)浓度较低,均达到GB 3838-2002地表水质标准中铬(Ⅵ)的Ⅰ类或Ⅱ类标准,水质状况良好;然而,在对水生生物的潜在风险方面,通过生态风险评估得出7月辽河流域25个点位中环境暴露值超过慢性基准CCC值的有7个,12月超过慢性基准CCC值的有6个,表明辽河流域个别点位铬(Ⅵ)暴露可能会对水生生物产生不可接受的风险. 相似文献
3.
我国淡水生物菲水质基准研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
菲是一种国内外水体中普遍检出的优控多环芳烃,会对水生生物产生有害影响.然而,由于本土物种生态毒理学数据匮乏等问题,关于菲的基准阈值研究鲜有报道.本研究以9种本土水生生物为研究对象,进行了9种水生生物的急性生态毒理学实验及3种慢性生态毒理学实验并推导了菲的基准阈值.此外,基于物种敏感性分布法(species sensitivity distribution,SSD)对本地和非本地物种之间的差异进行了比较,以期探究美国水生生物毒性数据在我国本土基准阈值推导过程中的可行性.结果显示,采用US EPA"指南"推荐的方法对菲本土水生生物急性基准阈值(CMC)和慢性基准阈值(CCC)进行了推导,分别为0.033 mg·L~(-1)和0.012 mg·L~(-1);另外,本土与美国物种敏感性分布不存在显著性差异,这表明存在使用美国水生生物毒性数据来推导我国菲水生生物基准阈值的可能性. 相似文献
4.
重金属铬(Ⅵ)的生态毒性及其土壤环境基准 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1
目前我国正在系统的开展水质基准研究,但是关于土壤环境基准的研究相对比较薄弱.以保定市农田潮土为研究对象,进行重金属Cr(Ⅵ)对8种土壤植物(小麦、莴苣、黄瓜、玉米、白菜、大豆、韭菜、番茄)的发芽及根伸长和对1种土壤动物(蜗牛)的生长抑制的慢性生态毒理学试验,结合搜集的本土生物毒性数据,基于log-normal物种敏感性分布法(species sensitivity distribution,SSD),计算Cr(Ⅵ)的HC5(对5%物种产生危害的浓度)值和土壤环境基准值.结果表明,Cr(Ⅵ)对小麦、莴苣、白菜、玉米、黄瓜、大豆、韭菜、番茄和土壤无脊椎动物蜗牛的生长影响的无观察效应浓度(NOEC)值分别为19.0、21.0、28.0、32.0、28.0、32.0、32.0、12.0和20.0 mg·kg-1.通过对相同试验条件下生物毒性数据的比较可知,番茄对Cr(Ⅵ)污染的敏感性最高,小麦和莴苣对Cr(Ⅵ)污染的敏感性相似,而玉米、黄瓜、白菜、大豆和韭菜对Cr(Ⅵ)污染的敏感性相似.基于log-normal SSD的保定市潮土中Cr(Ⅵ)的HC5值为7.7(4.1相似文献
5.
中美淡水生物区系中汞物种敏感度分布比较 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6
通过收集无机汞对中国与美国淡水水生生物的毒性数据,构建了脊椎动物(包括鱼类)、无脊椎动物(包括节肢动物和非节肢无脊椎动物)及所有物种对汞的物种敏感度分布(SSD:species sensitivity distributions)曲线,并在此基础上对中国和美国不同类别生物对汞的敏感性分布进行了分析.结果表明:中国与美国各类生物及所有物种对汞的SSD敏感性分布曲线没有显著差异.然而,中国淡水水生物种对汞短期暴露的HC5(hazardous concentration for 5% of the species)较美国淡水物种的阈值小,尤其是非节肢无脊椎动物,汞对美国非节肢动物的HC5值是我国对应物种的7.4倍.在保护95%的物种水平下,中国不同类别试验生物对汞的敏感性排序为无脊椎动物>脊椎动物,其中节肢动物>非节肢无脊椎动物>鱼类;而对应的美国生物对汞的敏感性排序无脊椎动物>脊椎动物,其中节肢动物>鱼类>非节肢无脊椎动物.另外,中美所有节肢动物对汞的敏感性要强于所有鱼类和所有非节肢无脊椎动物.所以在使用所有物种推导水质基准时应考虑其中各类别物种敏感度分布的影响,且需要注意采用美国淡水水生物种推导的水质基准可能会对我国淡水水生物种造成"保护不足". 相似文献
6.
水质基准本土环节动物与水生昆虫受试生物筛选 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
作为水环境质量评价体系中重要的指示生物类别,水生环节动物和水生昆虫是水生生物基准研究中不可或缺的基准受试生物.参照美国水生生物基准技术指南,选择我国广泛分布的10种本土环节动物和水生昆虫,搜集、筛选对各水生物种毒性最大的3种污染物,并进行水生生物敏感性分析.在污染物毒性数据的物种敏感度分布中,若物种的累积概率小于30%则为较敏感,该物种可作为基准研究受试生物.结果表明:不同生物对污染物敏感性存在差异,颤蚓对有机锡化合物、重金属,苏氏尾鳃蚓对重金属均较敏感;仙女虫、黄翅蜻、四节蜉、扁蜉对各类农药均较敏感;尾盘虫能够在一定程度上指示表面活性剂污染状况.因此,环节动物颤蚓属、尾鳃蚓属、尾盘虫属、仙女虫属,水生昆虫黄翅蜻属、四节蜉属及扁蜉属均可作为水质基准研究中的受试生物. 相似文献
7.
环境管理、应急处置和水质标准修订工作亟需石油类污染物淡水水质基准研究作为支撑. 本文筛选整理了大量本土物种毒性数据,利用SSD (物种敏感度分布法)和TPR (毒性百分数排序法)分析了5种典型石油类污染物(原油、苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯)的淡水水生生物急性毒理数据,获得了保护我国淡水水生生物的短期水质基准值. 通过综合对比分析,认为利用SSD获得的基准值可作为石油类污染物的短期水质基准推荐阈值,原油和BTEX(苯系物,包括苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯)的短期水质基准值分别为0.065、2.000、2.340、1.295和1.595 mg/L. 结果表明:①原油的毒性远大于BTEX,这可能是由于毒性的联合作用使得石油的毒性变强. ② 绿水螅对原油最敏感,原因可能是水螅更容易通过摄食或直接摄取获得原油WAF(水溶性组分)的有毒成分;鱼类相较于其他物种对苯更为敏感,而对其他BTEX而言,最敏感物种为节肢动物,原因可能是鱼类和节肢动物器官分化程度以及试验时的龄期选择存在差异,鱼类更易在短时间内将苯代谢为有毒的代谢产物. ③ 不同BTEX的敏感物种虽存在一定差异,但基准值未有数量级的差异. 研究显示,我国现行地表水环境质量标准中石油类标准未单独针对保护水生生物制定,BTEX标准的保护目标是基于人体健康而非水生生物,研究结果对我国石油类污染物环境管理、突发油类污染物对水生生物的危害及风险评估以及淡水水生生物特别是本土物种保护的水质标准制修订工作具有重要的借鉴作用. 相似文献
8.
水质基准方法学中若干关键技术探讨 总被引:10,自引:4,他引:6
我国正在开展系统的水质基准研究,对发达国家的水质基准理论和技术处于学习和研究阶段.物种敏感度分布分析、"最少毒性数据需求"以及基准的修正是水质基准推算中的若干关键技术.以氨氮水生生物基准为例,对这些关键技术进行了研究与探讨,提出在我国本土生物毒性数据缺乏的情况下可在种的水平上对水质基准进行推算.另外,可先利用全部生物的毒性数据进行物种敏感度分析,确定需重点获取的敏感生物类群的毒性数据,再用于基准推算,有望降低推算过程中对毒性数据量的需求.最后,基于中美生物物种分布的差异,借鉴美国修订国家水质基准的水效应比法,提出利用生物效应比法对美国国家水质基准进行修订以获取我国水质基准. 相似文献
9.
硝酸盐对淡水水生生物毒性及水质基准推导 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
为推导保护淡水水生生物的NO3-水质基准,收集了NO3-的水生生物毒性数据,然后分析了不同水生生物类群的毒性敏感性,并分别采用评价因子法、毒性百分数排序法和物种敏感度分布法进行基准值推导.结果表明,不同生物类群的水生生物对NO3-毒性的敏感性存在明显差异,其敏感性排序为节肢动物门>软体动物门>脊索动物门;甲壳纲>昆虫纲>腹足纲>双壳>两栖纲>辐鳍纲.3种基准计算方法得到的基准值存在一定差异,最终推荐采用毒性百分数排序法得出的87.97mg·L-1和5.17 mg·L-1为现阶段NO3-(以N计)的水质急性毒性和慢性毒性基准值. 相似文献
10.
淡水水生生物对阿特拉津除草剂的敏感度 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
针对水环境中普遍存在的农药污染问题,以阿特拉津除草剂作为研究对象,梳理、整合阿特拉津对水生生态系统中不同营养级水生生物的急、慢性毒性数据,构建了基于对数-逻辑斯蒂分布的水生生物物种敏感度分布模型,分析并对比了阿特拉津对不同类群和不同区系水生生物急慢性毒性敏感度差异.结果表明,水生动物和植物、无脊椎动物(包括甲壳类、昆虫类、软体动物和蠕虫类)和脊椎动物(包括鱼类和两栖类动物)对阿特拉津敏感度均存在显著差异.分析了阿特拉津对不同类群水生生物的HC5(5%危险浓度)值,其中对水生动物和植物的急性毒性HC5值分别为4 257.94和12.55 μg/L,慢性毒性的HC5值分别为2.47和1.95 μg/L;对水生脊椎动物和无脊椎动物的HC5值分别为7 490.31和l 611.76 μg/L;对甲壳类和鱼类的HC5值分别为1 201.16和6 639.90 μg/L.在保护95%的物种水平下,不同类群试验生物对阿特拉津的敏感度排序为水生植物>水生动物、水生无脊椎动物>水生脊椎动物、甲壳类动物>鱼类.从统计学角度分析,中国水生动物与北美水生动物对阿特拉津的敏感度差异不显著.但是,中美两国间相对特有水生动物物种对阿特拉津的敏感度存在一定的差异. 相似文献
11.
DING Zhen-hu TANG Qing-he LIU Cai-e WANG Wen-hu ZHUANG Min LIN Yi-ming 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(2):200-204
Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury (HgT), combinative mercury (Hgc) and gaseous mercury (HgG), and content of total organic carbon (TOC), but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of (HgG,/HgT)1992〉(HgG/HgT)1996〉〉(HgG/HgT)2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn: with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants (e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum) are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants. 相似文献
12.
Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA. 相似文献
13.
Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor. 相似文献
14.
The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol (PCP) oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration (CMC). Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme. 相似文献
15.
以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考. 相似文献
16.
XU Qiu-jin NIAN Yue-gang JIN Xiang-can YAN Chang-zhou LIU Jin Jiang Gao-ming 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(2):217-221
Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water. 相似文献
17.
Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 (Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene) as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2+ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2+ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. 相似文献
18.
The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter (NOM). A relatively higher molecular weight (MW) of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved. 相似文献
19.
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses. 相似文献
20.
Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa
and mustard in hydroponic culture 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth. 相似文献