有机凹凸棒石负载纳米零价铁去除水中六价铬

以黏土为载体负载纳米零价铁（nZVI,nanoscale zero-valent iron）可改善零价铁颗粒的团聚行为,增强其反应性.在负载过程中铁和黏土用量比例不同,对nZVI颗粒团聚和反应性的影响也不同.以有机凹凸棒石（CTMAB/A）为载体,采用液相还原法在1：3和1：5两种铁土质量比条件下制备负载型纳米零价铁复合材料CTMAB/A-nZVI-3和CTMAB/A-nZVI-5.利用X射线衍射仪（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）表征了两种负载样品和不添加黏土载体时nZVI的分散差异,并通过X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）分析样品与Cr（VI）反应后的产物分布.结果表明：降低负载反应时的铁土比能明显改善nZVI粒子的团聚现象、减小nZVI平均粒径、提高小粒径颗粒占比、增强其反应活性.小于10nm的nZVI颗粒在CTMAB/A-nZVI-3和CTMAB/A-nZVI-5负载nZVI总数中占比分别为3.60%和7.60%,在不负载的nZVI样品中占比为0.铁的投加量同为0.75g/L时,CTMAB/A-nZVI-5中铁对Cr（VI）去除率为86.20%,CTMAB/A-nZVI-3中为78.00%.     

响应面法优化桉树基磁性活性炭吸附Cr(VI)的条件

为了获得桉树基磁性活性炭吸附废水中Cr(VI)的最佳吸附条件,以Cr(VI)的去除率为响应值,采用BoxBehnken响应面法对p H、桉树基磁性活性炭投加量、Cr(VI)的初始浓度和温度4个因素进行优化并得到回归模型。结果表明,经实验修正后的最佳吸附条件为:p H=2、初始Cr(VI)浓度为290 mg/L、桉树基磁性活性炭投加量为0.15 g,温度为45℃。最优条件下,Cr(VI)去除率为99.84%。     

净水污泥负载零价纳米铁去除水中Cr(VI)

以净水污泥为原料,采用NaBH_4液相还原Fe(NO_3)_3·9H_2O的方法制备了净水污泥负载零价纳米铁(WS-nZVI)吸附剂,并用于去除含铬废水中的Cr(VI)。考察了Cr(VI)溶液的pH值、WS-nZVI投加量、Cr(VI)溶液初始浓度等因素对WS-nZVI去除Cr(VI)的效果影响,同时与还原铁粉、原泥进行了去除Cr(VI)的对比实验。采用SEM、BET、XRD和FTIR对WS-nZVI进行表征。实验结果表明:WS-nZVI去除Cr(VI)的效果要好于还原铁粉和原泥,当作用时间为3.5 h,WS-nZVI投加量为10 g/L时对Cr(VI)的去除效果最佳。利用净水污泥的吸附性能和零价纳米铁的还原性能协同作用,可将溶液中Cr(VI)还原为Cr(III)后吸附去除。     

氨基改性生物炭负载纳米零价铁去除水中Cr(VI)

以聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）为功能单体,玉米秸秆生物炭为载体,制备了氨基改性生物炭负载型纳米零价铁（nZVI@PEI-HBC）,并利用扫描电镜（SEM）、红外光谱（FTIR）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等手段对材料进行了表征,分析了溶液pH、温度、材料投加量等因素对其去除Cr（VI）的影响及其去除机理.结果表明：在投加量为0.5 g·L^-1,温度为20℃,pH值为5,Cr（VI）初始浓度为20 mg·L^-1条件下,各材料对Cr（VI）的去除率大小为nZVI@PEI-HBC > nZVI > PEI-HBC > HBC.SEM显示nZVI颗粒较均匀地分散在生物炭表面,FTIR分析表明PEI改性后材料表面增加了氨基等重金属配位基团,这可能是nZVI@PEI-HBC去除Cr（VI）效果更好的原因.影响因素研究表明,材料具有较好稳定性,老化28 d后其Cr（VI）去除性能变化不大;酸性环境、升温、增大材料投加量均有利于nZVI@PEI-HBC对Cr（VI）的去除.机理研究发现,水中溶解氧加速了nZVI的腐蚀和Fe（II）的释放,促进Cr（VI）还原为Cr（III）,然后通过共沉淀作用和氨基等基团的吸附作用被去除.     

腐植酸对nZVI去除水中Cr(VI)的抑制及抑制作用的消除

以纳米级零价铁(nZVI)为主要工具修复受污染水体中的Cr(VI),考察了腐植酸(HA)对nZVI去除水中Cr(VI)的抑制作用,并初步探讨了淀粉稳定化nZVI对HA抑制作用的消除.结果表明,随着HA初始浓度由0增加大5,10,15,20,30mg/L,反应10min nZVI对Cr(VI)的去除效率分别达到91.9%,82.6%,78.6%,70.4%,70.0 %和69.4 %.可见,HA对nZVI去除Cr(VI)的影响是双方面的,一方面,HA会吸附在nZVI的表面,占据nZVI表面的活性反应部位,导致反应速率的下降;另一方面,HA表面带有大量的活性基团, 有较大的负电性,会起到一定传递电子的作用,进一步促进反应的进行.由于nZVI的比表面积较大,HA的吸附作用占据主导地位, 导致HA的加入对nZVI去除Cr(VI)反应产生明显的抑制作用. 适量淀粉(0.5g/L)的加入确实能够起到阻碍nZVI颗粒团聚和HA在nZVI颗粒表面吸附的作用,从而维持nZVI较高的反应活性,消除HA对nZVI去除Cr(VI)的抑制作用.     

铁炭微电解还原Cr(Ⅵ)的动力学及其响应面法条件优化

以Cr(VI)模拟废水为研究对象,研究了铁碳微电解过程中溶液p H、铁屑投加量、反应时间、铁碳质量比及溶液初始浓度等因素对处理过程的影响。在单因素实验基础上,以Cr(VI)去除率为考察目标,溶液初始p H、反应时间、铁炭质量比为考察因素,采用Box-Behnken响应曲面法优化了铁炭微电解处理Cr(VI)的工艺条件与拟合二次多项式回归数学模型,分析了3个独立变量之间的交互作用对Cr(VI)去除率的影响。结果表明,当最佳工艺条件p H为2,反应时间为60 min,m(Fe)∶m(C)为2.5时废水中Cr(VI)去除率可达97.85%,与模型预测值96.46%接近,证实了该模型的可靠性。     

纳米零价铁/EGSB耦合深度处理印染废水的研究

采用纳米零价铁(nZVI)-厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床(EGSB)耦合处理印染废水,以活性艳红X-3B溶液模拟印染废水,单独nZVI和单独EGSB作为空白对照,考察了不同nZVI浓度、pH、初始X-3B浓度、温度等条件对该耦合体系处理效果的影响。试验结果表明:nZVI/EGSB耦合体系能有效去除印染废水的色度,在染料X-3B初始浓度为100 mg/L,nZVI投加量为0.5 g/L,pH 6.0,30℃的条件下,48 h以内去除率可达98.93%。该耦合体系脱色效果明显高于单独nZVI或单独EGSB反应器处理效果,有较好的应用前景。     

氯化铁改性活性炭吸附Cr(VI)的性能研究

采用氯化铁溶液对活性炭进行改性,制备了氯化铁改性活性炭(Fe-GAC)。采用比表面积测定和孔容分析、扫描电镜分析以及Boehm官能团滴定等方法,对改性前后活性炭的表面理化性质进行表征。以含Cr(VI)废水为处理对象,考察了吸附剂投加量、时间、p H值、初始浓度、反应温度对吸附性能的影响。结果表明:对于浓度为10 mg/L的Cr(VI)溶液,Fe-GAC和GAC的最佳投加量为4 g/L时,去除率分别为98.23%和78.32%,吸附平衡时间均为300 min;在p H值4~10的范围内,吸附剂对Cr(VI)的去除率随着溶液p H值的增大而减少,吸附剂对Cr(VI)的去除率均随着溶液初始浓度的增大而减小。在15℃到35℃范围内,随着温度的增加,吸附剂对水中Cr(VI)的去除率均略有增加,吸附反应属于吸热反应。吸附过程与Langmuir吸附等温线方程及Lagergren准二级动力方程拟合较好,相关系数R2都在0.99以上。     

零价纳米铁吸附去除水中六价铬的研究

利用液相还原法制备的零价纳米铁(nZVI)进行了去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)的实验研究.结果表明,nZVI对Cr的去除效果明显优于还原铁粉和粉末活性碳;pH值越小、初始Cr浓度越低、nZVI放置时间越短及投加量越大均有利于水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除,最佳去除率近100%;反应动力学拟合结果表明,nZVI去除六价铬符合准二级动力学模型;反应后nZVI颗粒的扫描电镜及电子能谱结果显示Cr占12.02%(wt),结合对反应溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)分析,说明吸附、还原与共沉淀可能是nZVI去除水中六价铬的主要机理.     

负载纳米零价铁铜藻基活性炭的制备及其去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)的研究

以铜藻为原料,采用氯化锌活化法、初湿含浸法制备了负载纳米零价铁铜藻基活性炭(NZVI/SAC),并采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜和X射线光电子能谱等方法对材料进行了分析.结果表明,纳米零价铁颗粒以50~150 nm粒径的球形形态负载在铜藻基活性炭上,且NZVI/SAC表面具有一层以铁的氧化物形态存在的核壳结构.对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除实验表明,NZVI/SAC是一种适用于高浓度Cr(Ⅵ)废水的处理材料;NZVI/SAC去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)的机制是还原反应与吸附共同作用,p H4时NZVI/SAC对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除以还原作用为主,p H4时材料对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除主要以NZVI和SAC的吸附作用决定;当载铁量为30%、p H=2、温度为30℃时,2 g·L-1的NZVI/SAC能将100 mg·L-1Cr(Ⅵ)在10 min内快速降解,此时以还原反应为主,最终去除率达100%.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.