天然斜发沸石对氨氮的快速吸附特性研究

通过静态摇床试验研究了天然斜发沸石对氨氮的吸附特性,以及沸石投加量和外加金属阳离子对其快速吸附氨氮特性的影响。结果表明,沸石对氨氮的等温吸附过程更符合Langmuir吸附模型,其最大吸附量为12.903mgg;沸石粒径减小,有利于沸石对氨氮的交换吸附,不同粒径沸石对氨氮的吸附均符合准二级动力学过程;斜发沸石中与氨氮进行离子交换的阳离子主要为Na+,其次为Ca2+,随着吸附氨氮浓度的升高或吸附时间的延长,Na+与NH4+吸附去除量的比值呈下降趋势,而Ca2+的比值呈上升趋势。沸石投加量与氨氮去除率和沸石释放至水中的总金属阳离子浓度成正比,随着投加量增加Na+与NH4+吸附去除量的比值由1.222增至1.383;溶液中分别加入40mgL的K+,Na+,Ca2+,Mg2+4种离子,对沸石吸附氨氮产生抑制作用的强弱顺序为K+Ca2+Na+Mg2+。     

pH和共存阳离子对草莓茎吸附水体氨氮的影响

为了开发新型氨氮吸附剂和探讨环境因素对氨氮吸附的影响,以草莓茎为吸附材料,通过批平衡法研究了不同初始pH、共存阳离子、初始浓度和温度下氨氮去除的特点.结果表明,等温吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich这2种模型,理论最大吸附量qm在15、25和35℃下分别为3.05、4.24和4.79 mg.g-1.温度升高有利于草莓茎对氨氮的吸附.草莓茎吸附氨氮最适初始pH为4～8.低pH减少草莓茎表面负电荷,高pH减少溶液中NH 4+的含量,都减少氨氮的吸附.草莓茎对溶液pH的缓冲则缓和了两者对氨氮吸附的影响.共存阳离子K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+对草莓吸附铵离子没有竞争作用,而Zn2+、Al3+则由于其水解降低溶液的pH而显著降低草莓茎对氨氮的吸附.草莓茎吸附氨氮的应用pH范围较广且不易受废水中常见金属阳离子的干扰,说明草莓茎不仅可以作为废水中氨氮的吸附剂原料,而且较大多数矿物原料还有其自身的优势.     

竞争性阳离子对粉煤灰合成沸石除氨氮的影响

研究了四种竞争性阳离子(K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+)对三种改性粉煤灰合成沸石(Na沸石,Ca沸石,Al沸石)除氨氮能力的影响,并测定了合成沸石对四个湖泊水样(太湖、巢湖、洱海、抚仙湖)中氨氮的去除效果。结果表明,与Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+比较,K+对合成沸石除氨氮影响大得多;而前三者的影响大小的顺序为Na+Ca2+Mg2+。在纯水中,或不同竞争性阳离子存在下,或天然湖泊水样中,Al沸石和Ca沸石对氨氮的去除能力均远高于Na沸石。太湖和巢湖主要含Na+和Ca2+;洱海水样主要含Ca2+;抚仙湖水样主要含Ca2+和Mg2+;但四个湖泊水样中K+的浓度均为最低。Al沸石和Ca沸石对四个天然湖泊水样中的氨氮具有良好的去除效果,去除率达77%～90%。     

贵州典型森林群落植被冠层的酸雨淋溶特征及缓冲作用

在贵州龙里地区开展酸雨模拟实验,并进行天然降雨连续监测,采集马尾松、灌丛冠层穿透雨,结果表明:①研究区降雨中主要阳离子浓度依次为NH4+Ca2+K+Na+Mg2+,降雨pH值大于6.0时,降雨中NH4+含量降低,Ca2+占优势;降雨中主要阴离子浓度依次为SO42-NO3-Cl-;冠层穿透雨与降雨相比,Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、NO3-、SO42-和有机酸富集,特别是K+、Ca2+、SO42-和有机酸富集倍数最大.②森林冠层对酸雨的缓冲作用体现在酸雨中H+与树叶组织中的盐基阳离子发生交换反应,淋出K+、Mg2+、Ca2+等阳离子,减少了酸雨中H+含量.Na+相对惰性,在降雨和穿透雨中的含量变化不大;K+、Mg2+、Ca2+的淋出是冠层缓冲降雨酸度的主要原因,其中K+和Ca2+作用最突出,其次是Mg2+.③贵州典型森林群落植被冠层的缓冲作用随降雨pH值而变化.对pH值接近3.0的强酸性降雨,经过冠层形成的穿透雨pH值大于降雨,典型森林群落植被冠层对酸雨的缓冲作用依次为马尾松林针阔混交林灌丛;对4.0pH6.0的降雨,马尾松林冠层使降雨更加酸化,典型森林群落植被冠层对酸雨的缓冲作用依次为针阔混交林灌丛马尾松林;对pH值大于6.0的非酸性降雨,经过冠层后被酸化,穿透雨pH值小于降雨;穿透雨pH值基本在4.0～6.0范围内.     

牛粪生物炭对水中氨氮的吸附特性

以牛粪生物炭为吸附剂,研究了p H、粒径、投加量、温度和共存阳离子等因素对牛粪生物炭吸附氨氮的影响及吸附特性.结果表明,共存阳离子Na+、Ca2+的存在对牛粪生物炭吸附氨氮有抑制作用,在Na+、Ca2+浓度相同条件下对氨氮吸附影响大小顺序为Na+Ca2+;牛粪生物炭吸附氨氮的最佳初始p H值应在5~8范围;通过对动力学数据进行分析,发现准二级动力学方程(R2=0.967 3)比准一级动力学方程(R2=0.765 9)和Elovich方程(R2=0.724 9)能更好地拟合动力学数据,颗粒内扩散方程拟合结果发现牛粪生物炭对氨氮的吸附包括表面吸附和颗粒内扩散两个过程.吸附等温线拟合发现Freundlich方程(R2=0.976 2)能很好地描述氨氮在牛粪生物炭上的吸附行为.吉布斯自由能变化(ΔGθ)、焓变(ΔHθ)和熵变(ΔSθ)的计算结果表明,牛粪生物炭对氨氮的吸附是自发的吸热过程.     

粉煤灰提铝中间产物合成4A分子筛对氨氮的吸附行为研究

采用粉煤灰提铝中间产物合成4A分子筛,利用XRD、SEM、热重分析、化学成分分析、阳离子交换容量对4A分子筛进行表征.考察吸附时间、pH、分子筛投加量、氨氮初始浓度、共存阳离子对其吸附性能的影响,研究其对模拟废水中氨氮的吸附效果,并结合准二级动力学方程、吸附等温线研究吸附性能和机理.结果表明,初始浓度为50 mg·L~(-1)、4A分子筛投加量为5 g·L~(-1)、pH值为6~9、吸附时间为80 min时氨氮去除率可达71.34%;随着氨氮初始浓度升高,其去除率降低,吸附容量增加;共存阳离子Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)对NH_4~+有强烈的竞争吸附,Mg~(2+)无明显竞争作用.吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程和Freundlich模型.Langmuir吸附等温线显示最大吸附容量为20 mg·g~(-1).     

pH值和离子对诺氟沙星在胡敏酸上吸附特征的影响

根据OECD Guideline 106批平衡实验,研究了pH值、Ca2+浓度和离子类型对诺氟沙星在胡敏酸上吸附特征的影响.结果表明,吸附系数(Kd)随着pH值的增大有先增加后减小的趋势,在pH 4.0和pH 6.0时吸附系数较大.红外光谱表明,pH 3.0有利于诺氟沙星和胡敏酸形成氢键; pH6.0和7.0时胡敏酸的羧基可能与诺氟沙星的氨基形成了肽键.诺氟沙星在胡敏酸上的吸附量和Kd值随着溶液中Ca2+离子浓度的增加而逐渐减小,表明两者之间存在阳离子吸附和竞争吸附.不同类型的阳离子和阴离子的加入都能导致诺氟沙星在胡敏酸的吸附特性存在差异.阳离子的影响趋势主要为价态的影响,即价态越高,在胡敏酸表面吸附位点的吸附能力就越强,对诺氟沙星吸附阻碍作用越显著,表现在诺氟沙星的最大吸附量(Qm)为:M+ (Na+、K+、NH4+) >M2+ (Mg2+、Ca2+、Zn2+);其次受阳离子的离子半径和水解作用的影响.而只有能水解的阴离子才能对诺氟沙星在胡敏酸上的吸附产生明显的阻碍作用.     

深海适冷菌Pseudoalteromonas sp.SM9913胞外多糖对Pb~(2+)和Cu~(2+)的吸附性能研究

采用深海适冷菌Pseudoalteromonas sp. SM9913分泌的胞外多糖(EPS)分别对Pb2+和Cu2+进行吸附,研究了多糖用量、pH、吸附时间和共存离子对EPS吸附性能的影响及EPS对Pb2+和Cu2+的吸附热力学.结果表明,EPS对Pb2+和Cu2+的吸附量随EPS投加量的增加而减小.EPS对Pb2+和Cu2+的最佳吸附pH分别为4.5～5.5和4.5～6.0. EPS对Cu2+的吸附平衡时间为90 min,对Pb2+的吸附平衡时间则长达180 min.共存离子Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+的加入均降低了EPS对Pb2+的吸附量,Ca2+、Mg2+的加入降低了EPS对Cu2+的吸附量,但低浓度的Na+和实验范围浓度的K+不仅没有降低反而增加了EPS对Cu2+的吸附量.Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich方程均能较好地描述SM9913胞外多糖吸附Pb2+和Cu2+的热力学过程,由Dubinin-Radushkevich方程得到SM9913胞外多糖对Pb2+和Cu2+的最大吸附量分别为243.3 mg/g (10℃) 和36.7 mg/g (40℃).胞外多糖吸附金属离子前后的红外光谱分析表明,多聚糖中C-O-C、乙酰基和羟基是起主要吸附作用的官能团.     

天然沸石对氨氮的动态去除过程研究

针对天然沸石去除氨氮的动态过程问题,通过动力学实验、等温吸附实验、共存阳离子实验和阳离子交换实验展开研究。结果显示:沸石对NH+4的吸附过程与准二级动力学模型拟合良好,但在反应初期更符合粒子内扩散模型;沸石对NH+4的吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程;共存阳离子与NH+4存在竞争吸附,其中Ca2+和K+的影响最大;阳离子交换是沸石吸附氨氮的主要方式,并且在反应初期存在不等量交换现象。     

阳离子对磺胺嘧啶在河流沉积物中吸附特性的影响

采用OECD Guideline批量平衡法,研究磺胺嘧啶在大凌河义县段沉积物中不同Ca2+离子浓度(0.01、0.03、0.05、0.08和0.1mol/L Ca Cl2溶液)和阳离子类型(0.01 mol/L的Ca Cl2、Mg Cl2、Na Cl、KCl溶液)对磺胺嘧啶在河流沉积物中吸附特性的影响。研究表明不同价态阳离子的竞争吸附能力为价态越高,竞争能力越强:M+(Na+、K+)M2+(Ca2+、Mg2+)。不同Ca Cl2浓度下,磺胺嘧啶在河流沉积物吸附中随着阳离子浓度的增加吸附量减小。沉积物中磺胺嘧啶的最大吸附量与沉积物的阳离子交换量呈正相关。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.