基于实际道路测试的轻型汽油车甲烷排放因子模型构建与评估

针对目前机动车温室气体甲烷(CH₄)排放因子缺乏的问题,利用便携式尾气测量系统(Portable Emission Measurement System,PEMS)对13辆轻型汽油车开展实际道路车载测试,获得汽油车CH₄排放因子及排放特征.结果表明,轻型汽油车CH₄排放因子随着国标加严而下降,国6轻型汽油车CH₄排放因子相较于国1车辆下降了约94.5%.基于CH₄逐秒排放特征分析发现,在实际行驶工况下CH₄排放变动剧烈,排放峰值通常出现在高速或高加速工况.同时,研究发现CH₄排放因子与燃烧效率(MCE)、机动车比功率(VSP)呈现显著相关性,通过CH₄与MCE、VSP的关系构建了轻型汽油车不同标准下的基于MCE及基于VSP的排放因子模型.以一辆国4汽油车实测值对模型进行验证与评估,该车CH₄排放因子的实测值为(3.9±0.6) mg·km^-1,基于MCE、VSP的模型模...     

不同排放标准下机动车挥发性有机化合物排放特征趋势研究

针对机动车挥发性有机物（VOCs）排放特征研究中缺乏含氧VOCs（OVOCs）覆盖、缺乏最新国VI排放标准特征识别等问题,本研究选取了涵盖国I~国VI不同排放标准的轻型汽油车和国Ⅲ~国Ⅴ柴油车为研究对象进行底盘测功机测试,采用SUMMA罐和DNPH管采样相结合的方法,探究了不同排放标准下机动车尾气中VOCs排放特征的变化趋势及启动方式对VOCs排放特征的影响.结果表明,不同排放标准的轻型汽油车尾气组成呈现较大差异.随着排放标准的升级,烷烃、烯炔烃和芳香烃的质量比例逐渐减少,OVOCs逐渐增加,国Ⅰ~国IV轻型汽油车排放以烷烃和芳香烃为主,国V~国Ⅵ轻型汽油车排放以OVOCs为主.国VI轻型汽油车中OVOCs占比高达58.0%,其中,甲醛、乙醛和丙酮合计占47.3%.不同排放标准的柴油车尾气中VOCs均以OVOCs和烯炔烃为主,占79.0%~83.0%.此外,冷启动是机动车尾气VOCs排放的主要阶段,此阶段的VOCs排放因子显著高于热启动,但随着排放标准升级,柴油车在启动阶段的VOCs排放降幅仅有约40%,显著小于全工况排放降幅（77.5%）,表明柴油车启动过程对VOCs排放贡献随排放标准升级逐步加大.本研究凸显了在我国机动车排放标准不断升级的背景下VOCs排放的重要性,需要在制定机动车VOCs排放控制策略中重点关注柴油车尾气中烯炔烃和汽油车尾气中OVOCs减排.     

珠江三角洲轻型汽油车匀速状态挥发性有机物排放特征研究

以18辆轻型汽油车(LDGVs)为研究对象,利用底盘测功机搭建挥发性有机物(VOCs)采样系统.利用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)和高效液相色谱(HPLC)识别了匀速25 km·h~(-1)时尾气VOCs化学成分谱和排放因子,并在分析时考虑了排放标准、行驶工况和车辆属性等因素的影响.结果表明,轻型汽油车低速匀速工况下尾气组成以烷烃(40.8%,C_5～C_7烷烃较多)为主,其次是芳香烃(29.5%)和含氧VOCs(26.0%),烯炔烃(3.6%)和卤代烃(0.1%)较少.其中,甲醛、异戊烷、甲苯、苯、间/对二甲苯、丙酮、2-甲基戊烷、正戊烷、1,2,4-三甲基苯和壬醛是比例最高的物质(52.01%).低速匀速行驶中生成了比例更低的烯烃和比例更高的C_5～C_7烷烃和OVOCs.排放标准为国III、IV和V的轻型汽油车在低速匀速工况下,VOCs排放因子分别为(50.12±46.83)、(40.26±31.15)和(3.25±0.65) mg·km~(-1).国IV到国V车的烷烃、烯炔烃、芳香烃、卤代烃和总VOCs降幅均超过88%,而OVOCs降幅只有约55%,说明OVOCs在国V车的排放富集程度更高.总体来讲,国V车排放的VOCs反应活性约为国IV车排放的VOCs反应活性的11%.车辆属性对VOCs排放的影响表现为:年份、里程和排量的增加会促进VOCs排放的整体增加,而基准质量对VOCs排放的影响相对较小.     

轻型汽油车尾气PM2.5的排放特征

为研究轻型汽油车尾气PM_2.5的排放特征,利用整车测试台架和颗粒物稀释采样系统,对12辆轻型汽油车尾气的PM_2.5进行了采集,并进一步分析了PM_2.5排放因子及其碳质组分——OC(有机碳)和EC(元素碳)的排放特征;在此基础上,参考文献研究结果,计算了我国轻型汽油车分阶段PM_2.5排放因子,结合活动水平数据估算轻型汽油车PM_2.5排放量.结果表明:测试的国Ⅰ前~国Ⅳ轻型汽油车PM_2.5平均排放因子分别为(73.2±3.8)(50.5±45.4)(34.7±18.4)(22.6±10.3)和(1.0±0.2)mg/km,随排放阶段升级而显著降低.OC是轻型汽油车尾气PM_2.5中的主要碳质组分,在TC(总碳)中所占比例超过90%. 2012年我国轻型汽油车PM_2.5排放量为21 828.7 t,占机动车颗粒物排放总量的3.5%,其中仅占轻型汽油车保有量17%的国Ⅰ及以前车辆排放了约43%的PM_2.5. 研究显示,轻型汽油车尤其是国Ⅰ及国Ⅰ前车辆颗粒物排放不容忽视,在机动车颗粒物减排工作中应给予足够重视.      

轻型汽油车尾气OC和EC排放因子实测研究

选取27辆国3~国5轻型汽油车采用实验室底盘测功机和全流稀释定容采样系统(CVS)开展了尾气颗粒物中有机碳(OC)和无机碳(EC)组分的排放因子实测,分析了启动条件、行驶工况和喷油方式对轻型汽油车OC和EC排放的影响.结果表明,国3~国5轻型汽油车OC平均排放因子分别为(2.09±1.03)、(1.59±0.78)和(0.75±0.31)mg·km-1,EC平均排放因子分别为(1.98±1.42)、(1.57±1.80)和(0.65±0.49)mg·km-1,二者均随排放标准的提升呈显著下降趋势,OC/EC值分别为1.54±0.92、1.53±0.91以及1.47±0.66.OC1、OC2以及EC1和EC2是轻型汽油车排放的最主要碳质组分,分别占15.0%、20.6%、22.2%和21.7%.冷启动条件下轻型汽油车OC和EC排放约为热启动的1.4和1.8倍;高速工况下轻型汽油车OC和EC排放因子约为城区工况的2倍和4倍;缸内直喷(GDI)发动机的OC排放因子与进气道喷射(PFI)发动机接近,但EC排放因子约是后者的1.7倍,随着我国轻型汽油车中GDI发动机日渐普及,其EC排放应当引起密切关注.     

在用汽油和柴油车排放颗粒物的粒径分布特征实测

分别选取国3～国5轻型汽油车9辆和重型柴油车15辆采用实验室底盘测功机和全流稀释定容采样系统(CVS)开展了汽柴油车尾气颗粒物排放因子实测和粒径分布比较,分析并比较了行驶工况和排放控制水平对汽柴油车尾气颗粒物排放因子和粒径分布的影响.结果表明,轻型汽油车和重型柴油车的颗粒数量单位燃料平均排放因子分别为(4.1±4.0)×10~(14) kg~(-1)和(5.7±4.3)×10~(15) kg~(-1),重型柴油车颗粒数量排放因子是轻型汽油车的(14±7)倍.轻型汽油车超高速工况下颗粒物数量排放因子显著高于其他工况,颗粒数排放因子达到(5.1±5.0)×10~(13) km~(-1),分别是低速、中速和中速工况的11.7、 14.1和7.3倍,重型柴油车高速工况颗粒数排放因子分别是低速和中速工况的2.5倍和1.4倍,且增长的颗粒物主要为核模态颗粒.国3～国5排放控制水平下汽油车颗粒物数量排放因子分别为(2.7±1.7)×10~(13)、(2.6±1.3)×10~(13)和(1.6±1.2)×10~(13) km~(-1),重型柴油车颗粒物数量排放因子分别为(2.2±1.2)×10~(15)、 2.0×10~(15)和(7.1±2.1)×10~(14) km~(-1),随着排放控制水平的提升,轻型汽油车和重型柴油车颗粒数排放控制总体上均呈现较好地下降趋势,但柴油车排放粒径110nm以上颗粒物随排放标准的提升未有改善,虽然柴油车粒径110 nm以上的数量排放因子相对较低,但其对环境的危害不容忽视,应当引起必要的关注.     

轻型汽油车稳态工况下的尾气排放特征

选取不同排放标准的127辆轻型汽油客车和10辆轻型汽油货车为研究对象,利用便携式车载测试系统(portable emission measurement system, PEMS)结合台架稳态工况(acceleration simulation mode, ASM),探究了不同工况与车辆参数对轻型汽油车气态污染物二氧化碳(CO_2)、一氧化碳(CO)、氮氧化物(NO_x)、碳氢化合物(HC)和甲烷(CH_4)排放的影响.结果表明,轻型汽油车气态污染物在怠速工况下的排放率较低,仅为加速工况和匀速工况的22.9%和25.8%.污染物排放特征与工况密切相关,CO_2和NO_x在加速工况时的排放率小于匀速工况,而CO、HC和CH_4在加速工况时的排放率却大于匀速工况.在低速稳态下,轻型汽油客车和轻型汽油货车CO_2、CO、NO_x、HC和CH_4的排放因子分别为383.20、 2.98、 1.60、 0.14和0.03 g·km~(-1)和360.66、 2.64、 1.61、 0.005 5和0.002 7 g·km~(-1).排放标准的加严带来了明显减排效果,CO、NO_x、HC和CH_4的排放因子从国Ⅰ～国Ⅴ分别下降了87.5%、 97.3%、 97.9%和86.4%.车龄、行驶里程和基准质量与车辆污染物的排放存在非线性关系,发动机排量与机动车的尾气污染物的排放呈正相关.     

国五和国六轻型汽油车蒸发排放因子与特征研究

挥发性有机物（VOCs）是光化学污染形成的重要前体物，汽油车的蒸发排放是VOCs的重要排放来源。排放清单是表征汽油车VOCs排放的重要手段，汽油车的VOCs蒸发排放因子是建立源排放清单重要的数据基础。该文通过整车蒸发排放试验获取国五和国六轻型汽油车的热浸和昼夜VOCs排放因子，为建立汽油车VOCs排放清单提供重要的数据参考。结果表明，国五轻型汽油车热浸VOCs平均排放因子为(0.11±0.11) g/h，昼夜损失平均排放因子为(0.61±0.29) g/d；国六轻型汽油车热浸VOCs排放因子为(0.095±0.077) g/h，昼夜损失平均排放因子在(0.23±0.16) g/d。研究表明昼夜排放测试中，蒸发密闭室内VOCs质量排放上升速度先快后慢；相较于国五车辆，国六车辆车的昼夜排放改善更为明显，且使用95号汽油的车辆比使用92号汽油的车辆蒸发排放略低。     

北京市轻型汽油车蒸发排放总量评估

通过实际测试得到轻型汽油车蒸发排放热浸和昼间排放因子,结合北京市轻型汽油车保有量和车辆使用情况,基于MOVES模型评估北京市轻型汽油车蒸发排放总量.结果表明,国五和国六标准车辆的平均蒸发排放因子分为1.03,0.37g/test;轻型汽油车蒸发排放随行驶里程增加未出现明显劣化趋势;北京市轻型汽油车蒸发排放总量为8299...     

轻型汽油车VOCs排放特征及其大气反应活性

采用车载式尾气测量系统对国Ⅱ、国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ轻型汽油车在实际道路排放的尾气进行样品采集,并采用GC-MS、GC-FID对尾气中烷烃、烯烃、苯系物进行测试分析.结果表明轻型汽油车的VOCs排放因子随排放标准的提高显著降低,国Ⅱ、国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ3种车型的排放因子分别为49.62、21.65、6.72mg/km.苯系物占测定VOCs组分的比例最高,占到总VOCs的47.43%~60.52%.由排放的VOCs估算获得不同标准车型的臭氧生成潜势及二次有机气溶胶生成潜势分别为24.64~234.14mg/km和13.24~125.32mg/km.在对国Ⅲ车型进行的不同速度的实验结果显示,轻型汽油车尾气VOCs排放因子及相应的臭氧生成潜势和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势均随实验车速的升高而降低.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.