一体式厌氧氨氧化工艺处理高氨氮污泥消化液的启动

利用新型固定生物膜一活性污泥反应器处理实际污泥消化液,通过接种短程硝化污泥和厌氧氨氧化生物膜填料,逐渐提高进水氨氮浓度并控制溶解氧浓度在0.11~0.42mg/L,系统在65d内实现了短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应的启动.反应器系统稳定运行阶段具有良好的污染物去除效果,进水COD和氨氮浓度为921和1120.8mg/L,COD、氨氮和总氮去除率分别为66.8%,99.0%和94.4%,总氮去除负荷为0.27kgN/(m3·d).试验表明采取逐步提高进水中消化液比例的策略,有利于一体式厌氧氨氧化工艺的快速启动.进一步分析发现系统同时存在厌氧氨氧化和反硝化的脱氮途径,对总氮去除的贡献率分别为67.4%~91.1%和8.9%~32.6%.     

有机碳源对一体化厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮性能的影响

试验通过在进水中投加有机碳源(白糖),研究有机碳源对一体化厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮性能的影响。试验结果表明:进水COD浓度对一体化厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮性能产生明显的影响。当进水中COD浓度约为50mg/L时,即可导致系统总氮去除率大幅度下降,出水总氮去除率由不添加COD的87.8%降至76%,氨氮去除率由不添加COD的98.8%降至85%;当进水COD浓度上升至约100mg/L时,出水总氮的去除率由不添加COD的87.8%降至69%,氨氮去除率由不添加COD的98.8%降至77%;当进水COD浓度约为100mg/L时,并将调节槽曝气量由原来的0.4L/min增至0.6L/min,系统出水水质明显得到优化,总氮去除率恢复到未投加COD时的水平。有效地控制一体化厌氧氨氧化反应器内有机碳源的量,能明显地提高系统的脱氮效果。     

间歇曝气对部分硝化-厌氧氨氧化处理氨氮废水的影响

采用间歇曝气在MBBR反应器中成功实现一段式部分硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化（PN/A）过程.结果表明,在实验温度为35℃,进水氨氮浓度为150.00mg/L,进水氮负荷为0.24kg/（m³·d）,DO浓度为（1.41±0.24）mg/L条件下,反应器总氮去除效率达到83.74%.生物膜中厌氧氨氧化菌（An AOB）和氨氧化菌（AOB）最大活性分别为3792.00,5166.00mg/（m²·d）,而亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）活性未检出.高通量结果显示,生物膜中AnAOB主要为Candidatus Brocadia,相对丰度为1.33%;AOB主要为Nitrosomonas,相对丰度为0.17%;NOB主要为Nitrospira,相对丰度为0.003%.在中等氨氮浓度条件下MBBR反应器中可以实现高效PN/A过程,采用在间歇曝气模式下提高DO浓度的方式是提升系统脱氮性能的有效途径.     

填充床快速启动厌氧氨氧化反应器及其脱氮性能研究

以城市污水厂二沉池污泥为种泥,以悬浮填料填充床生物膜反应器为厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)反应器,采用高负荷培养法和好氧预挂膜低负荷培养法分别培养与富集厌氧氨氧化菌,并研究其脱氮性能.结果表明,好氧预挂膜低负荷培养法可以在较短时间内(90 d左右)快速启动厌氧氨氧化反应器,稳定期反应器出水氨氮和亚硝氮保持稳定,去除率均接近100%,总氮去除率在75%以上,高负荷培养法因高浓度氨氮和亚硝氮的抑制作用而启动失败(190d).启动过程中pH变化表明,厌氧氨氧化反应器出水pH略高于进水,pH值可用作厌氧氨氧化反应器启动进程的指示参数.上流式厌氧填充床ANAMMOX反应器具有高负荷和高效率的优点,当反应器进水氨氮和亚硝氮浓度低于800 mg/L时,其去除率几乎达100%,低于国家一级标准.     

反硝化-短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺处理晚期垃圾渗滤液的脱氮除碳性能

本研究在一体式分区反应器中接种成熟的厌氧氨氧化污泥和亚硝化污泥,通过与反硝化反应器串联,研究了前置反硝化与短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化串联工艺处理晚期垃圾渗滤液的脱氮除碳性能.结果表明,未串联反硝化之前,短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器在进水氨氮浓度为600 mg·L~(-1),COD浓度483 mg·L~(-1)时,总氮去除速率(NRR)可达1.88 kg·(m3·d)-1,总氮去除率(NRE)可达90.3%;而在进水COD浓度483 mg·L~(-1),即C/N0.8时,短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器的NRR下降至1.50 kg·(m3·d)-1.通过前置反硝化反应器可以迅速缓解有机物对厌氧氨氧化的不利影响;反硝化与短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化串联反应器在进水NH+4-N浓度为1 100 mg·L~(-1),COD浓度1 150 mg·L~(-1)时,仍可稳定高效运行,整体NRR可达1.37kg·(m3·d)-1,厌氧区NRRana高达15.6 kg·(m3·d)-1,平均NRE可达98.6%,在仅利用原水中有机碳源的情况下实现了垃圾渗滤液的高效深度脱氮.此工艺晚期处理垃圾渗滤液可去除大部分易生物降解有机物.     

三价铁对有机物存在下厌氧氨氧化脱氮的影响

考察了三价铁（2.24~7.84mg/L）存在下厌氧氨氧化系统对有机物的耐受性能,并通过16SrRNA高通量测序技术和定量PCR探究其机理.结果表明,进水COD浓度为50和100mg/L时,4个反应器的氨氮和总氮去除率均较高（>90%）,三价铁的强化作用不明显;进水COD浓度继续升高（150和200mg/L）,厌氧氨氧化受到抑制,三价铁的强化作用逐渐增加;COD浓度为200mg/L时,添加三价铁（7.84mg/L）可将氨氮和总氮去除率由61.3%和79.8%（对照组）提升至71.2%和84.7%.16SrRNA高通量测序技术表明,有机物存在下,污泥微生物群落结构出现变化,主要表现为厌氧氨氧化菌丰度的降低及反硝化菌群的大量增殖,进水添加三价铁可提高浮霉菌（Planctomycetes）的丰度.定量PCR结果表明,三价铁能够提高厌氧氨氧化菌16S rRNA及功能基因hzsB的丰度.     

亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺处理高含氮废水的研究

采用实验室规模的亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺,研究其对高含氮、低C/N废水的处理能力.结果表明,亚硝化反应器的水力停留时间控制在1.0d时,亚硝化活性比较稳定,进水氨氮浓度对其影响不大.进水氨氮浓度在400～600 mg/L时,出水亚硝酸氮浓度都在260～280 mg/L,可以通过控制进水氨氮浓度调节出水亚硝酸氮/氨氮的比率.亚硝化反应器出水的亚硝酸氮/氨氮的比率对厌氧氨氧化脱氮率有重要的作用.当进水氨氮浓度为480 mg/L时,出水中亚硝酸氮/氨氮的比率为1.2左右,进入厌氧氨氧化反应器的氮物质去除率达到     

SNAD生物膜厌氧氨氧化活性的氨氮抑制动力学研究

通过批试实验研究了氨氮浓度对SNAD生物膜厌氧氨氧化性能的影响.SNAD生物膜反应器以生活污水为进水.进水NH₄⁺-N和COD浓度平均值分别为70mg/L和180mg/L,出水NH₄⁺-N,NO₂^--N,NO₃^--N和COD浓度平均值分别为2mg/L,2mg/L,7mg/L和50mg/L.SNAD生物膜具有良好的厌氧氨氧化活性.初始NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N浓度都为70mg/L时,厌氧氨氧化批试NH₄⁺-N、NO₂^--N和TIN去除速率分别为0.121kg N/（kg VSS·d）,0.180kg N/（kg VSS·d）和0.267kg N/（kg VSS·d）.采用Haldane模型可以很好的拟合氨氮浓度对厌氧氨氧化活性的影响.在高FA和低FA工况下氨氮浓度对厌氧氨氧化活性的抑制动力学常数相差不大.M1（FA浓度为0.7~20.4mg/L）和M2（FA浓度为6.3~190.5mg/L）的最大NO₂^--N理论去除速率r_max分别为0.209kg N/（kg VSS·d）和0.221kg N/（kg VSS·d）,氨氮半饱和常数Ks分别为9.5mg/L和6.1mg/L,氨氮自身抑制常数K_I分别为422mg/L和597mg/L.氨氮（而不是游离氨）对SNAD生物膜的厌氧氨氧化活性起主要抑制作用.     

SBR法厌氧氨氧化脱氮的试验研究

厌氧氨氧化是一种高效、经济的脱氮新技术.为了探讨SBR厌氧氨氧化反应器中相关运行参数对脱氮效率的影响,文章利用自制的反应器对模拟废水进行了控制性试验.结果表明:(1)SBR厌氧氨氧化反应器的脱氮效率与HRT、内循环流速和有机物含量有关,试验条件下确定最佳运行参数HRT为20h,内循环流速为24～96mL/min, C/N为2;可处理氨氮浓度为200～500mg/L的废水.(2)在最佳条件下,当进水总氮为200mg/L,pH为7.5～8.2时,脱氮效率达到80%,总氮的容积负荷率达588.00 mg/L·d,容积去除总氮为448.57mg/L·d.     

生活污水预沉淀-SNAD颗粒污泥工艺小试

采用人工配水,在SBR反应器中启动同步短程硝化、厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化（SNAD）颗粒污泥工艺,随后逐渐降低进水氨氮浓度,低氨氮稳定运行一段时间后通入预沉淀后生活污水,考察SNAD颗粒污泥工艺处理生活污水的脱氮性能及稳定性.结果表明,SNAD工艺启动成功后,氨氮去除率大于98%,总氮去除率在89%左右,随着进水氨氮浓度逐渐降低,亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）活性升高,总氮去除率逐渐下降至75%左右.通入预沉淀生活污水（NH₄⁺-N 52~63 mg·L^-1,COD 99~123 mg·L^-1）后,平均总氮去除率为73.2%,出水COD浓度在35 mg·L^-1以下,最大出水氨氮和总氮浓度为0.7 mg·L^-1和12.8 mg·L^-1,连续30d以上出水氨氮和总氮浓度达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A排放标准,实现了生活污水碳氮同步高效去除的目的.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.