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1.
We studied the formation of four nitrogenous DBPs(N-DBPs) classes(haloacetonitriles,halonitromethanes, haloacetamides, and N-nitrosamines), as well as trihalomethanes and total organic halogen(TOX), after chlorination or chloramination of source waters. We also evaluated the relative and additive toxicity of N-DBPs and water treatment options for minimisation of N-DBPs. The formation of halonitromethanes, haloacetamides, and N-nitrosamines was higher after chloramination and positively correlated with dissolved organic nitrogen or total nitrogen. N-DBPs were major contributors to the toxicity of both chlorinated and chloraminated waters. The strong correlation between bromide concentration and the overall calculated DBP additive toxicity for both chlorinated and chloraminated source waters demonstrated that formation of brominated haloacetonitriles was the main contributor to toxicity. Ozone–biological activated carbon treatment was not effective in removing N-DBP precursors. The occurrence and formation of N-DBPs should be investigated on a case-by-case basis, especially where advanced water treatment processes are being considered to minimise their formation in drinking waters, and where chloramination is used for final disinfection.  相似文献   

2.
The effects of addition of calcium hydroxide on aluminum sulphate(or alum) coagulation for removal of natural organic matter(NOM) and its subsequent effect on the formation potentials of two major types of regulated disinfection byproducts(DBPs),haloacetic acids(HAAs) and trihalomethanes(THMs),have been examined.The results revealed several noteworthy phenomena.At the optimal coagulation pH(i.e.6),the coagulation behavior of NOM water solutions versus alum dose,showed large variation and a consequent great change in the formation potentials of the DBPs at certain coagulant doses.However,with addition of a relatively small amount of Ca(OH) 2,although the zeta potential of coagulated flocs remained almost the same,NOM removal became more consistent with alum dose.Importantly,also the detrimental effect of charge reversal on NOM removal at the low coagulant dose disappeared.This resulted in a steady decrease in the formation potentials of DBPs as a function of the coagulant dose.Moreover,the addition of Ca(OH) 2 broadened the pH range of alum coagulation and promoted further reduction of the formation potentials of the DBPs.The enhancement effects of Ca(OH) 2 assisted alum coagulation are especially pronounced at pH 7 and 8.Finally,synchronous fluorescence spectra showed that the reduction in DBPs formation potential by Ca(OH) 2-assisted alum coagulation was connected to an enhanced removal of small hydrophobic and hydrophilic HA molecules.Ca(OH) 2-assistance of alum coagulation appeared to increase substantially the removal of the hydrophilic HA fraction responsible for HAAs formation,prompting further reduction of HAA formation potentials.  相似文献   

3.
This study investigated the speciation of halogen-specific total organic halogen and disinfection byproducts(DBPs) upon chlorination of natural organic matter(NOM) in the presence of iopamidol and bromide(Br~-).Experiments were conducted with low bromide source waters with different NOM characteristics from Northeast Ohio,USA and varied spiked levels of bromide(2-30 μmol/L) and iopamidol(1-5 μmol/L).Iopamidol was found to be a direct precursor to trihalomethane(THM) and haloacetic acid formation,and in the presence of Br~-favored brominated analogs.The concentration and speciation of DBPs formed were impacted by iopamidol and bromide concentrations,as well as the presence of NOM.As iopamidol increased the concentration of iodinated DBPs(iodo-DBPs) and THMs increased.However,as Br~-concentrations increased,the concentrations of nonbrominated iodo-and chloro-DBPs decreased while brominated-DBPs increased.Regardless of the concentration of either iopamidol or bromide,bromochloroiodomethane(CHBrClI) was the most predominant iodo-DBP formed except at the lowest bromide concentration studied.At relevant concentrations of iopamidol(1 μmol/L) and bromide(2 μmol/L),significant quantities of highly toxic iodinated and brominated DBPs were formed.However,the rapid oxidation and incorporation of bromide appear to inhibit iodoDBP formation under conditions relevant to drinking water treatment.  相似文献   

4.
In this study, the formation of iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) was systematically evaluated and compared for three treatment processes - (i) chlorination, (ii) monochloramine, and (iii) dichloramination - under different pH conditions. The results demonstrated that I-THM formation decreased in the order of monochloramination > dichloramination > chlorination in acidic and neutral pH. However, the generation of I-THMs increased in the dichloramination < chlorination < monochloramination order in alkaline condition. Specifically, the formation of I-THMs increased as pH increased from 5 to 9 during chlorination and monochloramination processes, while the maximum I-THM formation occurred at pH 7 during dichloramination. The discrepancy could be mainly related to the stability of the three chlor (am) ine disinfectants at different pH conditions. Moreover, in order to gain a thorough insight into the mechanisms of I-THM formation during dichloramination, further investigation was conducted on the influencing factors of DOC concentration and Br/I molar ratio. I-THM formation exhibited an increasing and then decreasing trend as the concentration of DOC increased from 1 to 7 mg-C/L, while the yield of I-THMs increased with increasing Br/I molar ratio from 5:0 to 5:10. During the three processes mentioned above, similar I-THM formation results were also obtained in real water, which indicates that the excessive generation of I-THMs should be paid special attention during the disinfection of iodide-containing water.  相似文献   

5.
Dissolved organic matter(DOM) has been identified as precursor for disinfection by-products(DBPs) formation during chlorination. Recently,it has been demonstrated that the characteristics of DOM influence the DBPs formation mechanism. A study was,therefore,initiated to investigate the effects of DOM fractions on DBPs formation mechanism. In the chlorination process,organic acids are dominant precursors of total thihalomethanes(TTHM) because of the νC-O and unsaturated structures. Furthermore,the TTHM format...  相似文献   

6.
Chloramines,in practice,are formed onsite by adding ammonia to chlorinated drinking water to achieve the required disinfection.While regulated disinfection byproducts(DBPs)are reduced during chloramine disinfection,other DBPs such as iodinated(iodo-)DBPs,that elicit greater toxicity are formed.The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of prechlorination time on the formation of both halogen-specific total organic halogen(TOX)and iodo/chlorinated(chloro-)DBPs during prechlorination/chloramination in source waters(SWs)containing iopamidol,an X-ray contrast medium.Barberton SW(BSW)and Cleveland SW(CSW)containing iopamidol were prechlorinated for 5–60 min and afterwards chloraminated for 72 hr with ammonium chloride.Chlorine contact time(CCT)did not significantly impact total organic iodine(TOI)concentrations after prechlorination or chloramination.Concentrations of total organic chlorine(TOCl)formed during prechlorination did not significantly change regardless of pH and prechlorination time,whileTOClappearedtodecreaseafter 72 hrchloraminationperiod.Dichloroiodomethane(CHCl_2I)formation during prechlorination did not exhibit any significant trends as a function of p H or CCT,but after chloramination,significant increases were observed at pHs 6.5 and 7.5 with respect to CCT.Iodo-HAAs were not formed during prechlorination but were detected after chloramination.Significant quantities of chloroform(CHCl_3)and trichloroacetic acid(TCAA)were formed during prechlorination but formation ceased upon ammonia addition.Therefore,prechlorination studies should measure TOX and DBP concentrations prior to ammonia addition to obtain data regarding the initial conditions.  相似文献   

7.
Chlorine disinfection of saline wastewater effluents rich in bromide and iodide forms relatively toxic brominated and iodinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Ultrasonication is a relatively new water treatment technology, and it is less sensitive to suspended solids in wastewaters. In this study, we examined the effects of ultrasonication (in terms of reactor type and combination mode with chlorination) on the DBP formation and toxicity in chlorinated primary and secondary saline wastewater effluents. Compared with the chlorinated wastewater effluent samples without ultrasonication, ultrasonic horn pretreatment of the wastewater effluent samples reduced the total organic halogen (TOX) levels in chlorination by ∼30%, but ultrasonic bath pretreatment of the wastewater samples did not significantly change the TOX levels in chlorination, which might be attributed to the higher energy utilization and decomposition extent of organic DBP precursors in the ultrasonic horn reactor. Moreover, the TOX levels in the chlorinated samples with ultrasonic horn pretreatment (USH–chlorination), simultaneous treatment (chlorination+USH) and subsequent treatment (chlorination–USH) were also significantly reduced, with the maximum TOX reductions occurring in the samples with ultrasonic horn pretreatment. A toxicity index was calculated by weighting and summing the levels of total organic chlorine, total organic bromine and total organic iodine in each treated sample. The calculated toxicity index values of the chlorinated wastewater effluent samples followed a descending rank order of “chlorination” > “chlorination+USH” > “chlorination–USH” > “USH–chlorination”, with the lowest toxicity occurring in the samples with ultrasonic horn pretreatment. Then, a developmental toxicity bioassay was conducted for each treated sample. The measured toxicity index values of the chlorinated wastewater samples followed the same descending rank order.  相似文献   

8.
In the 1980 s, a case–control epidemiologic study was conducted in Iowa(USA) to analyze the association between exposure to disinfection by-products(DBPs) and bladder cancer risk. Trihalomethanes(THMs), the most commonly measured and dominant class of DBPs in drinking water, served as a primary metric and surrogate for the full DBP mixture.Average THM exposure was calculated, based on rough estimates of past levels in Iowa. To reduce misclassification, a follow-up study was undertaken to improve estimates of past THM levels and to re-evaluate their association with cancer risk. In addition, the risk associated with haloacetic acids, another class of DBPs, was examined. In the original analysis, surface water treatment plants were assigned one of two possible THM levels depending on the point of chlorination. The re-assessment considered each utility treating surface or groundwater on a case-by-case basis. Multiple treatment/disinfection scenarios and water quality parameters were considered with actual DBP measurements to develop estimates of past levels. The highest annual average THM level in the re-analysis was156 μg/L compared to 74 μg/L for the original analysis. This allowed the analysis of subjects exposed at higher levels( 96 μg/L). The re-analysis established a new approach, based on case studies and an understanding of the water quality and operational parameters that impact DBP formation, for determining historical exposure.  相似文献   

9.
The comprehensive control efficiency for the formation potentials(FPs) of a range of regulated and unregulated halogenated disinfection by-products(DBPs)(including carbonaceous DBPs(C-DBPs), nitrogenous DBPs(N-DBPs), and iodinated DBPs(I-DBPs)) with the multiple drinking water treatment processes, including pre-ozonation, conventional treatment(coagulation–sedimentation, pre-sand filtration), ozone-biological activated carbon(O_3-BAC) advanced treatment, and post-sand filtration, was investigated. The potential toxic risks of DBPs by combing their FPs and toxicity values were also evaluated.The results showed that the multiple drinking water treatment processes had superior performance in removing organic/inorganic precursors and reducing the formation of a range of halogenated DBPs. Therein, ozonation significantly removed bromide and iodide,and thus reduced the formation of brominated and iodinated DBPs. The removal of organic carbon and nitrogen precursors by the conventional treatment processes was substantially improved by O_3-BAC advanced treatment, and thus prevented the formation of chlorinated C-DBPs and N-DBPs. However, BAC filtration leads to the increased formation of brominated C-DBPs and N-DBPs due to the increase of bromide/DOC and bromide/DON.After the whole multiple treatment processes, the rank order for integrated toxic risk values caused by these halogenated DBPs was haloacetonitriles(HANs)》haloacetamides(HAMs) haloacetic acids(HAAs) trihalomethanes(THMs) halonitromethanes(HNMs) 》I-DBPs(I-HAMs and I-THMs). I-DBPs failed to cause high integrated toxic risk because of their very low FPs. The significant higher integrated toxic risk value caused by HANs than other halogenated DBPs cannot be ignored.  相似文献   

10.
The formation of disinfection by-products(DBPs) from the degradation of N,N-diethyl-3-methyl benzoyl amide(DEET) and ibuprofen(IBP) by the ultraviolet irradiation(UV)/chlorine process and subsequent post-chlorination was investigated and compared with the UV/H_2O_2 process.The pseudo first-order rate constants of the degradation of DEET and IBP by the UV/chlorine process were 2 and 3.1 times higher than those by the UV/H_2O_2 process, respectively, under the tested conditions. This was due to the significant contributions of both reactive chlorine species U(RCS) and hydroxyl radicals(HO) in the UV/chlorine process. Trichloromethane, 1,1,1-trichloro-2-propanone and dichloroacetic acid were the major known DBPs formed after 90% of both DEET and IBP that were degraded by the UV/chlorine process. Their yields increased by over 50%after subsequent 1-day post-chlorination. The detected DBPs after the degradation of DEET and IBP comprised 13.5% and 19.8% of total organic chlorine(TOCl), respectively, and the proportions increased to 19.8% and 33.9% after subsequent chlorination, respectively. In comparison to the UV/H_2O_2 process accompanied with post-chlorination, the formation of DBPs and TOCl in the UV/chlorine process together with post-chlorination was 5%–63% higher,Ulikely due to the generation of more DBP precursors from the attack of RCS, in addition to HO.  相似文献   

11.
Algal blooms and wastewater effluents can introduce algal organic matter (AOM) and effluent organic matter (EfOM) into surface waters, respectively. In this study, the impact of bromide and iodide on the formation of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorination and chloramination from various types of dissolved organic matter (DOM, e.g., natural organic matter (NOM), AOM, and EfOM) were investigated based on the data collected from literature. In general, higher formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) was observed in NOM than AOM and EfOM, indicating high reactivities of phenolic moieties with both chlorine and monochloramine. The formation of haloacetaldehydes (HALs), haloacetonitriles (HANs) and haloacetamides (HAMs) was much lower than THMs and HAAs. Increasing initial bromide concentrations increased the formation of THMs, HAAs, HANs, and HAMs, but not HALs. Bromine substitution factor (BSF) values of DBPs formed in chlorination decreased as specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) increased. AOM favored the formation of iodinated THMs (I-THMs) during chloramination using preformed chloramines and chlorination-chloramination processes. Increasing prechlorination time can reduce the I-THM concentrations because of the conversion of iodide to iodate, but this increased the formation of chlorinated and brominated DBPs. In an analogous way, iodine substitution factor (ISF) values of I-THMs formed in chloramination decreased as SUVA values of DOM increased. Compared to chlorination, the formation of noniodinated DBPs is low in chloramination.  相似文献   

12.
系统研究了南水北调中线工程水源——丹江口水库水在氯(胺)化消毒条件下,常规消毒副产物的产生特性,考察了消毒方式、消毒剂投加量、接触时间、p H和溴离子浓度等因素的影响,并对消毒工艺参数进行了优化.结果发现,丹江口水库水经氯化消毒可产生三氯甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷等常规含碳和较低浓度二氯乙腈、三氯硝基甲烷等含氮消毒副产物,而氯胺化消毒仅产生三氯甲烷和三氯硝基甲烷等消毒副产物(disinfection by-products,DBPs).自由氯消毒过程产生的各类型DBPs浓度约为氯胺消毒的7.5倍,短时自由氯转氯胺方式DBPs产生量介于两者之间;随着自由氯投加量增加,各类型消毒副产物均呈现增加趋势,投加量大于2 mg·L-1后DBPs增加量较少.随氯胺投加量增加,三氯甲烷生成量变化不大,投加量大于2mg·L-1后可产生三氯硝基甲烷等副产物.随反应时间延长,自由氯的衰减速率明显大于氯胺,同时消毒副产物增长量明显快于氯胺消毒.随着p H升高,自由氯消毒后三卤甲烷含量呈现增加趋势,而氯胺消毒后变化不明显.随溴离子浓度的增加,自由氯和氯胺消毒后副产物类型均向溴代DBPs转变,同时总生成量明显增加,自由氯消毒DBPs增长量明显大于氯胺消毒过程.丹江口水库水采用氯胺化消毒可以降低消毒副产物的生成风险,如采用自由氯消毒方式,水厂需根据实际常规处理工艺重点控制自由氯的投加量等参数.  相似文献   

13.
以钱江源水源水为研究对象,以氯、氯胺为消毒方式,研究了不同消毒条件下,三卤甲烷(THMs)、卤乙腈(HANs)、氯代酮(CKs)、二卤乙酸(DHAAs)、三卤乙酸(THAAs)等消毒副产物(DBPs)的形成情况,以便为水务工作者监测钱江源建库前后水质、DBPs形成的变化提供基础数据.结果显示,氯消毒下DBPs的产量比氯胺消毒高出3~7倍甚至1个数量级,但不管是氯消毒还是氯胺消毒,THMs、HAAs形成量均在我国饮用水标准范围内.氯消毒下,大部分DBPs产量为中、碱性条件酸性条件(除了CKs),氯胺消毒则呈现不同的情况(所有DBPs的产量均为p H=6、p H=7p H=8).消毒剂量对所有DBPs形成具有明显的促进作用;溴离子对THMs、DHANs、DHAAs的形成有明显的促进作用.进一步研究表明,钱江源水源水的水质比钱塘江下游九溪水源水好,DBPs形成也较低,某些指标(如有机碳、有机氮、HANs形成量等)甚至比同省水质较好的金兰水库还要好;而且由于其较高的比紫外吸收值(SUVA),DBPs的溴嵌入能力均比九溪水源水、金兰水库低.此外,就目前的钱江源水源水来说,控制消毒剂量(氯、或氯胺)是控制DBPs形成的有效策略.  相似文献   

14.
Many drinking water treatment plants in the U.S. have switched from chlorination to chloramination to lower levels of regulated trihalomethane (THM) and haloacetic acid (HAA) disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water and meet the current regulations. However, chloramination can also produce other highly toxic/carcinogenic, unregulated DBPs: iodo-acids, iodo-THMs, and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). In practice, chloramines are generated by the addition of chlorine with ammonia, and plants use varying amounts of free chlorine contact time prior to ammonia addition to effectively kill pathogens and meet DBP regulations. However, iodo-DBPs and nitrosamines are generally not considered in this balancing of free chlorine contact time. The goal of our work was to determine whether an optimal free chlorine contact time could be established in which iodo-DBPs and NDMA could be minimized, while keeping regulated THMs and HAAs below their regulatory limits. The effect of free chlorine contact time was evaluated for the formation of six iodo-trihalomethanes (iodo-THMs), six iodo-acids, and NDMA during the chloramination of drinking water. Ten different free chlorine contact times were examined for two source waters with different dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and bromide/iodide. For the low DOC water at pH 7 and 8, an optimized free chlorine contact time of up to 1 h could control regulated THMs and HAAs, as well as iodo-DBPs and NDMA. For the high DOC water, a free chlorine contact time of 5 min could control iodo-DBPs and NDMA at both pHs, but the regulated DBPs could exceed the regulations at pH 7.  相似文献   

15.
Water disinfection is an essential process that provides safe water by inactivating pathogens that cause waterborne diseases. However, disinfectants react with organic matter naturally present in water, leading to the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). Multi-analyte methods based on mass spectrometry (MS) are preferred to quantify multiple DBP classes at once however, most require extensive sample pre-treatment and significant resources. In this study, two analytical methods were developed for the quantification of 32 regulated and unregulated DBPs. A purge and trap (P&T) coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was optimized that automated sample pre-treatment and analyzed volatile and semi-volatile compounds, including trihalomethanes (THMs), iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), haloketones (HKTs) and halonitromethanes (HNMs). LOQs were between 0.02-0.4 µg/L for most DBPs except for 8 analytes that were in the low µg/L range. A second method with liquid chromatography (LC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was developed for the quantification of 10 haloacetic acids (HAAs) with a simple clean-up and direct injection. The LC-MS/MS direct injection method has the lowest detection limits reported (0.2-0.5 µg/L). Both methods have a simple sample pre-treatment, which make it possible for routine analysis. Hyperchlorination and uniform formation conditions (UFC) formation potential tests with chlorine were evaluated with water samples containing high and low TOC. Hyperchlorination formation potential test maximized THMs and HAAs while UFC maximized HANs. Ascorbic acid was found to be an appropriate quencher for both analytical methods. Disinfected drinking water from four water utilities in Alberta, Canada were also evaluated.  相似文献   

16.
底泥、土壤均是水体有机物的重要来源,但目前相关消毒副产物(DBPs)形成方面的研究偏少.本研究以长三角重要水源地太湖、钱塘江取水口的底泥和周边土壤的浸出液为研究对象,探索氯、臭氧+氯、氯胺、臭氧+氯胺4种消毒方式下,三卤甲烷(THMs)、卤代酮(HKs)、卤乙腈(HANs)、卤代硝基甲烷(HNMs)的形成情况.结果表明,太湖、钱塘江取水口的底泥、周边土壤有机物的芳香度均很低(SUVA254(即比紫外吸光值)2),与腐殖质(Sigma)相比,底泥、土壤有机物不是氯消毒中THMs的重要前驱物,但却是HANs特别是HNMs的重要前驱物.相比氯消毒,氯胺消毒能大幅降低土壤、底泥有机物THMs、HKs、HANs、HNMs的生成量,而且也可抑制含溴DBPs的形成.臭氧预处理大幅提高了氯、氯胺消毒中HKs、HNMs的产量,但对THMs、HANs则不一定.太湖、钱塘江的土壤、底泥存在一定的溴污染,但不管是哪种消毒方式,均是HNMs的溴嵌入因子最大.  相似文献   

17.
消毒副产物生成潜能测试常用于表征水中消毒副产物的前体物含量.不同于三氯甲烷等含碳消毒副产物,二卤代乙腈(DHANs)与二卤代乙酰胺(DHAcAms)等含氮消毒副产物在氯消毒的余氯存在下易分解,并且在氯胺消毒过程中可由氯胺提供氮源生成,因此常用于含碳消毒副产物的生成潜能测试方法(如Krasner提出的测试法)可能无法有效揭示DHANs与DHAcAms的前体物水平.本研究以三氯甲烷和氯醛两种含碳消毒副产物为对比,考察DHANs与DHAcAms在饮用水氯消毒与氯胺消毒过程中不同投氯量与反应时间下的生成量,识别最大生成量对应的消毒条件,以便更好地评估水样中DHANs与DHAcAms的前体物浓度.同时,对消毒过程中生成的这些挥发性消毒副产物进行毒性评价.结果显示,两个水样氯消毒的DHANs与DHAcAms生成量分别为6.19~40.08、1.34~15.75 nmol·mg-1(mg-1以TOC计);氯胺消毒的DHANs与DHAcAms生成量分别为2.63~21.46、18.43~49.99 nmol·mg-1.Krasner测试法条件下的DHANs与DHAcAms生成量均最低.在投氯量为TOC+8×NH3-N、反应时间为24 h的氯消毒条件下,氯胺投加量20×TOC、反应时间为3 d的氯胺消毒条件下,两个水样具有最高水平的DHANs与DHAcAms生成量,并且消毒副产物毒性也高于Krasner法测试条件下的毒性水平.因此,氯消毒采用投氯量TOC+8×NH3-N、反应时间24 h,氯胺消毒采用投加量20×TOC、反应时间3 d的生成潜能测试条件可能更好地揭示水中DHANs和DHAcAms的前体物浓度水平.  相似文献   

18.
The characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and bromide ion concentration have a significant influence on the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). In order to identify the main DBP precursors, DOM was divided into five fractions based on molecular weight (MW), trihalomethane formation potential and haloacetic acid formation potential were determined for fractions, and the change in contents of different fractions and total DBPs during treatment processes (pre-chlorination, coagulation, sand filtration, disinfection) were studied. Moreover, the relationship between bromide concentration and DBP generation characteristics in processes was also analyzed. The results showed that the main DBP precursors were the fraction with MW < 1 kDa and fraction with MW 3−10 kDa, and the DBP''s generation ability of lower molecular weight DOM (< 10 kDa) was higher than that of higher molecular weight DOM. During different processes, pre-chlorination and disinfection had limited effect on removing organics but could alter the MW distribution, and coagulation and filtration could effectively remove organics with higher MW. For DBPs, trihalomethanes (THMs) were mainly generated in pre-chlorination and disinfection, while haloacetic acids (HAAs) were mostly generated during pre-chlorination; coagulation and sand filtration had little effect on THMs but resulted in a slight removal of HAAs. In addition, the results of ANOVA tests suggested that molecular sizes and treatment processes have significant influence on DBP formation. With increasing bromide concentration, the brominated DBPs significantly increased, but the bromine incorporation factor in the processes was basically consistent at each concentration.  相似文献   

19.
杨哲  孙迎雪  石娜  胡洪营 《环境科学》2015,36(10):3706-3714
研究了海水淡化超滤-反渗透(UF-RO)工艺沿程有机物和溴代消毒副产物(Br-DBPs)变化特征.该海水中含有较高浓度的Br-(45.6~50.9 mg·L-1)和较多的芳香类化合物[比紫外吸收值SUVA为3.6~6.0 L·(mg·m)-1];色氨酸类芳香族蛋白质、富里酸类有机物和溶解性微生物代谢产物是海水中主要的荧光特征有机物.UF-RO工艺进水海水经Na Cl O消毒后,DBPs的种类和浓度显著增加,且增加的主要为Br-DBPs,其中三溴甲烷(CHBr3)占总三卤甲烷(THMs)的70.48%~91.50%,二溴乙酸(Br2CHCO2H)占总卤乙酸(HAAs)的81.14%~100%,二溴乙腈(C2HBr2N)占总卤乙腈(HANs)的83.77%~87.45%.UF膜对THMs、HAAs和HANs的去除率分别为36.63%~40.39%、73.83%~95.38%和100%.RO膜可以完全去除HAAs,但是对THMs不能完全去除.进水海水的抗雌激素活性为0.35~0.44 mg·L-1,氯消毒后增加了32%~69%.海水淡化UF-RO系统生成的DBPs和其他生物毒性物质最终被截留到了UF浓水和RO浓水中.  相似文献   

20.
饮用水消毒副产物分析及相关研究进展   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
饮用水消毒副产物(DBPs)是消毒剂和一些天然有机物(NOM)反应生成的化合物,主要包括三卤甲烷(THMs)、卤代G@(HAAs)、卤代乙腈(HANs)和致诱变化舍物(MX)4类。本文针对氯、氯胺、二氧化氯、臭氧4种主要消毒方式产生的消毒副产物,讨论了有关分析技术的发展过程,从DBPs的前处理技术、分析技术等角度,介绍了DBPs研究领域近期所取得的进展,并展望了今后研究的发展方向。  相似文献   

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