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1.
卤系阻燃剂在东江鱼体中的生物富集   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
准确获取化合物的生物富集因子(BAF)对于判定化合物是否属于潜在毒害性污染物、评价其生态环境风险都具有重要的意义.本文以东江水体为研究区域,以PBDEs、DBDPE、DP、TBBPA和HBCDs为目标化合物,研究了其在3种鱼体中的富集特征.结果表明,5种化合物的lg BAF的变化范围分别为5.0~7.4、6.1~7.1、4.6~7.9、2.6~4.6和4.8~7.7.在本研究中,大多的化合物lg BAF值均大于3.7,说明这些污染物都具有生物富集能力.HFRs的BAF值总体随着lg Kow值的增加而增加,但当lg Kow7时,生物对PBDEs的生物富集能力有所下降.γ-HBCD向α-HBCD的生物转化以及生物体对BDE66和BDE99的代谢导致这几种单体偏离了这个模型预测趋势.DBDPE的BAF值大于BDE209的BAF值,作为大分子污染物,DBDPE的生物富集能力应该值得关注.通过对污染物的生物沉积物富集因子(BSAF)的计算,发现绝大多数的污染物的BSAF值均小于1,表明沉积物不太可能作为水生生物的污染源.  相似文献   

2.
有机锡化合物为金属化合物中少数毒性较大的有机化合物之一.有机锡化合物大致分为R_3S_nX型和R_2S_nX_2型两大系统.R_3S_nX型毒性较强,主要为三丁基锡和苯基锡化合物,它们用来作农药、杀虫剂,并用来生产船底及鱼网防腐涂料,以防止藤壶、藻类、贝类在船底及鱼网上附着.R_2S_nX_2型毒性较弱,大量用作塑料稳定剂.由于有机锡化合物对生物,特别是对海洋中贝类、鱼类的毒性较强,而海洋生物对其又有着较强的富集能力,因此,有机锡对海洋环境的污染引起了各国的普遍关注.  相似文献   

3.
天然水体中有机锡的富集分离方法   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
对天然水体中有机锡的来源、生物效应及研究意义进行了大致介绍,主要对富集分离技术做了较为系统的综述。富集分离技术是降低检出限、提高灵敏度的前提和重要途径,因此是有机锡分析方法研究中的重点。  相似文献   

4.
有机锡污染调控对策初步分析   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10       下载免费PDF全文
 评述了有机锡化合物的生产与使用情况。有机锡污染及对生物的毒性效应、有机锡研究现状与趋势,并在此基础上初步提出了我国控制有机锡污染的对策与建议。  相似文献   

5.
南极菲尔德斯半岛近岸海洋生物体有机锡污染状况   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
在南极地区已发现丁基锡污染,但有关苯基锡污染及有机锡在食物链中的传递等相关研究尚未见报道.为此,自2014年12月—2015年1月从南极菲尔德斯半岛周边采集了20种海洋生物共32个混合样品(即由多个同种生物个体混合而成),经甲醇/醋酸提取、四乙基硼化钠衍生和弗洛里硅土柱净化等过程处理后,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对样品中一丁基锡(MBT)、二丁基锡(DBT)、三丁基锡(TBT)、二苯基锡(DPhT)和三苯基锡(TPhT)进行测定,并讨论了不同有机锡化合物在食物链中的传递特征.结果表明:海藻、无脊椎动物、鱼类、海豹、鸟类中有机锡含量分别为n.d.~19.5、8.6~11.0、10.8、4.2~12.9、21.6~27.0 ng·g~(-1)(以Sn计,若未注明均以干重计),生物样品中TBT、DBT、TPhT、DPhT均有检出,而MBT均未检出;大型海藻对TBT、DBT有一定富集能力,且TBT一定程度上表现出随营养级生物放大效应;TBT和TPhT在食物链顶端含量最高,同时发现高营养级的生物具有排出部分有机锡的能力.  相似文献   

6.
水质基准本土环节动物与水生昆虫受试生物筛选   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
作为水环境质量评价体系中重要的指示生物类别,水生环节动物和水生昆虫是水生生物基准研究中不可或缺的基准受试生物.参照美国水生生物基准技术指南,选择我国广泛分布的10种本土环节动物和水生昆虫,搜集、筛选对各水生物种毒性最大的3种污染物,并进行水生生物敏感性分析.在污染物毒性数据的物种敏感度分布中,若物种的累积概率小于30%则为较敏感,该物种可作为基准研究受试生物.结果表明:不同生物对污染物敏感性存在差异,颤蚓对有机锡化合物、重金属,苏氏尾鳃蚓对重金属均较敏感;仙女虫、黄翅蜻、四节蜉、扁蜉对各类农药均较敏感;尾盘虫能够在一定程度上指示表面活性剂污染状况.因此,环节动物颤蚓属、尾鳃蚓属、尾盘虫属、仙女虫属,水生昆虫黄翅蜻属、四节蜉属及扁蜉属均可作为水质基准研究中的受试生物.  相似文献   

7.
环境中的重金属来源广泛,在环境中有稳定、迁移、累积的特性,已严重危胁到人类健康。控制和消除重金属污染是当今世界环境面临的紧迫问题和巨大挑战。以水环境中的重金属修复为要点,介绍了利用微藻作为吸附材料的创新型生物修复技术在污水修复领域的可行性和优势,根据微藻富集重金属的主要机制,详述了生物富集的过程以及影响吸附行为的主要因素(pH、温度、离子强度、溶解性有机质),并指出了现阶段微藻生物富集重金属的研究重点和趋势。  相似文献   

8.
本文着重综述废气的生物处理技术,介绍其特性、优缺点和应用范围。挥发性有机和无机物及臭味,可在生物滤池、生物洗涤器和生物滴滤池中,经吸收或吸附和生物分解而有效地去除。其应用范围可扩大到较高浓度和流量,并可扩大可降解化合物的范围,生物技术的最新发展,可使疏水性挥发物的处理更有效。因此,生物控制技术越来越受人们重视,将在大气污染防治中起重要作用。  相似文献   

9.
有机锡的海洋环境化学   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
海洋环境中的有机锡化合物主要来源于海洋防污涂料。因而海洋环境中的有机 锡多以毒性较高的三有机锡衍生物而存在,如:三丁基氧化锡,三丁基氟化锡等。 有机锡对海洋生物的影响较大,特别是海洋指示性生物,如贻贝、牡蛎等。但是, 当有机锡进入海洋环境后,将经受着生物和非生物降解,转化成毒性较低的有机锡 衍生物,因此,认为在开阔海域一般不会造成严重的长期污染。相反,在一些特定 的海域,如:码头、贝类养殖场等,海洋有机锡的污染应引起足够的重视。文中指 出,需要进一步地加强有机锡的海洋环境化学研究,尤其是有机锡在海洋环境中的 迁移转化规律。  相似文献   

10.
 研究了在水培条件下,菠菜和胡萝卜对气态DDTs类物质的生物富集规律.结果表明,DDTs类物质主要在菠菜和胡萝卜叶部富集,并呈如下规律:Wp,p’-DDE>Wo,p,-DDE>Wp,p-DDD>Wp,p’-DDT>Wo,p’-DDT.不同DDTs在菠菜和胡萝卜体内的富集能力不同.在菠菜和胡萝卜体内,生物富集系数BCFp,p’-DDE>BCFo,p’-DDE>BCFp,p’-DDD>BCFp,p’-DDT>BCFo,p’-DDT.气态DDT类物质在菠菜叶部的生物富集量和生物富集系数均高于胡萝卜.降解产物p,p’-DDEo,p’-DDE在菠菜和胡萝卜体内的平均富集量和生物富集系数BCF值均大于其母体化合物p,p’-DDTo,p’-DDT.  相似文献   

11.
Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP 1,6- quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that (1) the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; (2) the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; (3) the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% (w/v), concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.  相似文献   

12.
Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.  相似文献   

13.
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.  相似文献   

15.
Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.  相似文献   

16.
Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene (PS) bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as "purge and trap" and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.  相似文献   

17.
In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato (Solanum tuberosum) and brinjal (Solanum melongena), for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.  相似文献   

18.
UNITANK is a biological wastewater treatment process that combines the advantages of traditional activated sludge process and sequencing batch reactor, which is divided into Tank A, B and C. In this study, the sludge distribution and its impact on performance of UNITANK were carried out in Liede Wastewater Plant (WWTP) of Guangzhou, China. Results showed that there was a strong affiliation between Tank A and B of the system in sludge concentration distribution. The initial sludge concentration in Tank A could present the sludge distribution of the whole system. The sludge distribution was mainly influenced by hydraulic condition. Unsteady sludge distribution had an impact on variations of substrates in reactors, especially in decisive reactor, and this could lead to failure of system. Settler could partially remove substrates such as COD and NO3-N, but there was adventure of sludge deterioration. The rational initial sludge concentration in Tank A should be 4000-6000 mg/L MLSS.  相似文献   

19.
The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.  相似文献   

20.
A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p < 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.  相似文献   

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